初中英语语法 (2)

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初中英语语法

名词：在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点：

一、可数名词与不可数名词

在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，（1）分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化。（3）不可数名词的量化表达。所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如：

1：desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos

2：bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brushes

3：tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes hero---heroes Negro---Negroes

4 ：leaf---leaves knife---knives

5：baby---babies family---families

另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如：

Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians American---Americans German --- Germans

child---children foot---feet man---men woman---women

tooth---teeth goose --- geese deer---deer sheep---sheep

还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有：a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of

另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend.

五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。）

His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时，意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如，

Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.

二、名词所有格

名词所有格有两种形式：一是加’s，一种是用of来表示。一般情况下，指某人的某物用’s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外，要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数，不能直接加’s，而应该加-’即可。例如，boys’ clothes girls’ dresses。不过，注意例外情况，例如，the boss’s handwriting，其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因为在英语中，如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式，那么其名词所有格仍加-‘s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗？对，Jones’s car。

下面我们来做一部分习题。

1. June 1st is ___ Day.

A. Child’s

B. Childs’

C. Childrens’

D. Children’s

2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.

A. any, some

B. some, a

C. a, some

D. some,any

3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.

A. knifes, forks

B. knifes, fork

C. knives, forkes

D. knives, forks

4. We have got a lot of___ today.

A. newspaper to read

B. homework to do

C. homeworks to do

D. book to read

5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.

A. many, many

B. much, much

C. many, much

D. much, many

6. Will you pass me ___?

A. a few pieces of chalk

B. a few chalks

C. a few of chalks

D. some chalks

7. ___ has been invited to the dancing party.

A. A friend of her

B. A friend of hers

C. Friends of hers

D. Friends of her

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下面请大家自己练习一下。

1. September 10th is ___ Day.

A. the Teacher

B. Teachers’

C. Teacher

D. Te acher’s

2. ---Can I help you, sir?

---I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.

A. piece of paper

B. pieces of paper

C. papers

D. paper

3. ---Would you like ___ milk, please?

---No, thank you. I still have some.

A. some more

B. an

C. a little of

D. all

4. ___ the old woman is in!

A. What good health

B. How a good health

C. What a good health

D. How good health

5. I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.

A. a friend of Nancy, hers

B. a friend of Nanc y’s, her

C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers

D. a friend of Nancy, her

6. The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.

A. Mary and Jane

B. Marys and Janes

C. Mary and Jane’s

D. Mary’s and Jane’s

①What + a(n) + 形容词+ 单数名词+ 主语+ 谓语！

②What + 形容词+ 复数名词+ 主语+ 谓语！

③What + 形容词+ 不可数名词+ 主语+ 谓语！

④How + 形容词/副词+ 主语+ 谓语！

⑤How + 形容词+ a(n) + 名词+ 主语+ 谓语！

⑥How + 主语+ 谓语！形容词和副词

在中考单项选择中形容词也占一定比例，一般考查有关形容词或副词的一些搭配，但绝大部分考查形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。

一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

①一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est，如：small --- smaller --- smallest

②以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加–r或–st，如large --- largest --- largest

③重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的，需双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-est。

④以辅音字母加y 结尾的形容词和副词，把“y”变“i”，再加–er或-est.

busy---busier---busiest happy---happier---happiest

但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most，如：

slowly --- more slowly --- most slowly

difficult---more difficult---most difficult

beautiful---more beautiful---most beautiful

但还有一些不规则的变化：

good / well---better---best many---more---most

bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst little---less---least

far --- farther / further --- farther / furthest

二、形容词和副词的等比句型

①as…as… 和……一样I’m as tall as you.

②not as(so)…as 不和…… 一样（在否定句中常用so 来代替as）如，

I can’t run so fast as you.

另外as…as possible 为固定结构，如，as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。

在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。

三、形容词和副词的其它句型还有：

①形容词/ 副词比较级+ than 句型，在than 后面的人称代词用主语和宾语均可。

He is older than I / me.