英国文学1
英国文学史及选读第一册
英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学)Form: Alliterative verseThe coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language.Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo- Saxon.The literature:The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightTerm explanation:Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by aknight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves fighting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340?-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatestnarrative poets of England. Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the14 century.thChaucer chose the metrical form(格律诗) which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language.Works: The Canterbury TalesTerm explanation:Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale .Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of his love for the poor and downtrodden.Works: Robin Hood and Allin-a-DaleGet up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE(1485-1603) an age of drama and lyrical poetryThe 16 century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal threlations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Term explanation:Renaissance:1) renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14 century to the 17 century. With the development ofth thbourgeois relationships and formation of the English national statethis period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known asthe Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated arevival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after thedark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义). The greatest ofthe English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.2) Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of Godas the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3) Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.Works:1. Thomas More: humanist,utopia (give a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2. Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher;his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professionalessays3. Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.4. Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5. John Lyly: Eupheus; gave rise to the term “euphuism”,designating an affected style of court speech.6. Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English drama;made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7. Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield8. William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, amaster hand at realistic portrayal of human characters andrelations.Hamlet ( Hamlet is considered to be thesummit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole tragedy is permeat edwith the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is theprofoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and hiscriticism of contemporary life.)PART V THE 17 TH CENTURYTHE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATIONLiterary characteristics in this period:The 17 century was one of the most tempestuous periods in Englishthhistory. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.(1)The Puritan influence:medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of thepeople.(2) the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somber. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so- called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton.(3) The French influence is most marked in the drama.Rimed couplets instead of blank verse;The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual;The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.(4) restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne:His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.Song (“ Go and Catch a Falling Star”)A Valediction: Forbidding MourningSonnet: Death be not proudJohn Milton: poet, Puritan, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost: it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea--- the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Blindness\Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeJohn Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The Pilgrim’s Progress: written in old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women.PART VI THE 18 THCENTURY ( an age of prose and novel)THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLANDThe theme: social reality, common people’s life.The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the thenprogressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.Joseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The SpectatorThese two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to thedevelopment of the 18 century novel.thSir Roger是Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象。
英国文学1
Caedmon---he is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English songs. His life story is vividly described in Bede’s The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. His first poem is The Hymn of Praise. He composed many other poems by using the biblical material.Alfred the Great---king of Wessex kingdom. He is another important figure in prose writing of Anglo-Saxon period. He was a well-known translator. He translated some important Latin works into English, among which, the most important is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the Old English prose. Beowulf---It is the oldest poem in the English language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. It consists of more than 3,000 lines. It had been passed form mouth to mouth for hundreds off years before it was written down in the 10th century or at the end of the 9th century. The main stories in the poem are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. Writing Features---1) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem, despite the Christian flavor given to it by the monastery scribe who wrote it down. It is the product of an advanced pagan civilization. The whole poem presents to us an all-round picture of the tribal society. The social conditions and customs can be clearly seen in the poem. It helps us a lot when we study the primitive society off Europe. So the poem has a great social significance. 2) The use of strong stresses and the predominance of consonants are notable in the poetical lines. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half is made to have two heavy stresses. 3) The use of alliteration is another notable feature of the poem. Three stressed syllables of each line are arranged in alliteration, which makes the whole line even more emphatic.4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem.Romance----The romance was the prevailing literary form in the medieval period. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse and sometimes in prose, which described the life and adventures of a noble hero. Its essential features are the following: 1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality. 2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealises the virtues. 3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life. 4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady. 5) The central character of the romance is the knight who is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, or taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king. The romance, as a literary genre, prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the upper class, so it had little to do with the common people. Romance cycles: the matter of Britain, the matter of Rome, the matter of France. The master works of romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The Norman conquest----In October 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to attack England. The two armies met and fought at Hastings. Finally the English army was defeated. William and his men marched speedily into London and William became the king of England. Its consequences---William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. After the Norman conquest, chivalry was introduced into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature of that period. English language was made a despised thing as the leading language used by the ruling class and a large number of French words entered the English language. Latin was used by the scholars and clergymen. Three languages existed in England then.William Langland ------his masterpiece is Piers Plowman. Artistic Features of the poem---1) It is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells the stories under the guise of having dreamed them. 2) The poem is an allegory that relates truth through symbolism. 3) The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. 4) The poem is written in alliteration. Social Significance of Piers Plowman----Piers Plowman, the hero of the story, is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem. In spite of that, Piers Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It was very popular in the 14th and 15th centuries. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the uprising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It gives us a realistic social picture of medieval England. Geoffrey Chaucer-------He is acclaimed not only as the father of English poetry but also as the father of English fiction. His literary career can be divided in to three periods. 1) The first period, about 30 years, including his youth and early manhood, is the period of French influence. In this period, he translated The Romaunt of the Rose, the most popular poem of Middle Ages, from French into English. 2) The second period, about 15 years, covers Chaucer’s active life as a diplomat and man of affairs. In this period, Italian influence seemed to be stronger than the French. The major works were adaptations from Italian writers in this period. His masterwork is Troilus and Criseyde. 3) The third period, covering his last 15 years, is generally known as the English period. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. In this great work, the author gives his reader a picture of English society in Middle Ages. Features of Chaucer’s writing-----Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His style is flexible. His prose is easy and informal. He uses mild satire when he deals with people’s foibles and weaknesses. He uses rhyming couplet, which he introduced from France, in writing his major poems. He is the first great writer to use the dialect of London in writing. The social significance of Canterbury Tales----- In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer draws a true-to-life picture of English feudal society of his day. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms man’s right to pursue happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As one of the forerunners of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirise the social evils of his day. They criticize the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the church.Popular Ballads----popular ballads are originally dance songs. They are little stories in verse form, which can be sung or recited by the common people. The origin of the English and Scottish ballads is obscure. Usually they are anonymous, and are handed down orally for many generations. They are simple and crude in story and highly condensed and dramatic in presentation. In the 15th century, there were several kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. Popular ballads were found all over Europe in that period, but a particularly fertile soil was the border area between England and Scotland, for once many bloody battles were fought between the English and Scots there, such as Robin Hood.Morality play----It is an allegory in dramatic form. It is a dramatization of the battle between the forces of good and evil in the human soul. A well-known example is Everyman.Renaissance -------The original meaning of the word “renaissance” was the “rebirth’ of classical Greek and Latin literature. The term is commonly applied to the historical period which followed the Middle Ages. Renaissance period was thought to be in contrast with the Middle Ages, whichwas considered and inhibited by dogmatic theology. Renaissance was extolled as learned, civilized, broad-minded, progressive, enlightened and free-thinking. Italy is customarily taken as the starting place of Renaissance. Later, the movement spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low Countries, and lastly to England. English Renaissance started in the late 15th century or the early 16th century. In Renaissance period, great achievements were made by painters, writers, sculptors, architects, scientists, philosophers and astronomers. The famous writers in this period are: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio in Italy; Erasmus in the Netherlands; Montaigne, Rabelais and the poets of the Pleiad in France; Lope de Vega and Cervantes in Spain; Sir Thomas More, Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and Francis Bacon in England.Sir Philip Sidney------He is known for three principal works. 1) Arcadia----It is a long prose-verse pastoral romance, written for the entertainment of Sidney’s sister. In this romance, the poet praises the delights of rural life and the love of the young people, and expresses his aspiration for a peaceful and happy life. 2) Astrophel and Stella-----This work is a collection of songs and sonnets. It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs. 3) An Apology for Poetry---It is one of the earliest English critical literary essays. It was written to answer a pamphlet called The School of Abuse, an attack on poetry and drama.University wits: a name given to a group of writers who flourished in London in the last 20 years or so of the 16th century. All of members of this group were oxford or Cambridge university graduates, the most notable of them were: Marlowe, Nash, Greene, Lyly, Lodge and Peele. They were famous for writing comedies and tragedies.Edmund Spenser: He is often referred to as “the poets’poet”because of his influence on later poets is considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan age. Major work: The Shepherd’s Calendar pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month a year. The Shepherd in the poem represent the poet and his friends. It is Spenser’s first important poem, which consists of 12 eclogues and is written in different metres. All 12 eclogues, with the exception of the first and the last, are in dialogue form. The theme of love is the dominant one. And the more significant eclogues are those on the theme of religion. The poem demonstrates Spenser’s skilful mastery of a variety of meters and his innovative efforts also showed that the traditional form of pastoral could be adapted to a variety of subjects, moral or heroic. The Faerie Queen is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6. The work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The plan of the whole poem is a stranger in distress appears, claiming help against a dragon or giant. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures of 12 knights who stand for 12 different virtues, as Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and Puritanism. For The Faerie Queen, Spenser originated a nine-line verse stanza. The verse has 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9th line of 6 iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c. This verse, the “Spenserian Stanze” is justly famous and has often been used since. (characteristics of Spenser’s poetry:1.a perfect melody. 2. a rare sense of beauty.3.a splendid imagination.4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness.5.a dedicated idealism. In addition to above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increase his rustic effect.) William Shakespeare The second period: he wrote four histories: RichardⅡ, Henry Ⅳ,par tⅠ＆Ⅱ,and Henryⅴ;6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night and The Merry Wives ofWindsor, and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. It is a period of “great Comedies” and mature historical plays. The general spirit of this period is optimism. Meantime, there is sorrow, there is pathos and there is sin; the innocent may suffer, the guilty may go unpunished for a time, and even find good fortune; but virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. In the historical plays of this period, different phases of English life are shown before us: kings and princes, statesmen and courtiers, the rich citizen life and the life of the tavern, and the adventures of rogues and cheats, as a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.(great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth great comedies: As you like it, Twelfth night, A mid-summer night’s dream, Merchant of Venice ) Features of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Works--- 1) Shakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit. 2) In his plays, Shakespeare also clearly reflected the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He showed his sympathy to the poor people and disclosed the greed and cruelty of the upper class. 3) The story of Shakespeare’s plays often took place in other countries or in the past instead of in England or in his own age. 4) Shakespeare’s main characters are depicted in typical situations. They are typical characters. Their fundamental traits are revealed their conflicts with their surroundings, in their relations with they fellowmen. 5) Shakespeare’s dramatic form fits the content of his plays very well. His plays are not controlled by the rules of the classical unities of time, place and action. A plays covers several days or years. 6) In order to reproduce the manifold images of life, Shakespeare used peculiar combination in his drama: combination of majestic and funny, of poetic and prosaic, of tragic and comic. 7) Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. 8) Shakespeare is also a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains, and blank verse. Influence------ 1) He is a universal poet. His genius includes all the world of nature and of man. He has been given the highest praise by various scholars and critics all over the world. 2) Shakespeare’s plays have been so widely read and so carefully studied that all English writers of any importance cannot escape form Shakespeare’s influence, either directly or indirectly, either in thought, content, or in poetic form or language. Moreover, he has been known all the world and his works have been translated into many different languages and consequently exerted great influences upon many writers in many countries. 3) As a great artist, Shakespeare was more than the supreme representative of a great era. Ben Jonson’s famous observation that “he was not of an age, but for all time” has stood the test of more than three centuries.Restoration comedy: the kind of drama which prevailed between the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 and early 18th century. It was chiefly concerned with presenting a society of elegance and stylishness. Its characters were gallants, ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops, rakes, social climbers and country bumpkins. Witty, urbane and sometimes licentious, it dealt with the intricacies of sexual and marital intrigue and also with adultery and cuckoldry. Wycherley’s The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer; and Congreve’s The Double Dealer and The Way of the World are example.Francis Bacon------ When Bacon published in 1597 his first collection of short Essays, he became the first English “essayist”. His “scientific” style introduced to England a form of writing that was easy to understand, precise in language and diversified in topics. Bacon wrote prose in an age of poetry, when men around him were composing songs, sonnets and plays in verse, his pioneering efforts made essay writing a popular form in England.Bacon’s works-----1) the philosophical works: The Advancement of Learning (In this work, it deals with the accomplishments of science up to his time.) The New Instrument (Bacon describes the method by which knowledge could be universalized,) 2) the literary works of Bacon are his essays. They are noted for their style and striking observations of life. They are the first true English prose classics. 3) the professional works: Essays (among these essays the famous pieces are Of Study, Of Travel, and Of Wisdom) Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness and forcefulness.。
18世纪英国文学(1)
第二节18世纪英国文学一、概述在世纪初，现实主义小说登上文坛，在长达五十余年的发展中，产生了笛福、斯威夫特、理查逊、菲尔丁、高尔斯密、斯泰恩等一批出色的小说家，它代表18世纪英国文学的最高成就，也使英国文学在整体上达到欧洲同一时期的最高水平。
18世纪中后期，具有感伤主义色彩的墓园诗派出现繁荣局面，哥特式小说也展露异彩。
18世纪后期，彭斯和布莱克的诗歌唱了浪漫主义先声。
启蒙主义是18世纪英国文学的思想主轴。
18世纪英国启蒙文学具有发展的特点。
前期相信理性的绝对权威，力图在现存社会结构内树立美德，创造自由。
英国启蒙文学发生在资产阶级革命之后，它所面临的主要任务是全面确立资本主义社会的伦理规范。
三、现实主义小说与戏剧1、产生背景：（1）哲学基础；（2）印刷技术的改进与廉价读物的出现；（3）大量普通读者出现。
2、丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660－1731）及《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe, 1719）《鲁滨逊漂流记》写鲁宾逊在海外荒岛的冒险开拓经历，那种试图单枪匹马与未知世界斗争的开拓本能，敢于挑战极限的精神，开天辟地的气魄和勇气宣示了个人英雄主义时代的来临。
3、撒姆尔·理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689－1761）有书信体小说《帕米拉》（Pamela, 1739－1740），以及小说《克莱丽莎》（Clarissa, 1747－1748）。
《帕米拉》：贵族B先生、女仆帕米拉。
小说中对阶级关系的处理方式：两个阶层各守其职，以此为基础建立起来稳定的社会结构。
新道德的基础是建立在阶级划分、阶级容忍、阶级合作以及理性基础上的。
小说的书信体结构。
5、亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding, 1707－1754）的主要小说：《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》（The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild the Great, 1739－1740）、《约瑟·安德鲁传》（The Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams, 1742）、《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones, 1749）、《亚美丽娅》（Amelia, 1751）等。
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
英国文学简介
英国文学简介英国文学是指在英国境内或由英国作家创作的文学作品。
英国文学源远流长，有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵。
它的发展可以追溯到中世纪，受到了古希腊罗马文化和基督教传统的影响。
英国文学的黄金时期可以追溯到16世纪的文艺复兴时期。
在这个时期，伟大的作家如莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞等纷纷涌现。
莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出和研究。
培根是一位重要的哲学家和文学评论家，他的作品深刻地揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的问题。
斯宾塞以其叙事诗《仙后》而闻名，被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的叙事诗之一。
17世纪是英国文学史上的重要时期，这一时期被称为“启蒙时代”。
英国文学在这个时期经历了繁荣和变革。
约翰·米尔顿是这个时期最杰出的作家之一，他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
另外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》和丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》也是这一时期的重要作品。
18世纪是英国文学的黄金时代之一，这个时期被称为“浪漫主义时代”。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和想象力的表达，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等。
他们的作品追求真实的自然描写和人类内心的探索，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
19世纪是英国文学的高峰时期，也被称为“维多利亚时代”。
维多利亚时代的文学作品丰富多样，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、奥斯卡·王尔德等。
狄更斯的作品描写了维多利亚时代社会的贫困与不公，他的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》至今仍然广受欢迎。
勃朗特姐妹的作品《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》也成为经典之作。
王尔德则以其幽默和机智的作品闻名，他的戏剧作品《温莎的风格》和《道林·格雷的画像》都具有独特的魅力。
20世纪是英国文学的现代时期，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、J·R·R·托尔金等。
英国文学选读unit1
and Cambridge. In 1357 he the skilled men in the use of weapon, riding
began life aseek adventures.
Two years later he accompanied • Most English romances deal with three major
• Middle English literature and the Canterbury
• Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of Tales
the English poetry was born in • about 1340, of a rich family. His father was a wine merchant. He is said to have studied at Oxford
• The Norman Conquest (1066---1350)
• The Normans invaded England in 1066. They defeated the English troops and William, the Duke of Normandy(诺曼底), was crowned as King of England.
• The poem probably existed in its oral form as early as the 6th century. It was written in the 7th century. Beowulf the hero and his adventures are placed in Denmark and southern Sweden, from which the Anglo-Saxon came. Beowulf, in its remote ideas, allusive(引用典故的) style and story-telling form, towers(超越、胜过) above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s grand hero who is eager to help others in distress(危难、痛苦), is faithful to his people, and is ready to sacrifice his own life for their welfare.
英国文学1考试题及答案
英国文学1考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英国文学史上第一位伟大的诗人是：A. 乔叟B. 莎士比亚C. 弥尔顿D. 拜伦答案：A2. 下列哪位作家被誉为“英国小说之父”？A. 简·奥斯汀B. 亨利·菲尔丁C. 查尔斯·狄更斯D. 乔治·艾略特答案：B3. 《坎特伯雷故事集》的作者是：A. 乔叟B. 斯宾塞C. 雪莱D. 拜伦答案：A4. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”中不包括以下哪部作品？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《奥赛罗》C. 《李尔王》D. 《威尼斯商人》答案：D5. 以下哪位诗人不属于浪漫主义诗人？A. 华兹华斯B. 柯勒律治C. 拜伦D. 布朗宁答案：D6. 《简·爱》的作者是：A. 夏洛蒂·勃朗特B. 艾米莉·勃朗特C. 安妮·勃朗特D. 乔治·艾略特答案：A7. 以下哪部作品是现代主义文学的代表作？A. 《荒原》B. 《尤利西斯》C. 《好兵之帅之帅》D. 《到灯塔去》答案：B8. 以下哪位作家是“愤怒的青年”运动的代表人物？A. 金斯利·艾米斯B. 约翰·奥斯本C. 哈罗德·品特D. 艾伦·西利托答案：B9. 《动物农场》的作者是：A. 乔治·奥威尔B. 阿道司·赫胥黎C. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫D. 威廉·戈尔丁答案：A10. 以下哪位作家是后现代主义文学的代表人物？A. 托马斯·品钦B. 萨尔曼·鲁西迪C. 伊恩·麦克尤恩D. 朱利安·巴恩斯答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 英国文学史上的“文艺复兴”时期，涌现出了许多伟大的作家，其中被誉为“英国戏剧之父”的是______。
答案：莎士比亚2. 19世纪英国现实主义文学的代表作家查尔斯·狄更斯的代表作之一是______。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name; And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；
（注解：诗人自答，对朋友的珍爱之情跃然纸上。原因在于：因为狂风会把 五月娇嫩的花蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间又过于短暂。这后两行是为下面作铺 垫。以上四句是诗的第一节，此为起。)
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ （注解：将朋友比作英国气候最宜人的夏季，通俗自然，让人耳目一新。）
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你不独比他可爱也比他温婉；
2. What does it mean when Juliet says “that which we call a rose/By my other name would smell as sweet”?
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
Sonnet 18.
Sonnet：十四行诗（或音译为 “商籁体”）是一种格律比较严谨的 诗体。它起源于文艺复兴初期，有多 种变体。莎士比亚十四行诗为五音步 抑扬格，每行十个音节，全诗共分三 节，按照a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-fg-g 格式押韵。最后两行带有警句性 质，总结全诗内容，为点睛之笔。
英国文学名著必读
英国文学名著必读
英国文学有着悠久的历史和丰富的遗产，包括了许多经典名著。
以下是一些必读的英国文学名著。
1. 《傲慢与偏见》–简·奥斯汀所著。
这部小说是英国文学的经典之一，讲述了女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特的爱情故事，也是一部关于社会阶层和婚姻制度的戏剧。
2. 《呼啸山庄》–勃朗特姐妹所著。
这部小说描述了两个家族之间的恶意和复仇，以及热情和爱情的力量。
它是一部关于人性和道德的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
3. 《雾都孤儿》–查尔斯·狄更斯所著。
这部小说讲述了孤儿奥利弗的冒险故事，以及他在维多利亚时代的贫困生活和社会不公。
它是一部关于社会和人性的故事，也是一部英国文学中的经典之作。
4. 《战争与和平》–列夫·托尔斯泰所著。
这部小说虽然不是英国文学作品，但是它对英国文学有着深刻的影响。
它是一部关于俄罗斯农民战争和拯救祖国的故事，也是一部关于爱情和家庭的故事。
5. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》–丹尼尔·笛福所著。
这部小说讲述了鲁宾逊在荒岛上生存的故事，以及他如何通过自己的聪明才智和勇气克服困难。
它是一部关于人性和
适应力的故事，也是英国文学中的经典之作。
这些作品代表了英国文学的不同流派和主题，从爱情和社会阶层到冒险和人性等各种领域。
无论你是英国文学爱好者还是新手，这些经典必读作品都值得一读。
British literature 1英国文学
V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.
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Test for English Literature (2009-07)[日期：2010-05-09] 来源：作者：Long Jingyao [字体：大中小]全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英美文学选读试题课程代码：00604请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上（全部题目用英文作答）PART ONE (40 POINTS)I．Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.1. The first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people is_____.A. The Enclosure MovementB. The Protestant ReformationC. The Enlightenment MovementD. The Chartist Movement2. Daniel Defoe’s works are all the following EXCEPT_____.A. Moll FlandersB. A Tale of a TubC. A Journal of the Plague YearD. Colonel Jack3. “Metaphysical Poetry” refers to the works of the 17th - century writers who wroteunder the influence of _____.A. John DonneB. Alexander PopeC. Christopher MarloweD. John Milton4. The most important play among Shakespeare’s comedies is _____.A. A Midsummer Night’s DreamB. The Merchant of VeniceC. As You Like ItD. Twelfth Night5. The most perfect example of the verse drama after Greek style in English is Milton’s _____.A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Areopagitica6. Which of the following descriptions of Enlightenment Movement is NOT true?A. It was a progressive intellectual movement that flourished in France.B. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries.C. The purpose was to enlighten the whole world with moderu philosophical and artisticideas.D. The Enlighteners advocate individual education.7. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for prose EXCEPT_____.A. being preciseB. being directC. being flexibleD. being satiric8. A good style of prose“ proper works in proper places” was defined by_____.A. John MiltonB. Henry FieldingC. Jonathan SwiftD.T.S. Eliot9. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is_____.A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage10. Wordsworth’s_____ is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.A. “To a Skylark”B. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”C. “An Evening Walk”D. “My Heart Leaps Up”11. William Blake’s work ______ marks his entry into maturity.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Marriage of Heaven and HellC. Songs of InnocenceD. The Book of Los12. Best of all the Romantic well- known lyric pieces is Shelley’s_____.A. “The Cloud”B. “To a Skylark”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to the West Wind”13. In the Victorian Period _____ became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.A. poetryB. novelC. proseD. drama14. In Charles Dickens’early novels, he attacks one or more specific social evils, _____is a good example of describing the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworldlife.A. David CopperfieldB. Oliver TwistC. Great ExpectationsD. Dombey and Son15. Thomas Hardy’s most cheerful and idyllic work is_____.A. The Return of the NativeB. Far from the Maddin CrowdC. Under the Greenwood TreeD. The Woodlanders16. The rise of _____ and new science greatly incited modernist writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships.A. the existentialistic ideaB. the irrational philosophyC. scientific socialismD. social Darwinism17. In Modern English literature, the literary interest of _____lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehu-manizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.A. George Bernard ShawB.T.S. EliotC. Oscar WildeD.D.H. Lawrence18. George Bernard Shaw’s _____ is a better play of the later period, with the author’s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of WWI and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.A. Too True to Be GoodB. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionC. Widowers’HousesD. Fanny’s First Play19. Renaissance first started in Italy, with the flowering of the following fields EXCEPT_____.A. architectureB. paintingC. sculptureD. literature20. English Romanticism,as a historical phase of literature,is generally said to have begun with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s_____.A. Poetical SketchesB. A Defence of PoetryC. Lyrical BalladsD. The Prelude21. Charlotte Bront’s work _____ is famous for the depiction of the life of the middle - class working women, particularly governesses.A. Jane EyreB. Wuthering HeightsC. The ProffessorD. Shirley22. The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot is a poem concerned with the _____ breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.A. spiritualB. religiousC. politicalD. physical23. Perhaps Emily Dickinson’s greatest interpretation of the moment of _____ is to be found in “I heard a Fly buzz--when I died—”, a poem universally regarded as one of her masterpieces.A. fantasyB. birthC. crisisD. death24. The fiction of the American _____ period ranges from the comic fables of Washing-ton Irving to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.A. RomanticB. RevolutionaryC. ColonialD. Modernistic25. The modern _____ technique was frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.A. stream - of - consciousnessB. flashbackC. mosaicD. narrative and argumentative26. By means of “_____,” Whitman believed, he has turned the poem into an openfield, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.A. balanced structureB. free verseC. fixed verseD. regular rhythm27. In 1954, _____ was awarded the Nobel Prize for “his powerful style -forming mas tery of the art” of creating modern fiction.A. Ernest HemingwayB. Sherwood AndersonC. Stephen CraneD. Henry James28. The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of _____ in the literary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature.A. RationalismB. RomanticismC. RealismD. Modernism29. When he was eighty - seven he read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. This poet was_____.A. Ezra PoundB. Robert FrostC. E. E. CummingsD. Wallace Stevens30. The renowned American critic H. L. Mencken regarded _____ as “the true father of our national literature.”A. Bret HarteB. Walt WhitmanC. Washington IrvingD. Mark Twain31. We can easily find in Theodore Dreiser’s fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law. Dreiser’s _____ found expression in almost every book he wrote.A. naturalismB. romanticismC. cubismD. classicalism32. A preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of _____ and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.A. love and mercyB. bitterness and hatredC. original sinD. eternal life33. “He possessed none of the usual aids to a writer’ s career: no money, no friend in power, no formal education worthy of mention, no family tradition in letters. ” This is a description most suitable to the American writer_____.A. Henry JamesB. Theodore DreiserC. W.D. Howells D. Nathaniel Hawthorne34. People generally considered _____ to be Henry James’ masterpiece, which incar nates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European cultural environment.A. The EuropeansB. Daisy MillerC. The Portrait of A LadyD. The Private Life35. The Jazz Age of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in_______.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Grapes of WrathD. Tales of the Jazz Age36. Guided by the principle of adhering to the truthful treatment of life, the American _______ introduced industrial workers and farmers, ambitious businessmen and vagrants, prostitutes andunheroic soldiers as major characters in fiction.A. romanticistsB. modernistsC. psychologistsD. realists37. The American literary spokesman of the Jazz Age is often acclaimed to be_______.A. Henry JamesB. Robert FrostC. William FaulknerD.F. Scott Fitzgerald38. By writing Moby - Dick, _______ reached the most flourishing stage of his literary creativity.A. Herman MelvilleB. Edgar Ellen PoeC. William FaulknerD. Theodore Dreiser39. Fau lkner once said that _____ is a story of “lost innocence,”which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.A. Light in AugustB. The Sound and the Fur yC. Absalom, Absalom!D. The Hamlet40. Hawthorne was not a Puritan himself, but his view of man and human history origina ted, to a great extent, in_______.A. CalvinismB. PuritanismC. RealismD. NaturalismPART TWO (60 POINTS)Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.41. Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! For the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. What’ s the rhyme scheme for the stanza?C. What’s the theme of the poem?42. The following quotation is from Mrs. Warren’s Profession:VIVIE: [ intensely interested by this time] No; but why did you choose that business?Saving money and good management will succeed in any business.MRS. WARREN: Yes, saving money. But where can a woman get the money to save in any other business? Could you save out of four shillings a week and keep yourself dressed as well?No t you. Of course, if you’ re a plain woman and cant earn anything more ; or if you havea turn for music, or the stage, or newspaper - writing ; that’s different...Questions :A. Identify the playwright of the above quotation.B. What business do you think Mrs. Warren is involved in?C. What's the theme of the play?43. My little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.Questions:A. Identify the poet and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.B. What figure of speech is used in this stanza?C. Briefly interpret the meaning of this stanza.44. “Where are we going, Dad?” Nick asked.“Over to the Indian camp. There is an Indian lady very sick. ”“Oh,” said Nick.Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was smoking a cigar in the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up on the beach. Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars.Questions :A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.B. What does Dad imply when he says “There is an Indian lady very sick”?C. Why is Dad going to the Indian camp?Ⅲ. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give a brief answer to each of the following 9uestions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45. What’ s the literary style of Shelley as a Romantic poet?46. What are the main features of Bernard Shaw’s plays with regard to the theme, charac-terizationand plot?47. Henry James’ literary criticism is an indispensable part of his contribution to literature. What’shis outlook in literary criticiam?48. Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Who is the mostfamous local colorist? What are local colorists most concerned?IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.49. Define modernism in English literature. Name two major modernistic British writers and listone major work by each.50. Briefly discuss the term “The Lost Generation”and name the leading figures of this literarymovement (Give at least three).。