雅思写作那点事.注意事项及改进方法.附带开头模板

雅思写作那点事.注意事项及改进方法.附带开头模板
雅思写作那点事.注意事项及改进方法.附带开头模板

雅思写作那点事

作者:宁柏宇

印象里的英语学习要皓首穷经,绝非易事,可眼下,学英语越来越像时尚,新时代的社交名媛,如果嘴里不拽几句E文,似乎跟不上潮流。E文的好处显而易见:学,可以读点专业著作,比如源自西方的金融学,工作累了还可以去国外充个电,别人一问,我美国英国回来的,别管能力咋样,过江龙,倍儿有面子;玩,多门语言,去英语国家就多了份洒脱,多了份自信;赚钱,进个外企,多点国际移动力,炒个美股,信息传递损失为零哈。

没做出啥惊天地泣鬼神的事情之前,英语偷着好还不行,还得人家认可,于是雅思这个考试就横空出世了,IELTS (International English Language Testing System,国际英语测试系统),听说读写都包括,其中写作部分1小时,写400个词,掐指算来,我作为新东方老师跟这400个字儿较劲也两年多了。其实当水平远远凌驾于考试之上时,考试就像个周末的礼拜,如果英语灵光,雅思写作也不用刻意准备。先说说咋提高E文写作水平:

首先,腹有诗书气自华,读的多了,自然写作能力就强。读啥呢,Reading should have a purpose. 把读的内容和自己的目的衔接起来当然最好,选个自己喜欢的语言风格,文学性的或学术性的皆可,我挺喜欢美剧《学徒》()里Donald Trump的风格,一看就是贵族教育,写的,字字珠玑。

其次,学以致用啊,最简单的方法就是free writing了,每天抽点时间,写个几百字,不在乎文法,不在乎用词,能说清楚就成。原来在外企那阵儿,每天都写点酸不溜丢的小情书,还专门买了本《外国名人情书》,每天看的不亦乐乎。

再次,该注意点精度了,要不满嘴错误咋进上流社会啊。买本《英语语法新思维》,从走近语法,看到通悟语法,每天再做点课后练习。Writing makes an exact man. 弗朗西斯·培根说的没错,写作让人精确,听说读写,只有写作绕不过语法。

接下来,趁热打铁,让考试做监工,从雅思的Report和Essay,到GRE的Argument和Issue,强化练个百十来篇,形成自己的写作风格。

最后,曲不离口,拳不离手,隔三差五读点大家之作,写点小文章,或者做点小翻译,保持一下水平;或者干脆出国学习工作一段时间,一劳永逸的解决E文问题。看看人家谢国忠的E文,人家也在国内读的本科,人和人差距咋这么大呢。‘Whither Anglo-Saxon Model? - Home prices in the United Kingdom fell by 2.5% in March,the biggest drop since 1992. Compared with a year earlier,the prices rose by 1.1%,the slowest in 12 years. The UK's house prices have increased by 171% in the past ten years,twice as much as personal disposable income. The tightening credit market,as reflected in the high labor rate,suggests the March number not an accident. When liquidity dries up,a bubble will surely burst. The end of the UK's property bubbl e seems here…’

再比如最近帮朋友看了篇学术论文,还是挺锻炼人的。学术翻译中第一要注是准确性,不要求句式和词语的多样性,同一术语前后用词最好保持一致。而且汉语中的长句子,必须先行分拆,然后用并列动词,并列状语,或者并列短句子来翻译。

其实道理说起来都挺简单,跟成功学似的,关键是能做到的人太少。英语不是一切,今天的多元社会,人总有权选择不学。我的观点是,英语要么不学,要么就学好,学个半斤八两最没劲;而且现在E文好的人越来越多,不仅要会General English,还要会用专业Professional English来讨论问题。吴思说的好,当社会潜规则越来越少时,个人综合素质还是挺重要的。

“好了,老师,我知道英语重要,以后一定认真学,但我现在只想出国,就是要提高雅思分数。”那咱们先说点“急功近利”的做法吧。

备考雅思,先要明确目标。

承认差距,承认现在水平不足,要在几个月内英语水平有质的提高,不现实,人家认真学了10年英语,你泡了10年妞,凭什么你要几个月赶上别人,你以为你是“ 深蓝”啊,所以要Patient。合理的长期目标是,在一年左右的时间里,通过不间断的学习,英语达到能在英语国家学习和生活的程度;合理的短期目标是,在几个月内,写出基本符合雅思要求的400多个词,得到可用的分数,尽管写作实力提高不是短期行为,但是标准化考试的规律性使考分具备短期提高的可能。

备考雅思,写作数量是要保证的。

写和不写,差距不是一点点。雅思作文9分满分,写作平均分通常最低,最主要的原因是考生写的太少,学生考雅思,做10套阅读,10套听力,甚至练10个口语话题都很正常,但很多同学在雅思考场上才写有生以来第一次也是唯一一次雅思作文。不过这也不怪大家,写作文是挺容易给人loser feeling的,第一要对抗因写不出作文而产生的挫败感,第二是写完

作文后,没法判断自己的水平,感觉迟迟得不到提高。一般来讲,6-6.5分,至少要写15套;7-7.5分,30套,8分及以上,60套,数量是分数的基本保障。

备考雅思,要了解考试形式。

雅思作文要完成两个任务Task 1和Task2。考试形式和目的衔接很紧,出国搞学术(academic),Task 1考Report,具体点是描述图表,图形比文字来的直观,描述图表是学术研究的必备能力;移民(general)Task 1考书信。而学术和移民Task 2都考essay,就是议论文,对,就是咱们中学写的议论文,只不过议论的路数稍有差别,然后用的是鸟语。

备考雅思,必须明白鬼子好恶。

雅思作文是老外判卷,还不是随便拎个说英文的鬼子就成,必须母语英语,做过五年以上英文老师,参加雅思考官培训,而且考官考试合格才能上场。所谓知己知彼,百战不殆,考官其实就是猴子,你的作文就是喂猴子的食物,投其所好,喂猴子,就要给香蕉嘛,所以关键是知道香蕉的标准。其实无论中文E文,文章的评判标准就三条:内容、结构、语言。大问题分解成小问题,生命再长,也是一个又一个24小时的轮回,逐一满足考官的要求就可以了。既然是语言考试,就先说说语言的要求,语言细化讲就是用词和造句。

词语的要求有三点,一是拼写准确,背单词的时候,模样记个大概就可以了,但写作白纸黑字,模糊不得,这和阅读对单词的要求不同。二是用词要有档次,口语或者街头用语就省省吧,满篇good,bad之类的婴儿词汇太影响形象。三是用词要多样化,人性本变啊,考官也会审美疲劳,主题词汇尤其要多变化。其实用词的最高境界是达义,就是proper words in proper position,当然这点大多数同学在国内肯定是做不到了,这需要有语境,或者做过大量摘抄或者背诵。

句子的要求也三点,一是语法错误要少,注意不是没有,中国人写E文,完全准确几乎不可能,连布什还犯语法错误呢,不要对自己太苛刻。二是句子要有一定长度,一种说法是受过教育的educated writer,平均的英文句子长度要达到20词,雅思考母语非英语人士,要求没那么高,7分作文,平均句子长度15个词就够了。虽说好文章要长短句搭配,但你至少要保证有几个长句子充充门面吧,就像你首先要吃过满汉全席,然后才能说自己就爱吃黄瓜蘸酱吧,像海明威那样简单句为王,是要有资本的。三是句式的多样性,简单句、复合句、并列句、倒装、插入、分词状语啥的都整点吧。

说到内容,Task 1和Task 2的考察要点不同,我们先看Task 1。

Report是报告图表,对象是固定的,所以内容上大家写起来大同小异,就是大家都知道应该写的,你不能忘记。雅思一共考察七种图:线图、柱图、饼图、表格、流程图、装置图和地图。前四种是数据图,后三种是非数据图。题目中内容的要求一律是Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

什么是summarize?归纳,而不是逐个列举数据。

什么是comparisons?比较,当数据或信息具备相关性时,无论是在一副图表内,还是在同时给出的几幅图表之间,都应该注意联系。

什么是selecting?选择,有时图表中可归纳的特征很多,要根据重要程度的差异,并考虑词数限制,选择main features,主要特征。

什么叫reporting?报告,We report facts, not opinions. 就是有一说一严守一,所以关于图表产生原因或者未来走势的任何主观判断都是应该摒弃的。

最后,数据图不要忘记引用data噢。

一、数据图的特点归根结底就四个:趋势、极值、升降速度和比较。

简单线图:(I4-100a)1979-1999年英国游客出国和到英国的海外游客变化

1)趋势:细线和粗线都上升。

2)极值:1979和1999分别是极大极小值。(数据应当汇报)

3)升降速度:大约1985-1991,细线和粗线上升都较快。

4)比较:细线>粗线;细线上升的也比粗线快。

5)选择:图表信息比较多,所以升降速度作为次要特征省略。(多图作文中,一幅图一般2-3个主要特征,主要特征一般涵盖更多数据。)

6)报告:不能说英国人出去玩的人数比去英国玩的外国人多是因为英镑购买力比较强之类的主观判断。

复杂线图:(I4-54a)英国家庭冬天和夏天平均耗电量。

1)趋势:过于复杂,难于驾驭。

2)极值:冬天两个最大值,两个最小值(注意0点和24点其实是重合的)

夏天两个最大值,一个最小值和一个稳定的低谷期。

3)升降速度:过于复杂,难于驾驭。

4)比较:冬天>夏天(数据可以用平均值比较)

5)选择:趋势和升降速度太复杂,作为次要特征省略。

孤立单柱图:(I4-100b)英国海外游客1999年最喜欢的国家。

1)趋势:没有。

2)极值:法国和西班牙远远大于其它三国。(图表整体数据较少,所有数据都应汇报。)

3)升降速度:没有。

4)比较:图间比较,和I4-100a比较,发现去法国和西班牙的英国人占到了1999年英国海外游客的接近40%。5)报告:不能说英国人愿意去法国和西班牙玩是因为地理距离近。

多柱图:(I4-78)澳大利亚1999年接受各种教育的男女比例。

1)趋势:女生人数在高等教育,比如学士学历和学士学位上占据优势,而男生在中等和更高等教育,比如职业学校、硕士学历和硕士学位上领先。

2)极值:获得学士学位的男女比例最接近,而上职业学校的男生比女生多最多。(图表内容简单,所有的数据都应当涵盖。)

3)升降速度:没有。

4)比较:整体上讲,学历学位越高,女生越少。

5)报告:不能说漂亮女生被男士进攻的几率大,因而无心向学,借此推测女博士长相。

饼图:(I4-54b)英国家庭各种耗电量比例。

1)趋势:没有。

2)极值:Heating最大,然后依次变小。(图表信息很少,所有百分比都应涵盖。)

3)升降速度:没有。

4)比较:Lighting和Vacuum cleaner耗电百分比相等,但这纯属偶然,是次要特征。

图间比较,和I4-54a比较,冬天耗电比夏天高,Heating耗电量大很可能是主要原因。(注意这是数据支持,不是主管判断。)

表格:(I4-31)澳大利亚1999年贫穷人口比例。

1)趋势:没有。

2)极值:老年人不容易穷,有孩子的容易穷。

3)比较:单身的容易穷。(数据上,所有百分比都应涉及,而且平均值作为标准应该首先提及。)

4)报告:不能说国外福利好,而且国外的父母不管子女,所以老人不容易穷;不能说孩子是pos机,只能刷卡,所以有孩子的容易穷;也不能说单身经济是最浪费的经济,所以聪明人早都结婚了。

非数据图从内容角度上讲,就是能够理解图表就可以了。

流程图:(2006年1月14日),回收玻璃。

Stage 1: 玻璃瓶子罐子被送到回收点,collection points,然后运输到玻璃回收厂。

Stage 2: 玻璃们先被送到冲洗厂,cleaning plant,用高压水淋洗,然后被按颜色分类,送进回收厂,放入熔炉,furnace,融化成回收的液体玻璃,recycled liquid glass,和新液体玻璃,new liquid glass汇合,流入模具mold,制成新玻璃制品。

Stage 3: 进入消费者市场,customer supermarket。

装置图:(B-100),如何在野外取水。

装置准备:找个能晒到阳光的坑,里面有绿色植物green plants,把坑中间的一部分植物挖掉,放入一个容器container,坑口覆盖一块塑料布sheet of plastic,周围用石头固定好,塑料布中间放一块石头,保证塑料布中部最低。

装置作用:太阳照在绿色植物上,绿色植物产生水蒸气,在塑料布上冷凝成水滴,受重力作用集结在塑料布中央石头下方,水滴越聚越多,滴入容器,完成野外取水。

地图:(I5-75)

地图分两种,一种是选址,比如说为小镇选个超市位置。

S1的特点:地处市中心,Gransdon的居民和周围三个卫星城的人都容易到达,或者是开车或者坐火车,但是S1是车辆禁入区,no traffic zone(王府井步行街),所以这些shopping的银们啊,停车很困难:)

S2的特点:地处Gransdon西北,离Hindon近些,但是Bransdon的居民必须费九牛二虎之力才能到达,还要倒车。但是应该是free parking了。

结论:随便下,选一个,甚至都不选也可,关键看的是分析问题的思路。

另一种是发展,比如今年3月29日考的小城Bridgetown的城市变化,1700年和2000年两幅地图:1700年有的river, bridge, market place至今保存,而farmland和castle到2000年不见了,取而代之的是woods和building area。最后适当分析一下发展的特点,比如building area总是和交通transportation联系在一起之类的。

就这7种图表,规律性还是挺明显的,最初可能会感觉有点摸不到头脑,但是写过十几篇之后,就会发现年年岁岁题相似,岁岁年年人不同了。Add oil… 干吧得…

接下来说说结构,英文叫coherence and cohesion,连贯与衔接。连贯主要注意分段(I)和段内逻辑(II),而衔接需要注意过渡性表达(III),Linking devices。

(I)

作文分段的目的是为了reader friendly,读者友好性,就是读起来舒服。文章不分段堆成一团肯定影响阅读,假设雅思每篇阅读的1,000个词都不分段,同学们的阅读成绩至少下降一分。英文文章分段有两个原则:

其一、逻辑分段。A new idea, a new paragraph, 一个新观点一个新段,或者说一段只写一个观点,而汉语分段是情感分段,即分段感情用事,想分了,就另起一段,没有一定之规。但是现在中西方文化融合,中文学术论文,或者逻辑比较好的中文写手,通常也是逻辑分段。

其二、表达思想开门见山。美国语言学家Robert B. Kaplan用下面的图表明世界上主要语言的思维模式,即语言表达模式。箭头代表语言前进的方向,箭头起点代表从何说起。不难发现,英文(English)表达直来直去,let you know the point as soon as possible. 而汉语(Oriental 东方语言)表达是涡旋式的,围绕中心逐渐接近,而且最后也不一定明确说明观点。如果说英文是100%的表达方式,那么汉语就是80%,剩下的20%需要去揣摩,所谓“一切尽在不言中”,而新东方老师虽然说中文,但是受英文影响,却是120%的表达,除了100%说清楚之外,还要再讲20%让人懂的更清楚,更轻松的内容。据此,英文文章通常都有一个介绍段,introduction,让读者能尽快清楚文章重点,很多时候还有个结论段,conclusion,结尾再次强化文章重点。

根据以上两个原则,图表作文的分段简单清晰,结合词数要求150,7分作文句子的平均长度15词,小作文段落、词数和句子具体分配如下:

一、数据图

单图作文:

Introduction 30w 1s

Feature 1 50w 4s

Feature 2 50w 4s

… (if there is a feature 3)

Conclusion 30w 1s

注:单图作文也可以不写conclusion,只要写完特征feature之后已经够150词。

多图作文:

Introduction 30w 1s

Chart 1 50w 4s

Chart 2 50w 4s

… (if there is a chart 3)

Comparison 30w 1s

注:多图作文内容多,分别描述图1、图2之后,图间比较要单独成段,写完之后通常已经够150词,不用写结论段。

二、非数据图

流程图:

Introduction 30w 1s

Stage 1 50w 4s

Stage 2 50w 4s

… (if there is a stage 3)

Conclusion 30w 1s

地图(选址):

Introduction 30w 1s

Site 1 50w 4s

Site 2 50w 4s

… (if there is a site 3)

Conclusion 30w 1s

注:流程图、示意图和地图(选址)只要理解内容,报告起来并不复杂,所以通常要加结论段,才够150词。

地图(发展):

Introduction 30w 1s

Map 1 50w 4s

Map 2 50w 4s

… (if there is a map 3)

Comparison 30w 1s

注:地图(发展)类似多图作文,发展比较要单独成段,通常写完之后足够词数,不用结论段。

(II)

段内逻辑对图表作文而言比较简单,只要顺次列举出多图中一幅图的信息或者说清楚单图中的某个特征点即可,一般来讲,先说宏观特征,既涉及数据最多的特征,再说微观特征,涉及数据较少的特征。

(III)

过渡性表达,《三国》有云,天下大事,分久必合,合久必分,文章分段,段落分点描述特征,句子分成分句,都属“分”的部分,那么如何“合”呢?英文是形合的语言,所谓形合,就是文章段落之间、句子之间和分句之间用显性的过渡性表达衔接。

比如,报告Chart 1的段落,我们应有意识的在段首加上诸如According to Chart 1… 之类的提示表达;总结的段落,段首可以加上Overall, … 之类的提示词;又如,报告某一幅图表的段落内,特征与特征之间应有意识的使用符合两者逻辑关系的过渡表达,例如however, in particular 或者是万能的in addition;还比如,我们不应写过多太短的句子,150词的文章,假如写30个句子,平均每个句子只有5个词,像一个土豆被切成土豆丝,文章的连贯性会很差,但如果我们只写10个句子,平均每个句子15 个词,土豆丝被结合成土豆片,文章的连贯性就会好很多,这是我们用连词把短句粘合起来的结果。

过渡性表达的另外一种形式是应用指代,即代词的使用。比如this, those… 或者it, they, such… 等等。一个简单的例子,Ningboyu got up in the morning, he opened his eyes and he closed his eyes. 并列句中后两个分句用的是代词he指代前文的Ningboyu,这不仅避免重复使用宁柏宇的大名,而且还使三个小分句自然的衔接在一起。所以在图表作文行文的过程中,第一次提到描述对象使用名词,第二次,第三次则可以使用代词,同样的名词用多了,肯定不招人待见,但是代词用多了,不仅不会让鬼子生厌,反而觉得你对文字的运用纯熟。

写作理论介绍完了,本着手把手讲授的原则,具体说说图表作文每个段落的写作。Task 1受图表内容的限制,遣词造句的要求非常有限,只需针对考试,把核心表达用准用熟即可,所谓博大不如精深。

(I)数据图:

一、介绍段introduction:

介绍段内容几乎完全不用创新,就是对题目文字部分的第二段做改写,paraphrase the rubric。所谓改写,要么换词,要么换句式。

例如:(I4-100)

The charts (1) below give information about (2) travel to and from the UK and most

popular countries for UK residents to visit.

换词

(1)图The charts

图:chart, graph, diagram(雅思写作中完全等价,无差别)

线:line / curve chart

柱图:bar / column graph

饼:pie diagram

表:table / statistics / figures

(2)动词“表明”give information about

介绍段是客观描述,用一般现在时态,give information about虽然在这篇作文中最好不再用,但是informal learning,随手学到的东东,留作其它文章再用。替换的词语和结构很多,比如我常用的reveal / indicate / demonstrate,大家也可以选几个自己喜欢并且拼写准确的形成风格,年轻时多尝试,年纪大了就要形成风格啦,三个就够,多了白搭,还是那句话,博大不如精深。

第二段其余部分的替换因题而异,比如travel换成visit,the UK换成Britain(注意不是England,英格兰只是Britain的一部分),popular换成fashionable,country换成nation,UK residents to visit换成UK tourists。不过随着练习作文数量的增加,你会惊喜的发现,雅思图表作文,连描述的对象都是类似的。

最后要注意点细节,原文的“below”应省略,因为答题纸上没有图;而第二副图上标注的1999年,可以补充进介绍段。对担心写不足词数的单图作文,甚至还可以“猥琐”的把特征点概括成一句话加入介绍段。

换句:

(1)并列句:

The line chart reveals that … and the bar graph indicates that …(分别描述两幅图,形成风格哦,第一幅图用chart,第二副图用graph,第一幅图reveal,第二副图indicate,也许你写的所有文章都类似,但考官只有机会欣赏一篇啊。)(2)被动语态:

… is revealed in the line chart and … is indicated in the bar graph.

One possible answer:

The line chart reveals visits to and from Britain and the bar graph indicates most fashionable nations for UK tourists in 1999.

二、主体段body:

过渡:

段首过渡词(1个)

信息出处:

According to the line chart,

As is shown in the line chart,

The line chart shows that …

表示逻辑:

On the other hand等等

段内过渡词(1-2个)

顺承:also, besides, in addition

转折:however, on the other hand, conversely

其它:meanwhile / in the same time, similarly, in particular

句型:

简单线图:

趋势(包括升降速度):

The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.

(2a) (1) (4) (5)

An increase in the visits is seen from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.

(2a) (1) (6) (4) (5)

(1)主体:(第二段或图例中有明示)

同义词travel

The travel increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.

代词they

The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. In particular, they increased very rapidly from 1985 to 1988.

线line:主要用于不理解图线所代表内容的情况。

the thin(细线)/ thick(粗线)/ broken(虚线)/ dotted(点线)line

The thin line, which represents visits by UK residents, increased from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.

(2)增加/减少:动词

increase / decrease, rise/drop(可做名词)

go up / come down

climb / slide

ascend / decline

rocket / collapse(暴增/暴减)

过去的图表用一般过去时;一天24小时的图表用一般现在时。

(3)升降速度/幅度(去掉-ly就是形容词)

快:quickly / rapidly / swiftly

慢:slowly / gradually / steadily

大:greatly / vastly / considerably / substantially

小:slightly / marginally / minutely

数字副词:

about / around / roughly / more or less 12 million

(3)+(2a)增加/减少:名词

a sharp / slow / great / slight increase

an upward / rising / increasing tendency

a downward / falling / decreasing trend

(4)数字单位用单数

12 million而不是12 millions

(5)时间:

from … to … / between … and …

during the period from … to … / between … and … / starting from ….

(6)

show / prove / witness

(7)补充动词

keep / remain / maintain unchanged / constant / stable(保持不变)

fluctuate upward / downward(波动向上/向下)

double / triple / quadruple(2/3/4倍)

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

According to the line chart, visits abroad by UK residents increased from about 12 to 57 million from 1979 to 1999. Similarly, overseas travelers to Britain went up from about 10 to 27 million. It is obvious that UK tourists were more and climbed faster than overseas ones during the period.

复杂线图:

极值:

峰值:peak (v. & n.), summit (v. & n.), highest point

谷值:touch the bottom (v.), nadir (n.), lowest point

稳定时期:plateau (n.高原), lower stationary phase (低稳时期)

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

According to the curve chart, daily electricity need is higher in winter (38,000 units on average) than in summer (18,000 units on average). In winter, electricity consumption peaks at 2:00 am and 10:00 pm while it touches the bottom at 0:00 am and 8:00 am. On the other hand, in summer, it summits at 2:00 pm and 11:00 pm, but has a nadir at 9:00 am and a lower stationary phase from 4:00 pm to 9:00 pm.

简单柱图:

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

The bar graph demonstrates that the most UK visitors went to France and Spain, which were 11.0 and 9.5 million. Also, many British travelers were attracted by the USA (4.0 million), Greece (3.5 million) and Turkey (2.0 million). 复杂柱图:

比较:

90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women.

More women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%). Men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30% respectively).(摘自《剑桥雅思4》)

饼图:无非是两个表达的组合“占”和百分比。

“占”:

Occupy

Be shared by

Account for

Be responsible for

Be in charge of

Be in the charge of

百分比:

A small percentage of … (X%)

A quarter of …

The minority of … (X%)(小部分)

Half of …

The majority of … (X%)

Most of … (X%)

One-fifth of …

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

The pie graph demonstrates that heating rooms and water occupies the majority of electricity consumption (52.5%). Then, 17.5% of the electricity demand is shared by ovens, kettles and washing machines. Lighting, TV, radio and vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools are responsible for the rest, with 15% each.

表格:

数字引入:图表引用数字的三种主要方法

分词短语:

On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.

括号:

Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).

介词短语:

However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.

词数填充Word filler :这些表达没有实际意义,考试的时候可以填充词数。

It is noticeable tha t …

It is easy to see that …

It is obvious that …

三、比较段comparison / 结论段conclusion:

比较段:内容无非是数据关联或者特征关联两种可能。

What is also worth mentioning is that … if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

What is also worth mentioning is that almost 40% UK tourists selected France and Spain in 1999, if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.

单图结论段:

Overall, the table/chart/graph/diagram suggests that …

A possible answer: (Band 6.5)

Overall, the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.(摘自《剑桥雅思4》)

(II)

流程图/示意图/地图

介绍段:

The flow chart / diagram / map illustrates … The whole procedure can be divided into … stages.

主体段:

一般过渡:时间、顺序、目的

时间:to begin with, next, then, later, finally; at the same time / simultaneously

顺序:the first stage involves … / in the second stage / in the third stage / in the last stage

目的:in order to / in order that; so as to / so that

According to the diagram, the first step of obtaining water outdoors is to find a hole with green plants on the bottom. Next, remove the green plants on the middle of the bottom and put a container there. Then, cover the hole with a plastic sheet and place some stones on the edge of it to secure its position. Finally, a third stone is laid on the middle of the plastic sheet so that the middle part is also the lowest part.(摘自《雅思写作胜经》,群言出版社)

特殊过渡:状语从句when, where...

When the sun shines on the green plants in the hole, water evaporates from these plants. The vapor rises up and then cools down to form water drops under the plastic sheet. When there is more and more water, it flows along the sheet to accumulate under the lowest part. Finally, water falls down into the container directly under the middle stone.(摘自《雅思写作胜经》,群言出版社)

词语多样化:

accumulate / gather / collect / obtain

词语具体化:

水蒸气vapor和蒸发evaporate这样的词并不容易,考试的时候可以用具体的方式加以规避:

The water turns into gas, rises and finally turns into liquid again and gathers under the sheet of plastic.

句式:

客观描述,多用一般现在时和被动语态。

总结一下Task 1:图表作文两个难点,一概括图表特征;二多样化表达。之前的文章已经给出了特征归纳的办法和实例以及最核心的表达,如何百尺竿头,更进一步呢?

三步走:

1 读范文,熟练特征归纳方法,积累表达素材。

2 仿写范文。

3 其它的读写练习。

三个不提倡:

1 不提倡不动脑子地背范文,事倍功半。

2 不提倡不结合题目,直接看图表作文的表达列表,好词好句是模仿出来的,是从范文中查出来的,而不是看列表背出来的。

3 不提倡放弃范文阅读其它英文文章的舍本逐末的做法。

《剑桥雅思》系列中老外的9分范文,句式地道灵活,但不够雅思,或者说语言好,怎么写都是9分了,有时内容和结构不一定最符合雅思要求,学这类范文,重点看语言素材;《雅思写作胜经》中的范文,语言虽然不及老外,但词语变化多样,而且很雅思,模仿时可以内容、结构和语言一起来。

推荐的12篇练习:(I4 –《剑桥4》;B – Bible《胜经》)

I4 - 31, 54, 100

I5 - 29, 52, 75, 98

I6 - 30, 75

B - 89, 93, 98

练习时首先阅读范文,领会范文对图表特征归纳的方法,记录闪光词句;然后仿写,不要担心写作内容和语言和范文雷同,相反,写的和范文越像越好,这才是学习,而不是独立发明和强化写作错误。写作体现创造力,但绝不能上来就创造,要先会走,然后再跑,逐渐熟练图表特征归纳方法,积累自己喜欢的句式和词语,形成写作套路,至少10篇仿写之后,再独立练习,体会创新的快乐。

当然,分数要求高的考生需要进行更多辅助阅读:对图表作文大有帮助的是网络媒体的财经版,金融市场风云变幻,相应的语言描述自然生动而且变化多端。Things happen for a reason. 高分考生大多进行过额外的阅读和写作练习,笔者观察,7.5分或以上的同学作文多半不是完全被老师教出来的,老师可以教授如何构思,如何架构,如何组织语言,但老师永远不能代替同学写作,所谓师傅领进门,修行还在个人嘛。

具体写作前准备好铅笔、橡皮,下载好答题纸。用答题纸写作有两个好处,第一,给自己目标,至少写完所有打印出的答题纸,比如得6分必须的15套;第二,比较容易控制词数,Task 1和Task 2分别写到答题纸第2页和第4页的中部就是理想词数。

冲刺练习时最好全方位模拟考试,整合练习integrated practice。上午快9点时,先听力,再阅读,最后作文,体会一下实际考试时因为考试战线过长而产生的饥饿感。把工作做细,attentive to details,这样临场才不容易紧张,看到同学把Task1顺手写在第1页和第4页,考试时问监考改页码,导致心情大坏,脸都绿了,最后这个可怜的绿脸娃娃,出门就直奔邮局,汇款报名下次考试。

我建议考试时按自然顺序先写Task 1,时间不超过建议的20mins,最好不要挤占Task 2,而打乱顺序先写Task 2,反而容易写错地方。

具体时间可以这样分配:

审题+构思 3 mins

写作16 mins

检查 1 min(可结合Task 2在考试最后进行)

一、审题:准备题目中文字部分第二段有关图表内容关键词的同义替换,注意图表的文字部分,比如图名和图例,也会提供可替换的词语;还需关注图表中读取数字的单位和数位。

二、构思:图表的特征可以用符号简写在试题册上,考试时试题册就是草稿纸,虽然考试结束后要一并上交,but nobody will read it.

三、写作:关键是遵循写作规范。

1 不写标题:写标题不是画龙点睛,而是狗尾续貂。

2 分段:缩进和齐头两种方式皆可,但比较下面林肯的葛迪斯堡演讲,Gettysburg Address,齐头式更清晰,推荐。

缩进式(Indented form),段首缩进2-4个字母的距离:

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war… testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated… can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.

We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate… we cannot consecrate… we cannot allow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us… that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion… that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain… that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom… and that government of the people… by the people… for the people… shall not perish from the earth.

齐头式(Full block form),段首顶格,段间空行:

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war... testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated... can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.

We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate... we cannot consecrate... we cannot allow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us... that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion... that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain... that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom... and that government of the people... by the people... for the people... shall not perish from the earth.

2 单词:写大点儿,大点儿,再大点儿,每行10-12词,字儿太小对考官有种视觉压迫感。

如果记不准拼写,不要用混淆单词内部结构的方式试图蒙混过关,应当换词,比如tomorrow换成the next day.

3 标点:标点是作文的重要部分,要写清楚,禁止连续逗号。

宁柏宇早晨起床,他睁开双眼,他闭上双眼。

(汉语情感分句,感情到了就分,没错)

Ningboyu got up in the morning, he opened his eyes, he closed his eyes.

(英文逻辑分句,逗号不能连接两个完整的句子,错误。因为Ningboyu got up in the morning. He opened his eyes. He closed his eyes. 三句都是完整句子,即可以单独成句,仅用逗号不能连接,如果非要连,中间要加连词。Ningboyu got up in the morning, he opened his eyes, and he closed his eyes.)

4 修改,对雅思橡皮不要有太高预期,如果加长句子,可以采用加入符号配合注释的方式,比如

Ningboyu got up in the morning, ∧and he closed his eyes.

然后在文章写完之后,空一行,写上①he opened his eyes, 不过此法不能贪多,不能用到⑥⑦⑧...

雅思大作文开头结尾

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