Unit8-A Infectious Diseases传染性疾病
Unit 8 New
危害远超艾滋病 2006年，南非爆发了一种更加厉害的结核病， 病人体内的结核菌对几乎所有的抗结核药都 产生耐药性！这就是广泛耐药结核病，病人 基本上无药可治，只能听天由命。 面对如此严重的后果，世界各国行动起来。
Questions to consider:
1. What do you know about tuberculosis ? 2. How can you protect yourself from this disease ? 3. What advice can you give on tuberculosis control ?
Tuberculosis Overview History
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been present in the human population since antiquity - fragments of the spinal column from Egyptian mummies from 2400 BC show definite pathological signs of tubercular decay. The term phthisis / consumption ( 痨病; 肺结核, 肺痨 ), appears first in Greek literature. Around 460 BC, Hippocrates identified phthisis as the most widespread disease of the times, and noted that it was almost always fatal.
• 1982年，在纪念发现结核杆菌100周年时，世界卫生 组织和国际防痨和肺病联合会共同倡议将3月24日作 为“世界防治结核病日”，以提醒公众加深对结核病 的 认识。“世界防治结核病日”也首次成为联合国重要 的 国际卫生事件。 • “世界防治结核病日”的主要目的是动员公众支持和 加 强全球的结核病控制工作，使人类历史上最大的杀 手——结核病能得到及时的诊断和有效的治疗。
Unit8 基础卷(含答案)-2021-2022学年牛津译林版八年级英语上册
译林牛津英语8Aunit8基础卷一、词汇运用。
1. An earthquake is one of the terrible natural__________________ (灾难).2. Unluckily, he found himself______（被困）in a corner shortly after the earthquake.3. His car ____________ (猛撞) into a tree, so he called 120 for help.4. Seeing the air crash, she could feel her own heart ________ (作节奏运动) quickly.5. People who have no sense of___________ (方向) often get lost in big cities.6. I felt a slight _______________ (shake) through my body.7. --- Who____________(mop) the floor this morning? --- Lily did.8. The___________ (coach) crashed into each other, and more than 20 people were badly hurt.【答案】1.disasters 2.trapped 3.crashed 4.beat 5.direction 6.shaking 7.mopped 8.coaches二、动词填空。
1. Remember, it’s easier to lose friends than ___________(make) friends.2 ---Where is Henry ? --- He with his classmates _________ (prepare) for the tests next week.3. The students ____________(bring) in some snacks from home and the others were happy .4. What bad weather! It kept ____________(rain) for about a whole week.5 If something terrible __________ (worry) him ,he looks unhappy.6. Would you please ___________ (not talk) in the library?7. If the boy__________ (not be) so lazy, he’ll pass the exam.8. The more sleep you have, the better you __________(feel) when you have lessons.【答案】1. to make 2. is preparing 3. brought 4. raining5. worries 6. not talk 7. isn’t 8. will feel四、完成句子。
unit8
艾滋病病毒HIV是一种能攻击人体内脏系统的病 毒。它把人体免疫系统中最重要的T4淋巴组织作为 攻击目标，大量破坏T4淋巴组织，产生高致命性的 内衰竭。这种病毒在地域内终生传染，破坏人的免 疫平衡，使人体成为各种疾病的载体。HIV本身并不 会引发任何疾病，而是当免疫系统被HIV破坏后，人 体由于抵抗能力过低，丧失复制免疫细胞的机会， 从而感染其他的疾病导致各种复合感染而死亡。艾 滋病病毒在人体内的潜伏期平均为12年至13年，在 发展成艾滋病病人以前，病人外表看上去正常，他 们可以没有任何症状地生活和工作很多年。
10.买水果时拿不定主意， 就选深色的那种。虽 说水果的外观五花八 门，但要衡量健康性， 深色水果肯定更胜一 筹，因为里面含有更 多的抗氧化剂。当你 摇摆不定时，选择李 子、乌梅这类黑色的 水果准没错。
11.用热水漂洗肉块。
在切块的肉上铺一 层厚纸巾，可以吸 收油脂。如果你想 去得更干净，可以 把肉块放在漏勺里， 用热水漂洗。使用 这种方法，可以去 掉大约一半的脂肪。
14.晚餐更要打好脂肪保卫战。 有些人早餐、午餐不吃含 脂肪食物，认为晚餐多吃 含脂肪食物，这种想法是 错误的。研究表明，在一 顿饭摄入50—80克脂肪后 的几个小时，血管弹性降 低，血液凝血因子急剧上 升。所以，即使白天吃得 很清淡，也不要试图在晚 上补偿自己。
15.睡前吃些高纤维食品。麻 省理工学院博士朱蒂斯·沃 特曼说：“睡前半小时吃 些低热量的碳水化合物零 食有助于睡眠。”食用谷 类食品是最简单的补充纤 维的方法，而大多数人每 天摄入的纤维量只有身体 需要量（25—35克）的一 半，所以，建议抓住睡前 的最后时刻补充一下
2.复合维生素早饭后吃。研究表明，补充适 合自己的复合维生素对身体健康大有裨益。 那么，为什么要在早饭后吃呢？一来它可 以提供人体一天所需，让你有精力投入工 作学习，二来不至于给肾脏造成过大负担。
人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册 Unit 1 Section Ⅰ
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
走近新课·一起读文 阅读鉴赏·一起思考
词汇新知
一、单词英汉互译 1.severe /sI̍vIə(r)/adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的 2.germ /dʒɜːm/n. 微生物;细菌;病菌 3.raw /rɔː/adj. 未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的 4.statistic /stə̍tIstIk/n.[pl.-s] 统计数字;统计资料;统计学 5.microscope /̍maIkrəskəʊp/n. 显微镜
2.What was the cause of the disease of “King Cholera”? B A.A cloud of dangerous gas. B.A river polluted by the dirty water. C.Water in a certain pump in London. D.The spread of virus among people.
17. intervention /̩Intəv̍ enʃn/n.介入;出面;干涉 18. link /lI k/n.联系;纽带 vt.把……连接起来;相 关联
19. pure /pjʊə(r)/adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的 20. substantial /səb̍stænʃl/adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的 21. decrease /̍diːkriːs/n.减少;降低;减少量 /dI̍kriːs/vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低 22. transform /træns̍fɔːm/vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变; 转变
【最新文档】相似词语辨析【87】infectious,contagious-范文模板 (2页)
【最新文档】相似词语辨析【87】infectious，contagious-范文模板本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 相似词语辨析【87】infectious，contagiousinfectious ， contagious这一对词都是形容词，又都具有传染性的、传染病的意义，但内涵和使用场合有所不同。
Infectious disease 是间接传染的病，指病菌通过空气、食物、水、衣服、容器等物的传染。
例：Tuberculosis is an infectious disease ．肺结核是一种传染病。
Its said that cancer is not infectious ．据说癌症是不会传染的。
Contagious disease 是直接传染的病，一般指跟病人直接接触而感染的病。
例：Scarlet fever is a contagious disease ．猩红热是一种传染病。
Measles and aids are highly contagious ．麻疹和艾滋病是很易传染的。
这两个词用作转义时，可以互换使用，它们都表示感化、感染之意。
例如：The enthusiasm for the pop - singer is contagious ．He stood there like a fool amid the infectious laughter of his friends ．Infectious 的名词是 infection ； contagious 的名词是 contagion .。
医院医疗卫生英语大全
公共场所双语标识英文译法（医疗卫生部分）1 范围DB11/T 334本部分规定了北京市医疗卫生双语标识英文译法的原则。
本部分适用于医疗卫生场所中的英文标识译法。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本部分,然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。
GB/T 16159 汉语拼音正词法基本规则3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本部分。
3.1 医疗卫生health and medicine医疗卫生是指以医疗、预防、保健、医疗教育和科研工作为功能，由不同层次的医疗卫生机构组成。
4 分类4.1 医疗卫生的英语标识按内容可分为：警示提示信息、功能设施信息。
4.2 其中功能设施信息分为：通用信息、医院系统信息、疾病预防控制中心系统信息、急救中心系统信息、血液中心系统信息。
4.3 警示提示信息见附录A.1。
4.4 通用信息见附录A.2.1，医院系统信息见附录A.2.2，血液中心系统信息见附录A.2.3，疾病预防控制中心系统信息见附录A.2.4。
5 要求5.1 警示提示信息译法原则按照本标准第0部分的规定。
5.2 功能设施信息5.2.1 国际通用功能设施采用相应的英文词语，如医院Hospital、疾病预防控制中心Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC)、诊室Consulting Room、血液中心Blood Center、卫生监督所Health Inspection Institute。
5.2.2 医疗卫生标志上的地名通常采用汉语拼音标注，汉语拼音用法应符合GB/T 16159的要求，如宣武医院Xuanwu Hospital；已经被社会普遍接受的单位名称，如协和医院Peking Union Medical College Hospital，可延续此用法。
药学英译短语
Unit One Vitamins1维生素vitamin2水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin3脂溶性维生素fat-soluble vitamin4复合维生素compound vitamins5维生素以字母命名V itamins are named by the letters of the alphabet.6预防坏血病的维生素C scurvy –preventing vitamin C7治疗脚气病的维生素B1 vitamin B1 for curing beriberi8维生素A与生长、发育vitamin A and growth and development9维生素A缺乏与眼疾vitamin A deficiency and eye disease10维生素D缺乏与佝偻病lack of vitamin A and rickets11维生素B2与皮肤、眼睛和毛发vitamin B2 and the skin, eye and hair12有机营养物organic nutrients13维生素为生长、健康所必需V itamins are essential for growth and good health14维生素含量高high vitamin content15维生素缺乏症vitamin deficiency syndrome16新鲜水果、蔬菜、蛋、奶、鱼肝油、米糠、豆子、谷类等富含多种维生素Fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, milk, fish liver oil, rice husks beans, cereals, etc. are rich in vitamins.Unit 3 Anesthetics1麻醉剂和镇静药anesthetic and sedative2针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia3在脂肪和水中的溶解度solubility in fats and water4作用于神经having effect on the nerves5物理和化学性质physical and chemical property6对痛不敏感insensitive to pain7无信号通过神经传至大脑No message are transmitted to the brain through nerves8通过呼吸道给麻醉药administration through respiratory tract9注入脊柱射(给药) be injected into spine10麻醉作用anesthetic action11过多地破坏脂肪和神经组织destruction of too much fatty and nerve tissue12不同麻醉剂的不同生理作用varying physiological effects of the different anesthetics13吸入乙醚inhalation of ether14深度松弛deep relaxation15失去知觉，术后恢复知觉loss of consciousness/ unconscious, to regain consciousness afteroperation16无术后恶心症状free from postoperative nauseaUnit 4 How does the human body fight diseases?1肺炎、肺结核pneumonia and tuberculosis2 细菌释放毒素germs giving off a toxin3皮肤和粘膜skin and mucous membranes4炎症inflammation5聚集在感染部位gather at the place of infection6红、肿、热、痛redness, swelling, heat and pain7抗感染fight against infection8吞噬、消化微生物engulf and digest microbes9淋巴管lymph vessels10抗体、抗原antibody and antigen11抗毒素antitoxin12人工免疫artificial immunityUnit 5 Green pharmacy —herbal medicine1绿色药物--草药green pharmacy – herbal medicine2中草药Chinese material medica3中医、中药traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medic inals4开处方write a prescription5药店销售的处方药、非处方药prescribed drug and OTC drug ( over-the –counter drug) 6心脏病药cardiac drug7止痛药pain killer8抗疟疾药anti-malarial9抗炎药anti-inflammatory drug10标准化的化学药物 a standardized chemical medicine11药物成分medical constituents12病机disease mechanism13疗效therapeutic effect / effect / efficacy14植物药plant-derived drugs15合成的衍生物和变异体synthetic derivatives and variants16植物的生物活性成分biologically-active plant constituents17粉剂、浓缩剂和冲剂power, extract and infusion18分离、提取有效成分isolate and abstract active constituents19高血压、失眠、精神疾病hypertension, insomnia and mental disease20特有的药性characteristic pharmacological properties21民间医学folk medicineUnit Six Introduction to organic chemistry1有机、无机化学organic and inorganic chemistry2物理化学physical chemistry3生物化学biochemistry4化学符号和结构式chemical symbols and formulas5电子、离子、原子、分子electron, iron, atom and molecule6分子量molecular weights7元素周期表periodic table8运用符号和概念的方法methods of manipulating symbols and concepts9化学反应chemical reaction10有机化合物organic compounds11二氧化碳carbon dioxide12含有碳元素的物质substance containing carbon13合成物质synthetic materials14大量的原料abundant raw materials15品质更佳、用途更广、优势独特superior qualities, greater versatility, and unique advantages Lesson 8 Development of New Drugs (I)1生产特效药to produce the novel therapeutic agents2由天然植物资源提取to extract from natural plants and animal sources3化学合成药 a drug synthesized chemically4人工生产药物agents produced artificially5药物的特异作用及毒性specificity of action and toxicity6 基因工程的发展development of genetic engineering7 单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody 8 beta受体阻断剂beta receptor blocker9实验药理学experimental pharmacology10几种模型包括：细胞培养或细菌培养，部分提取酶或亚细胞间质，分离的组织，灌注的器官完整的动物several models include: cell culture or bacteria, partially purified enzymes or subcellular particles, isolated tissues , perfused organs, intact animals11慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity testing 12代谢方法patterns of metabolism13疗程duration of treatment14 实验组、对照组、安慰剂组、空白组、the experimental group ，control group, placebo group and untreated group15 临床指症clinical indication 16 生化药理学biochemical pharmacology17 FDA Food and Drug AdministrationLesson 8 Development of New Drugs (II)1 临床评价clinical evaluation / assessment2 毒理研究toxicological studies3 化学纯度和药物稳定性chemical purity and pharmaceutical stability4 罕见的疾病、威胁生命、不治之症rare diseases, life-threatening and untreatable diseases5 无严重症状与毒性without serious symptoms or toxicity6 药物剂量的研究dose-ranging studies7 施药（给药）drug administration / administration of drugs8 临床试验许可证CTC clinical trial certificate9 单盲或双盲试验single blind or double blind experiment10 副作用adverse effect, side-effect, unhealthy effect11 促销marketing and promotion12 医药代表representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturerUnit 10 Minimum information for sensible use of self-prescribed medicines1最有效地用药use medicine to the best effect2非处方药（自用药）self-prescribed medicine3药品说明书package leaflet, insert, directions4提醒使用者所有可能的有害作用warning the user about all the possible harmful effects5常见的、严重的、罕见的副作用common, serious and rare side-effect6药理学家、临床药剂师pharmacologist and clinical pharmacist7标准的专利名、非专利名standard proprietary names and non-proprietary names8用于缓解轻度疼痛症状for symptomatic relief of minor aches and pains9消炎to relieve inflammation10（止痛）的首选量、推荐量preferred dose or recommended dose for pain11成人剂量的一半one-half adult dose12将药片碾碎或溶于水crush or dissolve tablets in water13如可能，同奶一起服用（用奶送服）或饭后服Take with milk if possible, or after food 14胃不适、烧心、胃出血stomach discomfort, heart burn, stomach bleeding15耳鸣、眩晕ringing in the ears and dizziness药品说明书【药品名称】Drug Name通用名称：Generic Name商品名:Trade Name化学名（Chemical Name）英语名：English Name汉语拼音：Hanyu Pinyin【成份】Composition【性状】Description【功能主治】Actions and Indications／【适应症】Indications【规格】Specification【用法用量】Administration and Dosage【不良反应】Unwanted Effects/ Adverse/ Side Effects【禁忌】Contraindications【注意事项】Warning/ Caution【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】 Women in pregnancy and lactation【儿童用药】 Children【老年用药】 The Elderly【药物相互作用】Interaction【临床试验】Clinical Experiment【药理毒理】Pharmacological Toxicology【药代动力学】Pharmacokinetics【贮藏】Storage【包装】Package【有效期】Validity【执行标准】The Implementation of Standards【批准文号】Approval Number【生产企业】Manufacturer企业名称：生产地址：Address邮政编码：Code电话号码：Tel传真号码：Fax注册地址：Registered Address网址：Website中医方剂剂型常用的英译表述如下：1）汤剂 decoction 2) 散剂 powder 3）丸剂 bolus( 大丸), pill（小丸）4）油膏剂 paste, ointment, plaster 流浸膏 liquid extract 浸膏extract 煎膏 decocted paste 软膏 ointment, paste 硬膏 plaster 5）药露 syrup 6）锭剂 troche, lozenge 7）糖浆剂 syrup8）片剂 tablet 9）冲服剂 granule 10）针剂 injection 11）栓剂 suppository Lesson 11 The Scope of Pharmacology1 药物的物化性质physical and chemical properties2 化合及生化生理作用compounding, biochemical and physical effects3 作用机理mechanism of action4 具有广博的植物学知识have a broad botanical knowledge5 药物制剂medicinal preparation6 生药学，药理学pharmacognosy, pharmacology7 剂型dosage form8药物动力学研究药物吸收、分布、生化和排泄。
Unit 9 Lesson 3 课文重点讲解课件-高中英语北师大版(2019)选择性必修第三册
只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才 会被正式(officially)定性(classify)为流行病。每种 疾病的死亡数量各不相同。罕见(rare)疾病的基 线(baseline)很低，即使某一地区只出现少数病例， 也会被认定为流行病；与此相反(opposed)，常见 疾病的基线较高，如流感。普通感冒由一种广泛 传播的(widespread)病毒引起，可感染数百万人， 但它并没严重到可以被称为(classification)流行病。
禽流感自1997年首次出现以来，已经夺去 了一百多人的生命。尤其是当科学家们仔细研究 了 1918 年 西 班 牙 流 感 死 亡 者 尸 体 的 组 织 样 本 (sample)，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本， 许多人担心它可能会引起下一场全球流行病。
之一 ⑤One
of
the
earliest
短时间 short period of time—usually two weeks or less. Epidemics
只要 have been happening for as long as there have been people
在地球上 living on Earth. They can be caused by several different
the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues how引导的宾语从句 创造一个更积极/美好的未来 about how we can create a more positive future without
epidemics.
unit-8chasing the flu
Unit8 Chasing The FluIf this year of tsunamis, earthquakes and hurricanes has taught us anything, it's that worst case scenarios do sometimes happen. Now with winter upon us, the latest thing to worry about is the av ian flu -- a particularly deadly bird virus that is ravaging the poultry industry in Asia, and has, on r are occasions, infected humans, killing half of its victims. Fewer than 100 people have died world wide, yet the World Health Organization calls it the most serious health threat facing the planet, gr eater than AIDS or tuberculosis. Because humans have no immunity to the virus, and there are no proven drugs or vaccines to stop it, it has the potential to cause an influenza pandemic similar to th e one that killed 50 million people in 1918. It may not happen, but billions of dollars are being spe nt to sequence its genes, track its movement, and slow its progress in what many people believe co uld be a race against time. 60 Minutes set out for Europe and Asia chasing the flu. Correspondent Steve Kroft reports.It's called the H5N1 virus, a primitive piece of genetic material so small it can barely be seen unde r the most powerful microscopes. Like all flu viruses, it is constantly evolving and every day scien tists record the latest changes as it moves silently around the globe in the bellies of birds. The viru s has infected the waterfowl now migrating the flyways over Southeast Asia. This is the front line i n the battle against avian flu, where the most cases have been identified and the most people have died. Ducks and geese have passed it along to domestic poultry, and humans have gotten it from s ick birds. So far, the virus can't pass easily from human to human, but a single deadly mutation co uld change that and trigger the deaths of tens of millions of people. "Time is the essence," says Dr . Margaret Chan, the World Health Organization's chief of Pandemic Influenza in Geneva. She call s it a warning signal from nature. "For the first time in history we are seeing a pandemic unfolding in front of our eyes," says Dr. Chan. No one has more experience with H5N1 than Dr. Chan. She was director of health in Hong Kong when the first outbreak occurred there in 1997. This is a viru s that affects mostly birds and has killed fewer than 100 people. Why does Dr. Chan see it as such a serious health threat? "We are seeing very worrying signs, the geographical spread of this virus, and it has extended beyond the usual sort of poultry sector. It is infecting cats. It's causing death in tigers, and so on and so forth. Now we are getting all these signals, and we are tracking the chang es of the virus," she explains. "If you look at the disease it causes in human being, [it] is very seve re, with a very high fatality rate. More than about half of the people infected die. We have not seen anything quite like it," says Dr. Chan. "And also, this virus causes unprecedented spread in the ani mal sector. And we have never seen this in the entire history of mankind." The best minds in healt h, science and veterinary medicine have been mobilized to try and stop the bird flu before it can be come highly contagious in humans. Nearly 200 million chickens exposed to the virus have alread y been destroyed, yet, in the last few months the H5N1 virus has spread from Asia into Europe. Ev ery morning at the World Health Organization's Strategic Health Operations Center, scientists and public health officials gather to go over the latest information and monitor every suspected human infection. They call it the morning prayers. The man in charge is Dr. Mike Ryan. "Most of these c ases represent a situation in which the virus has breached a barrier between animals and humans. And every time it breaches that barrier is a potential opportunity for a pandemic to start. So each a nd every one of those cases is important and vital for us to understand what's going on," says Dr. R yan. There have been several cases in Vietnam and Thailand, where the virus seems to have spread from human to human, but only to close family members and caregivers. Then the transmission st opped. "What we haven't seen is sustained efficient human to human transmission. We have not seen chains of infection. And of that we're sure. And that's what we need to look out for," says Dr. Ryan. To do it, Ryan is building an international surveillance system with ministries of health all o ver the world that he hopes would be able to detect the trigger point of a pandemic, the first signs t hat the virus has become contagious in humans. The plan calls for medical SWAT teams to be flow n to the site, to quarantine the area, and begin administering millions of doses of a drug called Tam iflu, the strongest anti virals available. "We won't have time, possibly, at the beginning of a pande mic even to get laboratory confirmation. It may take days to get laboratory confirmation," says Dr. Ryan. "We may have to make this judgment on the basis of the existence of a cluster that's spreadi ng quickly. And that signal will be very strong. You'll see the disease extend very quickly from tw o to four to ten. To 20. To 30, 50, and beyond number of… And when you start to see that mini ex plosion of cases, we're going to have a very, very short time in which to do something about that. Very short." How long do scientists have? "The intervention time will be measured from days to w eeks. I think no longer than a month at the extreme," says Dr. Ryan. Dr. Ryan says if an outbreak i sn't stopped or controlled in 30 days, scientists may lose the battle, "and nobody knows whether th at can be done." How good is Dr. Ryan's surveillance system? "My fear is that there are blind spot s. That there are blind spots in our surveillance system at national level. And that creates blind spo ts globally," he explains. One of those blind spots is in Cambodia, the poorest of the Southeast Asi an countries where the virus is most active. Migratory waterfowl have already infected domestic d ucks and chickens, a major source of protein for most the people here. Many of them live in povert y with no access to health care. So far, the virus has killed four people in Cambodia, all of them th ought to have been exposed to the blood or droppings of infected chickens and ducks, which are st ill slaughtered and sold in open air markets all over the country. And doctors here are as scarce as hens' teeth. One of them is Dr. Ly Sovann, the Cambodian government's director of disease surveil lance -- the man in charge of stopping the avian flu here. Dr. Sovann says the government is prepa red for the event of an outbreak, but says "we are not really good prepare yet." If there are signs th at the disease is spreading among humans, Dr. Sovann's job is to report the first outbreaks to offici als in Geneva and wait for international help to arrive. But when 60 Minutes visited Cambodia last month, Dr. Sovann said he had fewer than 150 doses of the antiviral drug Tamiflu for a nation of 13 million people. Dr. Sovann says there is only one dose per province. "But we need more," he s ays. Dr. Sovann and his six member staff work out of a small room on the third floor of the health ministry, where he keeps an emergency supply of biohazard suits piled in his office. The power g oes off every night at 7 p.m. If he's called to a pandemic emergency, he'll have to take a taxi. He is supposed to be in charge of the national reporting system, but there is one office phone for the ent ire staff. The national pandemic hotline is his personal cell phone. But when you travel outside th e city, you realize it may not matter. In most villages there are no telephones to call Dr. Sovann. A nd even if there was, Dr. Megge Miller, an Australian who is the World Health Organization's epid emiologist in Cambodia, says there's little awareness of avian flu once you get out to the countrysi de. In the villages, people live with their chickens and ducks. "They are members of the family," s ays Dr. Miller. There are lots of things in Cambodia that kill people. Every year, thousands die fro m TB, malaria, tetanus and other infections. Bird flu is not yet a major concern. "People don't beli eve in avian influenza," says Dr. Miller. She says it is possible cases of avian flu in Cambodia may have gone undetected. "It's possible that we have missed cases, because we won't pick up every si ngle case occurring singly," Dr. Miller says. Asked if she thinks the surveillance system is good en ough to detect when the virus makes the jump, Dr. Miller says, "We're not going to pick up the first case or the second case. I don't think we'll pick up the first jump. We're just not going to. What w e're hoping to be able to do, and I'm fairly confident we should pick this up, if we get a family clus ter, it will worry people. And so they'll go looking for answers. So, hopefully, in that looking for a nswers, they'll get to the right people and the alert will be triggered," she says. Dr. Miller says the quality of healthcare in many villages is primitive. "Thankfully in this village, it's not too difficult to get to a health center. I mean, whether someone is there is the big issue. And also whether they'r e aware of the symptoms of bird flu," she explains. The skill level for health care workers is rudi mentary at best. Less than half the provinces have received training sessions in the WHO's plan fo r flu surveillance, response and containment. That plan, says Dr. Miller, might be workable in Cam bodia. "There are a lot of logistical issues around mobilizing a lot of medicine and a lot of people i n a short space of time. I mean we could get the medicine to Phnom Penh, but then how do we get the medicine from Phnom Penh airport out to the province? And one of the things we need to do w ith this sort of containment strategy is put a ring around the village and make sure no one goes into the village and no one goes out. Which is going to be the most difficult thing to control, because p eople are just used to going everywhere," she says. Dr. Miller says the Cambodian government is not yet fully prepared to respond to an outbreak of bird flu. But neither is the rest of the world. If H5N1 were to become highly contagious in humans this winter it could spread to every country in the world in a matter of months. There is no way governments, health organizations, and pharmac eutical manufacturers would be able to produce sufficient amounts of the strongest anti viral drugs or vaccines to contain it. "Right now, and we all admit that, right now if we had an explosion of a n H5N1 we would not be prepared for that," says Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of H ealth. He is the nation's point man on the avian flu. The NIH is now testing a vaccine made from t he current bird virus, but whether it would work against some future mutant strain that is contagio us in humans is anybody's guess. This virus has been around since 1997 and there are people who say that it hasn't made the jump yet to the point where it can affect humans. Is it not going to? "It is conceivable that this virus has already reached its dead end and these little blips of infections are just things that are manifestations of where it would like to go, but it's never going to get there ," says Dr. Fauci. "On the other hand, the more this virus is infecting and killing chickens, and the more people that get infected by it, that's going to give the virus a greater chance of doing what yo u hope it never does." The White House has proposed a $7.1 billion program to prepare for a pand emic. Plans are underway to stockpile drugs and medical supplies and to develop treatment plans, quarantine strategies, and better and quicker ways to manufacture vaccines. But what money can't buy is time. Dr. Fauci says he doesn't see the preparations for the H5N1 virus as an exercise to im prove capabilities of fighting off a pandemic. "Well, I don't see it as an exercise because it could b e the big one. It could be. And if it is, our rushing around doing what we need to do, pushing the e nvelope, is not for naught or in vain." What, in his opinion, are the chances there could be a pande mic during this flu season? "The probability of next month a H5N1 turning into a widely dissemin ated 1918 version, given where we are now, in my opinion, is low. Is it zero? No. Since it isn't, I'm assuming the worst case scenario will happen," says Dr. Fauci. Dr. Fauci says it is the only way to proceed, but not the only possible outcome. It is conceivable that a human pandemic of H5N1 cou ld emerge from the masses in Asia and turn out to be no more deadly than a bad case of the flu, wh ich people often forget kills, on an average, 36,000 Americans every year.。
基础医学英语口语6-Pneumonia
Pneumonia肺炎Introduction介绍Pneumonia is an inflammation and infection of the lungs. Every year, more than 60,000 Americans die of pneumonia. It can affect any body, but is more dangerous to older adults, infants, and patients with chronic illnesses.Pneumonia：[nju(:)5mEu]n.[医] 肺炎。
单词中首字母p不发音，pneu-表示“气流”，pneumal的意思是“肺的”，-a在医学英语中表示“疾病”；Inflammation：[7inflE5meiFEn]n. 炎症，发炎。
In-表示“处于……状态”，flame表示“火苗”，-ation是动词转换成名词的后缀；Infection：[in5fekFEn]n.[医] 传染，感染；Chronic：[5krCnik]adj.慢性的，其反义词为acute，急性的。
Preventing pneumonia is always better than treating it. If you do get pneumonia, recognizing its symptoms and treating it early offers the best chance for recovery.Recovery：恢复，治愈。
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung. Inflammation is the immune system's normal response to contaminants or injury. Germs such as bacteria or viruses cause inflammation.Contaminant: [kEn5tAminEnt]n.致污物,污染物，源于动词contaminate，污染；Injury：[5indVEri]n.外伤；Germ：[dVE:m]n.微生物, 细菌；Bacteria：[bAk5tiEriE]n.细菌，用作复数，单数形式是bacterium；Virus：[5vaiErEs]n.病毒。
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Unit 8 Infectious Diseases传染性疾病单词fungus真菌hepatitis肝炎antiviral抗病毒的ringworm癣菌病ingest摄取；咽下；吸收measle囊尾蚴；麻疹parasite寄生虫strep throat.脓毒性咽喉炎urinary tract n.尿路；[解剖]泌尿道athlete’s foot 脚癣；足癖malaria 疟疾oxoplasmosis弓形虫病scoop vt.舀；挖空；掏placenta n.胎盘vagina[解]阴道inanimate 无生命的；无生气的faucet水龙头lice (louse 的复数）虱子tick 壁虱malaria parasite n.[医]症原虫anti-rejection（器官移植）防排斥的predispose [ ,pri:di'sp3uz] vt.预先处置；使…偏向于complication并发症meningitis脑膜炎papillomavirus乳头瘤病毒cervical子宫颈的helicobacter螺杆菌tailor剪pad.衬垫;护具sterile无菌的swab.药签，[外科]拭子；医用海绵，纱布lumbar腰部的n.腰动（静）脉，腰神经，腰椎puncture刺，戳；resonance共振；共鸣；反响pinpoint准确地指出；精准定位tomography X线断层摄影术（等于laminography)cross-sectional代表性的claustrophobic患幽闭恐怖症的；导致幽闭恐怖症的streptococcus链球菌；链球菌属e. coli大肠杆菌antiviral抗病毒的抗病毒物质（等于antidote)influenza [内科]流行性感冒（简写flu)hepatitis肝炎hepatitis乙型肝炎hepatitis C丙型肝炎；C型肝炎membranes细胞膜（membrane 的复数）herpes [皮肤]痕疹anti fungal抗真菌的；杀真菌的parasitics寄生现象（parasitic 的复数）anti-parasitics 抗寄生虫药West Nile virus：[医]西尼罗病毒:Lyme disease：莱姆病（由扁虱叮咬而出现麻疹、发烧等症状的一种传染性疾病）Spinal tap：脊椎抽液;抽脊髓;脊椎穿刺TEXT A 感染性疾病背景与其他单独的疾病相比，感染性疾病可使全世界更多的人死亡，。
感染性性疾病由微生物引起。
微生物是微小的生命体，遍布空气、水、土壤各处。
通过接触、进食、饮水或吸入空气中的微生物引起发病。
病原体也可通过动物、昆虫的粪便、接吻、性接触途径传播。
感染性疾病可由下列有机体引起，如细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫。
许多有机体寄生于我们的体内及体表。
他们无害甚至有益，但在特定条件下一些微生物可引发疾病。
一些感染性疾病在人与人之间传播。
而一些在蚊虫叮咬或动物接触后传播。
还有一些通过摄入污染的水或食物或其他环境中的污染物后传播。
不同个体的症状及体征不同，但通常会表现出发热寒战。
轻症者在家里治疗即可缓解，而一些危及生命的感染需要住院。
许多感染性疾病，例如麻疹、水痘可用疫苗预防。
经常充分的洗手也可以帮助预防感染性疾病。
感染性疾病的症状：每一个感染性疾病都有它特异的症状及体征。
许多感染性疾病常见症状体征包括：发热、食欲不振、疲乏无力、肌肉酸痛。
病因：感染性疾病可由下列因素引起：细菌这些单细胞生物可引起脓毒性咽喉炎、尿道感染及结核。
病毒比细菌小很多，引起许多疾病，轻者见于普通感冒，重者引起艾滋病。
真菌许多皮肤病，如癣菌病、足癣由真菌引起。
其他真菌可侵袭肺脏或神经系统。
寄生虫疟疾由微小的寄生虫引起，通过蚊虫叮咬传播。
其他寄生虫可由动物粪便传播给人。
直接接触：大多数感染性疾病通过接触已感染的人或动物这种简单的途径传播。
直接接触的3种途径如下：人与人传播：感染性疾病最常见的传播是细菌、病毒或其他微生物在人与人之间直接迁移。
此情况常发生于携带细菌、病毒的个体亲吻或面向未被感染者咳嗽。
也可通过性接触时体液交换或输血传播。
传播者可能并无症状，仅是一个载体。
动物与人传播：宠物会携带多种微生物。
被已感染的动物咬伤或抓伤可使人致病，个别可以致死。
处理动物垃圾也存在危害。
例如，铲猫的砂盒会感染弓形体。
母婴传播：孕妇可以将病原体传播给胎儿。
一些微生物可以通过胎盘。
阴道里的病原体胎儿出生时传播。
间接接触：致病体也可通过间接接触传播。
许多微生物可能存在于无生命的物体上，例如桌面、门把手或水龙头表明。
当触碰到已受流感或感冒患者污染的门把手时，就会携带这些病原体。
而在洗手之前就接触了眼、口、鼻之后就可能致病。
昆虫叮咬：昆虫寄生菌—例如蚊子、跳蚤、虱子或壁虱—可以在宿主间迁移。
这些载体是已知的带菌者。
蚊子可以携带疟原虫或西尼罗病毒，鹿蜱携带的细菌可以引起莱姆病。
食品污染：进食受污染的食物和水另一种感染途径。
这种传播机制致使微生物从单一的途径进行传播。
例如，大肠杆菌在特定的食物中出现，如未熟的汉堡或未洗的蔬菜水果。
危险因素：任何人都可患感染性疾病，但免疫力差者更易得病。
这种情况可能发生于：服用激素或其他免疫抑制剂，如抗排异药物。
HIV感染或患病。
影响免疫系统的肿瘤或其他疾病。
另外，其他一些特定状态也是感染的易患因素，包括医疗装置的植入，营养不良、终末期。
大部分感染性疾病的并发症少，但一些感染—如肺炎、艾滋或脑膜炎—可能危及生命。
一些类型感染与长期肿瘤风险的增加有关：人乳头瘤病毒与宫颈癌有关乙肝、丙肝增加肝癌的危险幽门螺旋杆菌增加胃癌的风险者实验室检查及诊断：医生会进行实验室检查或影像扫描协助诊断。
实验室检查：许多感染性疾病有相似的症状体征。
有时体液样本会揭示特殊微生物感染引起疾病的证据。
这有利于医生制定治疗方案。
血液试验：在上肢或手静脉扎针取血，获得标本。
一些人采血时会有轻微不适，但仅几分钟结束。
尿液试验：这个无痛试验需要将小便解到容器中。
为了避免标本的感染，根据指示使用消毒护具清洁会阴部，留取中段尿。
咽拭子：使用无菌拭子从咽部或身体其他潮湿的部位取样。
腰椎穿刺：这是获取脑脊液的操作，腰穿针仔细的插入腰椎间隙中。
通常，要求病人侧卧，屈膝位。
这个操作并不舒服，随后会可能出现头痛。
影像扫描：影像程序—例如X线，CT及核磁—能帮助精确诊断，排除诊断。
X线：这种无痛性操作将身体的一部分暴露于小量射线下，生成局部结构的影像。
例如，胸部X线可以示揭示肺炎的征象。
CT：CT扫描从不同角度数字化结合X线，形成骨、器官及其他软组织的横断面成像。
CT扫描比X线揭示更多的细节。
MRI（磁共振成像）：MRI使用无线电波及强磁场以产生内部结构的细节成像。
检查时平躺检查台上，，随后进入机器内进行扫描。
一些人可能在封闭的空间内出现幽闭恐惧症，但可用药缓解，使操作过程容易进行。
活检：活检中，从内脏取出微小的组织进行检测。
例如，肺组织活检可以用于检测引起肺炎的不同种类的真菌。
治疗及用药明确致病病原体可以协助医生选择合理的治疗抗生素：相似的抗生素可进行分类。
而相似的细菌也可以分群，例如链球菌属或大肠杆菌。
特定类型的细菌对特定的抗生素敏感。
所以，如果医生明确了细菌类型，治疗需则为更加精确的目标性治疗。
抗生素仅针对于细菌感染，因为这类药物对病毒无效。
但有时很难明确致病原的种类。
例如，一些类型的肺炎是由病毒引起，而另一些由细菌引起。
抗生素的过度使用导致一些细菌对一种或多种抗生素耐药。
这些耐药菌更难治疗。
抗病毒药物已有的药物可以治疗一些病毒，但不是所有病毒。
此类病毒引起的疾病如下：艾滋病、疱疹、乙型肝炎、肝炎、流感。
抗真菌药物：一些真菌感染可引起肺或口咽部粘膜病变—常见于免疫力低下的人群。
抗真菌药物是这类感染的选择。
抗寄生虫药物：一些疾病，包括疟疾，是由微小的寄生虫引起。
虽然可以用药控制这些疾病，但不同种类的寄生虫已经对这些药物产生耐药性。
感染性疾病的预防感染的病原体可通过下列途径进入人体：皮肤接触或损伤吸入空气传播的微生物摄入污染的食物和水蜱或蚊虫叮咬性接触下列途径减少个体及他人感染的危险：洗手：做饭前后及饭前便后洗手非常重要。
接种疫苗：免疫治疗可以大大减少接触诸多疾病的机会。
确保大人及孩子接种最新的推荐接种的疫苗。
留在家里：如果正在呕吐、腹泻、发热，不要外出工作。
如果孩子也有这些症状，不要送孩子去学校。
安全的准备食物：做饭时，保持柜台及其他炊具表面干净。
另外，尽快冷藏剩饭，不要让熟食在室温下放置太长时间。
发生性行为时采取安全措施：如果你本人或伴侣有性传播感染的病史或高危行为，需使用安全套不要分享个人物品：使用自己的牙刷、梳子及刮胡刀。
避免共用水杯及餐具。
明智的旅游：生病时不要坐飞机。
因为许多人坐在狭小的空间内，可能感染飞机上的其他乘客。
病人本人的旅途也不愉快。
如果出国旅游，向医生寻求可能需要的一些专门的疫苗预防。
许多感染性疾病，例如感冒，可以自愈。
多喝水，多休息。