98年英语考研阅读问题和选项翻译
1998考研阅读passage3
1998考研阅读passage3Passage 3:在这个信息时代，社交媒体已经成为人们日常生活中不可忽视的一部分。
尽管有很多负面影响，但社交媒体也为人们带来了诸多好处。
本文将探讨社交媒体的优点和负面影响，并分析如何更好地使用社交媒体。
首先，社交媒体为人们提供了与其他人保持联系的渠道。
无论是国内还是国际，人们可以通过社交媒体轻松地与朋友、家人和同事保持联系。
这种即时沟通的方式消除了时空的限制，让人们能够及时了解到身边发生的事情，并且分享自己的生活信息。
这种交流渠道的建立也促进了信息的共享和传播，使得人们能够更广泛地了解世界。
其次，社交媒体为人们提供了一个广阔的信息平台。
人们可以通过社交媒体了解到各种各样的信息，包括新闻、文化、娱乐等等。
在社交媒体上，人们可以关注自己感兴趣的话题，并与其他人交流讨论。
这种互动的方式有助于扩大人们的见识和知识面，并且促进了人们之间的交流与合作。
此外，社交媒体也为人们创造了商机和就业机会。
随着社交媒体的发展，许多新兴行业如网红经济、网络营销等也随之兴起。
人们可以通过社交媒体平台展示自己的才华和技能，吸引更多的粉丝和关注，从而获得赞助和商业合作的机会。
同时，各类企业和组织也利用社交媒体进行品牌推广和宣传，为广告和销售创造了新的渠道。
然而，社交媒体也存在一些负面影响。
首先，社交媒体可能导致信息过载。
社交媒体上的信息源源不断，人们需要花费大量的时间和精力去筛选和消化这些信息。
而这种过量的信息可能对人们的思维和注意力产生负面影响，导致人们的专注力和判断力下降。
其次，社交媒体也可能引发心理健康问题。
社交媒体以其浮华的外表吸引着人们的眼球，然而底下隐藏的却是虚假和不真实的世界。
人们常常通过社交媒体上滤镜的修饰和虚假的展示来展示自己的生活，这导致人们对自己的比较和不满。
同时，社交媒体上的负面评论和网络暴力也会对人们的心理产生负面影响，甚至导致心理健康问题的出现。
另外，社交媒体也可能对人们的隐私造成侵犯。
2020 参考1998年考研英语真题答案及解析
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。
许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.见分析试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted 承认[B] believed 相信，认为[C] claimed 声称[D] predicted 预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
1998年考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10.________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’[A] ability for surviving [B] are[C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.12.Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much[C] look forward to receive [D].13.If they will not accept [A] a check, we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C], though it would be[D] much trouble for both sides.14.Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance, those states are not [C] likely to countfor very much [D] in international political terms.15.The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].16.The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on[C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races, and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.18.The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than[B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].19.The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that[C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].20.The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24.The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40.In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headedNarmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companiesmake are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” whichassembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- hasenthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances --■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.直到最近，多数历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
考研英语98年阅读答案
考研英语98年阅读答案考研英语的阅读理解部分是考试中非常重要的一部分，它不仅考察了考生的词汇量，还考察了考生的逻辑推理能力和对文章主旨的把握。
1998年的考研英语阅读题目，虽然年代久远，但依然可以作为复习的参考材料。
以下是对1998年考研英语阅读部分的答案解析。
首先，第一篇阅读材料主要讨论了全球化对经济的影响。
文章指出，随着全球化的推进，各国经济的相互依赖性增强，这不仅带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。
正确答案为C，文章强调了全球化对经济的积极作用，但同时也提到了它可能带来的问题。
第二篇阅读材料关注的是教育问题。
文章通过对比不同国家的教育体系，探讨了教育公平性的问题。
正确答案为B，文章指出教育公平是社会进步的重要标志，但实现这一目标需要社会各界的共同努力。
第三篇阅读材料讨论了环境保护的重要性。
文章通过一系列数据和案例，说明了环境问题对人类社会的严重影响。
正确答案为A，文章强调了环境保护的紧迫性，并呼吁人们采取行动。
第四篇阅读材料则聚焦于科技发展对人类生活的影响。
文章分析了科技如何改变人们的工作方式和生活习惯。
正确答案为D，文章认为科技的发展虽然带来了便利，但也可能导致某些技能的丧失。
第五篇阅读材料探讨了文化多样性的价值。
文章通过不同文化之间的交流，展示了文化多样性对于促进社会和谐的重要性。
正确答案为A，文章强调了文化多样性对于社会进步的积极作用。
第六篇阅读材料关注的是健康问题。
文章通过研究数据，讨论了健康生活方式对提高生活质量的影响。
正确答案为B，文章指出保持健康的生活方式对于预防疾病和提高生活质量至关重要。
第七篇阅读材料讨论了城市化进程中出现的问题。
文章分析了城市化带来的环境和社会问题，并提出了一些可能的解决方案。
正确答案为C，文章认为城市化是一个复杂的过程，需要综合考虑各种因素。
第八篇阅读材料则聚焦于个人发展。
文章通过个人成长的故事，探讨了个人努力对于实现梦想的重要性。
正确答案为A，文章强调了个人努力在实现个人目标中的关键作用。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认 [B] believed相信，认为相信，认为[C] claimed声称预言声称 [D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。
难度：0.54文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。
第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。
因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
"2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人）平民，普通人）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人[C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的）正常人平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的 [D] normal（man）正常人[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
1998年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）
Passage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia- bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, " says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by con-ducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private internet . Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" cus- tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting marketing messages di- rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company ' s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push tech- nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and se-curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__[A] has been striving to expand its market[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C]tried but in vain to control the market[D]has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that__[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C]there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists,__[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that __[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online customers[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu- dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-in-deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put comput- ers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus- tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is in- complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized coun- tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking ontheconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, com- puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achieve- ment .There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre- sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business- men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer , that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take--at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is__[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory [ D] radically reformatory60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s country the European model of pro-fessional training is__[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B]worth trying in various social sections[C]of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[ C]mastered through a life-long course[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwise。
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times si nce 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ soformally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it wasunintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do andwhat not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be madeif food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possiblefor a professional to be reeducated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, ourcompany would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species’Aability for survivingB areCnaturally selected and passed onto succeedingDgenerations.12. Neither rain nor snow keepsAthe postman from delivering ourletters whichB we so muchClook forward to receiveD.13. If they will not acceptA a check, we shall haveBto pay the cashC,though it would beDmuch trouble for both sides.14. Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance,those states are notClikely to count for very muchDin international political terms.15. The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government iscapable of dealing with all of theirC uncontrollable practicesD.16. The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onC the same problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toAtheEuropean races, andB some may even have aCfreshness and vitalitythat can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18. TheAmore than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of variousnations today are more thanB ample destroyingCevery city in theworld several times overD.19. The universe works in a way so far removeAfrom what common sensewould B allow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily beinadequate to explain itD.20. The integration of independent states could best beAbroughtabout by firstB creating a central organization with authoritiesCover technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in usefor over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a fewseconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greaterknowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over anumber of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with theproperties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that theresults would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that theirnews may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand thathis new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31. Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in publicplaces, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on thefunctions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as theyread ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice wasquite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price ofvegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a councilannounced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrializationcertainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a damon the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-eng ineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance ch asing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?”because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in thepassage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase ofproductivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increaseproductivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-termprofitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” inseveral books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the contextprobably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag o thers as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” isjustifiable.62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D.C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration sinceWorld War II64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies onpopulation movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on populationdistribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves ofimmigrants[C] it reveals the A mericans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “babyboom”65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in thewhole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were alllocated in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously frommigration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate ofpopulation66. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probablymeans ________.[A] people infavor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying thesecontinents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of theearth’s interio r[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been provedto be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in oppositedirections[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are movingapart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deducedfrom the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes。
1999年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列
D. 无论是职业学校还是其他学校都强调的
5
Text 4
当一个苏格兰研究小组 3 个月前透露他们克隆了一只成年的羊并以此震惊 整个世界时，克林顿总统很快采取了行动。他声称反对用这种动物养殖技术克隆 人的同时，下令禁止将联邦政府的经费用于类似的试验——虽然并没有人提出 要进行这样的试验——并且要求以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•沙皮罗为首的一个 专家小组在 90 天内向白宫提交一个报告， 就针对克隆人所采取的政策提出建议。 这个名为全国生物论理学咨询委员会（NBAC）的小组一直在努力工作，将他们 的智慧写成文字， 在 5 月 17 日的一次会议上， 委员们通过了接近最后一稿的 “建 议” 。 NBAC 将要求克林顿长达 90 天的禁止联邦政府资金用于克隆人的禁令无限 期延长，可能最终使之成为法律。但 NBAC 成员们正在计划缩小建议的范围， 以避免对分子生物学的常规的研究造成限制，如克隆人类 DNA 和细胞。然而， 小组仍未对一个关键性的问题达成一致， 那就是是否建议法将私人资金用于克隆 人定为一种犯罪。 在 5 月 17 日的一次会议上所讨论的“建议”的前言初稿中，沙皮罗暗示专 家小组说： “用成人细胞克隆方法来制造一个婴儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的， 这已成为大家的共识。 ”沙皮罗解释说，道德上的疑惑主要来自对这种婴儿的健 康的忧虑。专家小组非正式地接受了几种总体上的结论，虽然有些细节仍未最后 决定。 NBAC 打算呼吁联邦政府继续禁止资助用人体细胞克隆人的做法。 由于目前 的法律已经禁止联邦经费用于制造胚胎供研究或有意威胁胚胎的生命，因此 NBAC 将在胚胎研究方面保持沉默。 NBAC 成员也表示他们将呼吁私人资助的研究人员和研究所不要用人体细 胞核转移技术去克隆人。 但他们在是否进一步采取立法行动禁止克隆人的问题上 有所分歧。沙皮罗和多数成员都赞成立法，但在一次电话采访中，他说这个问题 仍然“悬而未决” 。 23. 从第一段我们可以知道 A. 联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中 B. 白宫对这一克隆方面的消息反应强烈 C. NBAC 被授权控制克隆技术的滥用 D. 白宫已经得到专家组有关克隆问题的建议 24. 专家组能达成以下所有协议，除了 A. 联邦基金不得用于克隆人的禁令应该被制定成法律 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
1998年考研英语阅读2
Text 2自我评价：大致意思能翻译出来，但是，1忠诚于原文、2行文通畅→做的不好。
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about（。
怎么样，以为如何）pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. 【What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real 】.嗯，他们讲，不劳无获。
但是那些没有回报的苦难呢？你所去的美国的每一个地方，都会听到那些公司振兴的传说。
更难确定的是那些商人所假定要主持的生产率革命是否真实。
人们说，不劳不获。
但是，如果付出了却没有收获会怎样呢？(佳句①) 在美国，无论你走到哪里，都会听到企业复苏的故事。
但难以确定的是商业人士自认为领导的这场生产力革命是否确有其事。
（长难句①）The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. 【The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.】【There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of （大多数大部分）business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.】官方数据稍微令人失望。
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98年Text 1 1.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that. 1.第一段第三句的隐含意义是。 [A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality [A] 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐 [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted [B] 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福 [C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [C] 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情 [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight [D] 兴奋使人丧失视力
2.paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to. 2.第五段的词语"the powerless"很可能是指。 [A] areas short of electricity [A] 缺电的地区 [B] dams without power stations [B] 没有建发电站的大坝 [C] poor countries around India [C] 印度周边的穷国 [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area [D] 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓
3.What is the myth concerning giant dams? 3.关于大型水坝的神话是什么？ [A] They bring in more fertile soil. [A] 它们带来更肥沃的土地。 [B] They help defend the country. [B] 它们有助于国防。 [C] They strengthen international ties. [C] 它们加强国际关系。 [D] They have universal control of the waters. [D] 它们普遍能够控制水。
4.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as. 4.作者想通过本文说明的道理是。 [A] "It’s no use crying over spilt milk" [A] 覆水难收，后悔是没用的 [B] "More haste, less speed" [B] 欲速则不达 [C] "Look before you leap" [C] 三思而行 [D] "He who laughs last laughs best" [D] 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好 98年Text 2 1.According to the author, the American economic situation is. 1.按照作者观点，美国经济形势。 [A] not as good as it seems [A] 不如表面看上去那么好 [B] at its turning point [B] 处于转折点 [C] much better than it seems [C] 比表面看起来好得多 [D] near to complete recovery [D] 几乎完全复苏
2.The official statistics on productivity growth. 2.关于生产力增长的官方统计数据。 [A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [A] 排除了商业周期中的正常反弹现象 [B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation [B] 没有达到商业人士的预想
[C] meet the expectation of business people [C] 达到了商业人士的预想 [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy [D] 没有反映出经济的真实状况
3.The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because. 3.作者提出"有劳无获"的问题是因为。 [A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain" [A] 他怀疑"不劳无获"的真实性 [B] he does not think the productivity revolution works [B] 他认为所谓的生产力革命并没有奏效 [C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading [C] 他怀疑官方数字有误导性
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses [D] 他掌握了商业复苏的确凿证据
4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? 4.下面哪个说法在文中没有被提及？ [A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity. [A] 激进的改革对于生产力的增长必不可少。 [B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. [B] 新的企业组织方法可能有助于提高生产力。 [C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability. [C] 降低成本并不一定能带来长期利润。 [D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings. [D] 顾问是一群无用之辈。 98年Text 3 1.The word "schism" (line 3,paragraph1) in the context probably means . 1.根据上下文推测第一段第三行出现的"schism"的含义是。 [A] confrontation [A] 对抗、冲突 [B] dissatisfaction [B] 不满 [C] separation [C] 分裂、分歧 [D] contempt [D] 蔑视
2.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to. 2.第二、三段的写作目的是。 [A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power [A] 讨论科学影响力下降的原因
[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists [B] 表示作者对科学家的同情 [C] explain the way in which science develops [C] 说明科学发展的方式 [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities [D] 例证说明自然科学和人文学科的分歧
3.Which of the following is true according to the passage? 3.根据文章下面哪个说法是正确的？ [A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay. [A] 环境保护者在一篇文章里被指责为反科学者。 [B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science. [B] 政治家不容易被贴上反科学的标签。 [C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as antiscience. [C] "更有见识的人"倾向于给别人贴上反科学的标签。 [D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable. [D] 把环境保护者冠以"反科学"的称谓是有道理的。
4.The author’s attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is. 4.作者对科学与反科学的争论所持的态度是。 [A] impartial [A] 公平的，不偏不倚的 [B] subjective [B] 主观的 [C] biased [C] 有偏向的 [D] puzzling [D] 令人困惑的 98年Text 4 1.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s. 1.根据1980年美国人口普查提供的复杂的人口增长情况，可以看出20世纪70年代的美国。 [A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history [A] 经历了历史上最低的人口净增长
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population [B] 经历了人口向西南地区的迁移 [C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth [C] 经历了一段空前的人口增长期 [D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ [D] 终止了自二战以来的迁移模式
2.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that. 2.这次人口普查不同于以前的人口流动研究是因为。
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution [A] 它强调了气候对人口分布的影响 [B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants [B] 它强调了不断的移民潮的影响 [C] it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spacious living [C] 它显示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求 [D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s "baby boom" [D] 它详尽地阐述了昔日"生育高峰"的滞后影响