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词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
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(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
14
2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
17
(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
Chapter 9 English Dictionary 英语词汇学 教学课件
Desk dictionaries
❖ Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
❖ British dict, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987)
Chapter Nine
English Dictionary
Introduction
❖ Dictionary for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation , meaning usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology.
❖ As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use.
❖ such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us.
英语词汇学_完整版
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 4
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件
A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, lik e boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la· dy, cro·co·dile, etc.
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
英语词汇学第5章课件
There are mainly four types of motivation.
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
Words whose sounds suggest their meanings = onomatopeic words
Two types of words according to their resemblance of sound:
Characteristics: 1. Different lexical items, which have
different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning: tables, men, oxen, potatoes
5. 1. 1. Concept
the meaning triangle
concept/idea
tnce
5.1.2 Concept
It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on, whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
1. Primary onomatopoeia
bow wow
ha ha
ping-pong miaow
cuckoo
tick-tuck
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
2. Secondary onomatopoeia cock—crow duck—quack frog—croak mice—squeak horse—neigh goat—bleat
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
Words whose sounds suggest their meanings = onomatopeic words
Two types of words according to their resemblance of sound:
Characteristics: 1. Different lexical items, which have
different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning: tables, men, oxen, potatoes
5. 1. 1. Concept
the meaning triangle
concept/idea
tnce
5.1.2 Concept
It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on, whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
1. Primary onomatopoeia
bow wow
ha ha
ping-pong miaow
cuckoo
tick-tuck
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
2. Secondary onomatopoeia cock—crow duck—quack frog—croak mice—squeak horse—neigh goat—bleat
英语词汇学教程课件第3章English Lexicology 3
English Lexicology
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (1)
妩媚的
tractor=tract+or(者，物)n.拖拉机，牵引者 traction=tract+ion(名词后缀)n.牵引力，拖拉 tractive=tract+ive(形容词后缀)adj.牵引的，拖的 distract=dis(否定，相反)+tract v.分心，困扰 contract=con(together)+tract v.收缩，缔结，感
adj.热力学的，热力的
thermonuke=thermo(热)+nuke(核武器)
n.核子武器
thermowear=thermo(热)+wear(衣着，装)
n.保温衣服
Tort=twist(扭，曲）
torsion=tor+ion(名词后缀)n.扭转
tortile=tort+ile(…的)adj.卷的，扭转的
n.无神论者
atheism=a(没有)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.无神论
monotheism=mono(单一)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.一神论，一神教
pantheism=pan(all)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.泛神论，多神教
Thermo=heat(热的，与温度有关的)
n. 有神论，一神教
theist=the+ist(者)
n.有神论者，一神论者
theologian=theo+log(学)+ian(者)
n.神学家，神学者
theocracy=theo(神)+cracy(权力)
tractor=tract+or(者，物)n.拖拉机，牵引者 traction=tract+ion(名词后缀)n.牵引力，拖拉 tractive=tract+ive(形容词后缀)adj.牵引的，拖的 distract=dis(否定，相反)+tract v.分心，困扰 contract=con(together)+tract v.收缩，缔结，感
adj.热力学的，热力的
thermonuke=thermo(热)+nuke(核武器)
n.核子武器
thermowear=thermo(热)+wear(衣着，装)
n.保温衣服
Tort=twist(扭，曲）
torsion=tor+ion(名词后缀)n.扭转
tortile=tort+ile(…的)adj.卷的，扭转的
n.无神论者
atheism=a(没有)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.无神论
monotheism=mono(单一)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.一神论，一神教
pantheism=pan(all)+the(神)+ism(理论)
n.泛神论，多神教
Thermo=heat(热的，与温度有关的)
n. 有神论，一神教
theist=the+ist(者)
n.有神论者，一神论者
theologian=theo+log(学)+ian(者)
n.神学家，神学者
theocracy=theo(神)+cracy(权力)
英语词汇学教程课件第10章English Lexicology 10上
When an act is taboo, reference to this act may also become taboo. Some words may be used in certain circumstances and not in others.
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
Social dialects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positive misnomer.
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
Social dialects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positive misnomer.
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长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
benefit flexible sponsor
conflict merchant typical
dramatic principle withdraw
6000词汇量 （6级、专业4级词汇量）
accumulate edible judicial
boundary formidable overlap
coherent gorgeous subvert
dilute heritage unprecedented
词汇测试
8000词汇量 （雅思、托福、专业8级词汇量） asymmetry epidemic simultaneously bilateral hectic variation centrifugal ingenuity perpetuate dismantle opaque paralysis
Skill of memorizing new words
insomnia Anyone can suffer from insomnia, although such problems are more common among women, the ill, the elderly, smokers, and alcoholics. (if you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep 失眠) In=not/somni=sleep Somnambulate=sleepwalking Somniloquence=sleeptalking In some nights awake
How Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?
《牛津英语字典》所收英语单词是六十多 万个。 《韦伯斯特大词典》所收英语单词几乎达 到一百万之多。 现代英语词汇超过两百万个！ 《汉语大字典》所收汉字五万六千个。与 英语相比，汉语的词汇量是非常小的。
《英语词汇学教程》
A Survey of English Lexicology
词汇：记还是不记？
这是一个问题吗？因为：
没有滴水无以成大海 没有泥砖无以建高楼
“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”
没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins)
《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology
理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及 词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、 成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识； 2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变 过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现 的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
China rises Mao （中国出了一个毛泽东， 毛就是领袖魅力的代名词！）
Skill of memorizing new words
Loom Suddenly a mountain loomed up in front of them. (to appear as a large unclear shape, especially in a threatening way 隐约出现) An economic crisis is looming on the horizon. (if a problem or difficulty looms, it is likely to happen very soon 逼近 ) 物体/困难就在眼前100米！
词汇测试
2000词汇量 （高考词汇量）
Average expect Score
contain suffer restaurant
divide treat damage
imagine safety honor
4000词汇量 （4级词汇量）
Abandon Encounter schedule
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
benefit flexible sponsor
conflict merchant typical
dramatic principle withdraw
6000词汇量 （6级、专业4级词汇量）
accumulate edible judicial
boundary formidable overlap
coherent gorgeous subvert
dilute heritage unprecedented
词汇测试
8000词汇量 （雅思、托福、专业8级词汇量） asymmetry epidemic simultaneously bilateral hectic variation centrifugal ingenuity perpetuate dismantle opaque paralysis
Skill of memorizing new words
insomnia Anyone can suffer from insomnia, although such problems are more common among women, the ill, the elderly, smokers, and alcoholics. (if you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep 失眠) In=not/somni=sleep Somnambulate=sleepwalking Somniloquence=sleeptalking In some nights awake
How Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?
《牛津英语字典》所收英语单词是六十多 万个。 《韦伯斯特大词典》所收英语单词几乎达 到一百万之多。 现代英语词汇超过两百万个！ 《汉语大字典》所收汉字五万六千个。与 英语相比，汉语的词汇量是非常小的。
《英语词汇学教程》
A Survey of English Lexicology
词汇：记还是不记？
这是一个问题吗？因为：
没有滴水无以成大海 没有泥砖无以建高楼
“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”
没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins)
《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology
理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及 词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、 成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识； 2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变 过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现 的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
China rises Mao （中国出了一个毛泽东， 毛就是领袖魅力的代名词！）
Skill of memorizing new words
Loom Suddenly a mountain loomed up in front of them. (to appear as a large unclear shape, especially in a threatening way 隐约出现) An economic crisis is looming on the horizon. (if a problem or difficulty looms, it is likely to happen very soon 逼近 ) 物体/困难就在眼前100米！
词汇测试
2000词汇量 （高考词汇量）
Average expect Score
contain suffer restaurant
divide treat damage
imagine safety honor
4000词汇量 （4级词汇量）
Abandon Encounter schedule