acronym list缩略语汇总
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
英文邮件及聊天常用缩略语
英文邮件及聊天常用缩略语1.邮件ASAP=as soon as possible 尽快\急件BCC- Blind Carbon Copy 暗抄送CC=Carbon copy 抄送FYI=for your reference 供你参考FYI=for your information 通知RESEND! 重传Attachment 附件Junk mail 垃圾邮件Co.= company公司Corp. =corporation 公司Inc. =incorporated公司Ltd.= limited 有限公司Dept.=department部门Mfg.= manufacturing 制造公司Dba=doing business as 职业或公司名称Govt. =government 政府Mdse. =merchandise 商品C.o.d.=cash on delivery 货到付款I owe you IOC 我欠你Bldg.=building 大厦Approx.=approximately 接近E.g.= exempli gratiea (for example) 例如No.=numero (number) 号码Qtr.=quarter 季度Mo.= month 月VIP=very important person 重要人物2.聊天A：ASL = Age/Sex/LocationAFAIC = As Far As I'm ConcernedAFAIK = As Far As I KnowAMBW = All My Best WishesAOTS = All Of The SuddenASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible (不礼貌)ASAP = As Soon As PossibleATST = At The Same TimeB：B4 = BeforeB4N = Bye For NowBBIAB = Be Back In A BitBBIAF = Be Back In A FewBBL = Be Back LaterBBN = Bye Bye NowBF = Boy friendBFD = Big Fing DealBFN = Bye For NowBHOF = Bald Headed Old Fart （放屁）BIF = Basis In FactBITD = Back In The DayBiz = BusinessBM = Byte MeBMOTA = Byte Me On The AssBNF = Big Name FanBOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again （再来一遍）BOM=bill of material （材料清单）BR = Best regardsBRB = Be Right BackBRT = Be Right ThereBS = Big SmileBT = Byte ThisBTDT = Been There Done ThatBTSOOM = Beats The Sh Out Of MeBTW = By The WayBTWBO = Be There With Bells OnBWDIK = But What Do I Know?BWO = Black, White or OtherC：Cam = Web CameraCIAO = Goodbye (in Italian)CID = Consider It DoneCIS = CompuServe Information ServiceCMF = Count My FingersCof$ = Church of ScientologyCRAFT = Can't Remember A Fing Thing CRAWS = Can't Remember Anything Worth A Sh CSL = Can't Stop LaughingCTC = Choaking The ChickenCU = See YouCUL/CYL/CUL8R = See You LaterCWYL = Chat With You LaterCYA = Cover Your AssD：DBEYR = Don't Believe Everything You ReadDD = Due DiligenceDDD = Direct Distance DialDETI = Don't Even Think ItDGT = Don't Go ThereDHYB = Don't Hold Your BreathDIIK = Damned If I KnownDILLIGAD = Do I Look Like I Give A d\\amn DILLIGAS = Do I Look Like I Give A ShDKDC = Don't Know Don't CareDL = DownloadDLTM = Don't Lie To MeDQYDJ = Don't Quit You're Day JobDRIB = Don't Read If BusyDS = Dunce SmileyDYSTSOTT = Did You See The Size Of That ThingE：EG = Evil GrinEOM = End Of MessageESO = Equipment Smarter than OperatorF：F2F/FTF = Face To FaceFAQ = Frequently Asked QuestionFBKS = Failure Between Keyboard and SeatFE = For Example/Fatal ErrorFF&PN = Fresh Fields And Pastures New FOAF = Friend Of A FriendFTASB = Faster Than A Speeding BulletFT = FaintFTL = Faster Than LightFTTB = For The Time BeingFUBAR = Fed Up Beyond All RecognitionFUBB = Fed Up Beyond BeliefFUD = (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and Disinformation FWIW = For What It's WorthFYA = For Your AmusementFYI = For Your InformationFYM = For Your MisinformationG：G2G = Got To GoG8T/GR8 = GreatGAL = Get A LifeGDGD = Good,GoodGF = girlfriendGG = Good Game/Gotta GoGIGO = Garbage In, Garbage OutGIWIST = Gee, I Wish I'd Said ThatGL = Good LuckGLYASDI = God Loves You And So Do IGMTA = Great Minds Think AlikeGNBLFY = Got Nothing But Love For YouGR&D = Grinning Running And DuckingGRRRR = "Growling"GSOAS = Go Sit On A SnakeGTG = Got To GoGTGB = Got To Go, ByeGTGP = Got To Go PeeGTH = Go To HellGTSY = Glad To See YaGYPO = Get Your Pants OffBE A QUEEN.H：HAGO = Have A Good OneHAK = Hugs And KissesHB = Hurry BackHD = HoldHHO1/2K = Ha Ha, Only Half KiddingHHOK = Ha Ha, Only KiddingHIOOC = Help! I'm Out Of CoffeeHowz = How isHTH = Hope This (That) HelpsHUA = Heads Up AceHUYA = Head Up Your AI：IAC = In Any CaseIAE = In Any EventIANAC = I Am Not A CrookIANAL = I Am Not A LawyerIBT = In Between TechnologyIBTD = I Beg To DifferIC = I See/In CharacterIDGAF = I Don't Give A FIDGI = I Don't Get ItIDK = I Don't KnowIDKY = I Don't Know YouIDST = I Didn't Say ThatIDTS = I Don't Think SoIFAB = I Found A BugIFU = I Fed UpIGGP = I Gotta Go PeeIIIO = Intel Inside, Idiot OutsideIIMAD = If It Makes An(y) DifferenceIIRC = If I Remember CorrectlyIIWM = If It Were MeILICISCOMK = I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My Keyboard ILY = I Love YouIMHO = In My Humble OpinionIMNSHO = In My Not So Humble OpinionIMO = In My OpinionINMP = It's Not My ProblemINPO = In No Particular OrderIOH = I'm Outta HereIOW = In Other WordsIRL = In Real LifeISS = I Said SoITM = In The MoneyIYKWIM = If You Know What I MeanIYSS = If You Say SoJ：J/C = Just CheckingJ/K = Just Kidding!J/W = Just WonderingJAFO = Just Another Fing OnlookerK：K/KK = OK/OK, OKKFY = Kiss For YouKISS = Keep It Simple StupidKIT = Keep In TouchKMA = Kiss My AssKWIM = Know What I MeanKX = kissKYPO = Keep Your Pants OnL：L8R = LaterLD = Long DistanceLDTTWA = Let's Do The Time Warp Again LLTA = Lots And Lots Of Thunderous Applause LMAO = Laughing My Ass OffLMK = Let Me KnowLOL = Laughing Out Loud/Lots Of Luck(Love) LTIC = Laughing 'Til I CryLTNS = Long Time No SeeLYL = Love Ya LotsLYLAS = Love You Like A SisterM：M8T = MateMHOTY = My Hat's Off To YouMM = Market MakerMorF = Male or Female?MOTD = Message Of The DayMOTSS = Members Of The Same Sex MTFBWY = May The Force Be With You MWBRL = More Will Be Revealed Later MYOB = Mind Your Own BusinessN：N = And/Know/NowNAK = Nursing At KeyboardNAZ = Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq) NBD = No Big DealNBIF = No Basis In FactNFI = No Fing IdeaNFW = No Fing WayNIFOC = Nude In Front Of The ComputerNM = Never MindNMP = Not My ProblemNMU = Nothing Much YouNOYB = None Of Your BusinessNP = No ProblemNQOCD = Not Quite Our Class DearNRG = EnergyNRN = No Reply NecessaryNYCFS = New York City Finger SaluetO：OAUS = On An Unrelated SubjectOBTW = Oh, By The WayOIC = Oh, I SeeOICU = Oh, I See YouOMDB = Over My Dead BodyOMG = Oh My God/Oh My GoshOMIK = Open Mouth, Insert KeyboardONNA = Oh No, Not AgainOOC = Out Of CharacterOOTB = Out Of The Box/Out Of The BlueOT = Off TopicOTOH = On The Other HandOWTTE = Or Words To That EffectOZ = stands for "Australia"P：PEBCAK = Problem Exists Between Chair And Keyboard PEM = Privacy Enhanced MailPic = PicturePIMP = Peeing In My PantsPITA = Pain In The AssPLS/PLZ = PleasePMFJI = Pardon Me For Jumping InPO = Piss Off /product order/purchase orderPOS = Parents Over ShoulderPOV = Point Of ViewPPL = PeoplePro = ProfessionalPS = By The Way/PhotoshopS:SS:spring/summerT：TAH = Take A HikeTANSTAAFL = There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch TARFU = Things Are Really Fed UpTDTM = Talk Dirty To MeTEOTWAWKI = The End Of The World As We Know It TFN = Thanks For Nothin'THX/TX/THKS = ThanksTIA = Thanks In AdvanceTIAIL = Think I Am In LoveTIC = Tongue In CheekTKS/TKX=ThanksTLA = Three Letter AcronymTLGO = The List Goes OnTM = Trust MeTMI = Too Much InformationTMTOWTDI = There's More Than One Way To Do It TPTB = The Powers That BeTSR = Totally Stuck in RAMTTFN = Ta Ta For NowTTT = That's The Ticket/To The TopTTUL/TTYL = Talk To You LaterTWHAB = This Won't Hurt A BitTY = Thank YouTYVM = Thank You Very MuchU：U = YouUR = YourU R = You areunPC = unPolitically CorrectURYY4M = You Are Too Wise For MeV：VFM = Values For MoneyVG = Very GoodW：WAG = Wild Ass GuessWAI = What An IdiotWB = Welcome BackWCA = Who Cares AnywayWDYS = What Did You Say?WDYT = What Do You Think?WE = WhateverWEG = Wicked Evil GrinWG = Wicked GrinWGAFF = Who Gives A Flying FWIIFM = What's In It For Me?WIT = Wordsmith In TrainingWITFITS = What in the F is this ShWOG = Wise Old GuyWot/Wut = WhatWRT = With Respect To/With Regard To WTF = What The FWTG = Way To Go!WTSDS = Where The Sun Don't Shine WYMM = Will You Marry MeWYP = What's Your Problem?WYRN = What's Your Real Name?WYS = Whatever You SayWYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get WYT = Whatever You ThinkX：X U = Kiss YouY：Y = WhyYa = YouYA = Yet AnotherYAFIYGI = You Asked For It You Got It YDKM = You Don't Know MeYep/Yup = YesYGBK = You Gotta Be Kiddin'YMMV = Your Mileage May VaryYNK = You Never KnowYOYO = You're On Your OwnYR = Yeah, RightYSYD = Yeah, Sure You DoYTTT = You Telling The Truth?YYSSW = Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever。
abbreviation与acronym有无区别
作者： 马黎华
出版物刊名： 语言教育
页码： 39-39页
主题词： abbreviation;acronym;mathematics;telephone;缩写词;缩略词;巍科
摘要： 【问】[372]词典上 abbreviation 意为“缩写词、略语”,acronym 意为“缩略语”,请问它们有无区别?【答】它们虽然都是“缩略语”,但 abbre-viation 指在一个单词中进行简化,去掉其中的一部分,如将 mathematics 缩为 math,将 telephone 变为 phone,略去的通常为一个单词的起始部分或结尾部分,剩余部分偶尔有些细微变化。
如bicycle—bike。
而acronym 是将若干个单词缩略成一个单词,特别是指将一个组织的名称取其每个单词的头一个字母共同组成一个大写词,如将 United Nations Eduational Scientific and Cultural。
3 商务英语缩略语特点及翻译
（3）利用同音或近音字母构成缩略词
常见于单音词和少数双音节词转化为同音字母的缩 写词，按拼音或字母音读音
BIZ (business 生意) R (are) U (you) IC (I see) WUD (would) THRU (through) OZ/oz (ounce 盎司)
D.C. (District of Columbia 美哥伦比亚) DC (direct circuit 直流电)
3. 语法规则 1）缩略语的复数形式一般有两种： ① 加 –s 构成 ② 加 ’s 构成 2）有些表示度量衡单位的缩写词，复数不变 3）有些单词重复最后一个缩写字母来表示复数 4）有些表示单位的词单复数同形 5）有些表示单位的词有两种复数形式 Examples (P43)
备注：一词多义，注意缩略语中是否有缩写圆点
SC (seacoast 海岸) SC (standard condition 标准状态)
S.C. (steel casting 钢铁铸件) S.C. (single contact 单接点)
s.c. (short circuit 短路) S/C (sales confirmation 销售确认书) s/c (surcharge 过度充电) S & C (secret and confidential 机密)
构成2有些表示度量衡单位的缩写词复数不变3有些单词重复最后一个缩写字母来表示复数4有些表示单位的词单复数同形5有些表示单位的词有两种复数形式examplesp43句法功能1名词性缩略语有单复数之分可做主语宾语表语等且有所有格形式2动词缩略语可作谓语动词其数量少于名词缩略语volt伏特ampere安培ohm欧姆joule焦耳celluloid赛璐珞disco迪斯科toefl托福bikini比基尼hacker黑客clone克隆意译1许多专业词汇的词义来源于其普通词义翻译时要根据专业要求赋新义于旧词memory通用语记忆力计算机存储器carrier通用语运货商生物带菌体2翻译创新术语或新造词需在汉语译名后加括号附上原文防老学antiagingscience3有些应意译而被直译的术语应按意译重新定名vitamin维他命维生素laser镭射激光音意兼译法又称注释性译法
邮件英文缩写
和老外聊天、发邮件常用英语缩写邮件里常用的四个英文缩写CC,FYI,ASAP,RESEND1. CC 抄送Literal meaning: Carbon Copy. When used in an e-mail, it means to send a copy of the e-mail to someone else. Hidden meaning: If you are on the CC list, you may simply read the e-mail. You're not always obligated to reply. But if an e-mail sent to you has your boss' e-mail on the CC list, watch out. When the boss is involved, you'd better take the e-mail more seriously.2. FYI 供你参考Literal meaning: For your information.Hidden meaning: By adding "FYI", the sender indicates that the e-mail contains information that may be valuable to your company or job responsibilities.3. ASAP / urgent 紧急文件Literal meaning: As soon as possible.Hidden meaning: When you see "ASAP" or "urgent" in an e-mail or document, you should quickly carry out the e-mail's orders.4. RESEND! 重传Literal meaning: Please resend your reply to me.Hidden meaning: "I haven't received your reply. I don't have much time. Please hurry." You might get such a message from someone who sent you an e-mail, to which you've yet to reply.others:数字：2 = to/too2B or not 2B = To be or not to be4 = for4ever = foreverA：。
英文缩略语大全
很全的英文缩略语,与老外聊天不愁看不懂了和老外聊天、发邮件常用英语缩写,邮件里常用的四个英文缩写CC,FYI,ASAP,RESEND1. CC=Carbon copy 抄送2. FYI=for your reference 供你参考3. ASAP=as soon as possible 尽快4. RESEND! 重传数字：2 = to/too2B or not 2B = To be or not to be4 = for4ever = foreverA：ASL = Age/Sex/LocationAFAIC = As Far As I’m ConcernedAFAIK = As Far As I KnowAMBW = All My Best WishesAOTS = All Of The SuddenASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" PossibleASAP = As Soon As PossibleATST = At The Same TimeB：B4 = BeforeB4N = Bye For NowBBIAB = Be Back In A BitBBIAF = Be Back In A FewBBL = Be Back LaterBBN = Bye Bye NowBF = Boy friendBFD = Big Fing DealBFN = Bye For NowBHOF = Bald Headed Old FartBIF = Basis In FactBITD = Back In The DayBiz = BusinessBM = Byte MeBMOTA = Byte Me On The AssBNF = Big Name FanBOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes AgainBOM=bill of material 材料清单BR = Best regardsBRB = Be Right BackBRT = Be Right ThereBS = Big SmileBT = Byte ThisBTDT = Been There Done ThatBTSOOM = Beats The Sh Out Of MeBTW = By The WayBTWBO = Be There With Bells OnBWDIK = But What Do I Know?BWO = Black, White or OtherC：Cam = Web CameraCIAO = Goodbye (in Italian)CID = Consider It DoneCIS = CompuServe Information ServiceCMF = Count My FingersCof$ = Church of ScientologyCRAFT = Can’t Remember A Fing Thing CRAWS = Can’t Remember Anything Worth A Sh CSL = Can’t Stop LaughingCTC = Choaking The ChickenCU = See YouCUL/CYL/CUL8R = See You LaterCWYL = Chat With You LaterCYA = Cover Your AssD：DBEYR = Don’t Believe Everything You Read DD = Due DiligenceDDD = Direct Distance DialDETI = Don’t Even Think ItDGT = Don’t Go ThereDHYB = Don’t Hold Your BreathDIIK = Damned If I KnownDILLIGAD = Do I Look Like I Give A d\\amn DILLIGAS = Do I Look Like I Give A ShDKDC = Don’t Know Don’t CareDL = DownloadDLTM = Don’t Lie To MeDQYDJ = Don’t Quit You’re Day JobDRIB = Don’t Read If BusyDS = Dunce SmileyDYSTSOTT = Did You See The Size Of That ThingE：EG = Evil GrinEOM = End Of MessageESO = Equipment Smarter than OperatorF：F2F/FTF = Face To FaceFAQ = Frequently Asked QuestionFBKS = Failure Between Keyboard and SeatFE = For Example/Fatal ErrorFF&PN = Fresh Fields And Pastures NewFOAF = Friend Of A FriendFTASB = Faster Than A Speeding BulletFT = FaintFTL = Faster Than LightFTTB = For The Time BeingFUBAR = Fed Up Beyond All RecognitionFUBB = Fed Up Beyond BeliefFUD = (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and Disinformation FWIW = For What It’s WorthFYA = For Your AmusementFYI = For Your InformationFYM = For Your MisinformationG：G2G = Got To GoG8T/GR8 = GreatGAL = Get A LifeGDGD = Good,GoodGF = girlfriendGG = Good Game/Gotta GoGIGO = Garbage In, Garbage OutGIWIST = Gee, I Wish I’d Said ThatGL = Good LuckGLYASDI = God Loves You And So Do IGMTA = Great Minds Think AlikeGNBLFY = Got Nothing But Love For YouGR&D = Grinning Running And DuckingGRRRR = "Growling"GSOAS = Go Sit On A SnakeGTG = Got To GoGTGB = Got To Go, ByeGTGP = Got To Go PeeGTH = Go To HellGTSY = Glad To See YaGYPO = Get Your Pants OffBE A QUEEN.H：HAGO = Have A Good OneHAK = Hugs And KissesHB = Hurry BackHD = HoldHHO1/2K = Ha Ha, Only Half KiddingHHOK = Ha Ha, Only KiddingHIOOC = Help! I’m Out Of CoffeeHowz = How isHTH = Hope This (That) HelpsHUA = Heads Up AceHUYA = Head Up Your AI：IAC = In Any CaseIAE = In Any EventIANAC = I Am Not A CrookIANAL = I Am Not A LawyerIBT = In Between TechnologyIBTD = I Beg To DifferIC = I See/In CharacterIDGAF = I Don’t Give A FIDGI = I Don’t Get ItIDK = I Don’t KnowIDKY = I Don’t Know YouIDST = I Didn’t Say ThatIDTS = I Don’t Think SoIFAB = I Found A BugIFU = I Fed UpIGGP = I Gotta Go PeeIIIO = Intel Inside, Idiot OutsideIIMAD = If It Makes An(y) DifferenceIIRC = If I Remember CorrectlyIIWM = If It Were MeILICISCOMK = I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My KeyboardILY = I Love YouIMHO = In My Humble OpinionIMNSHO = In My Not So Humble OpinionIMO = In My OpinionINMP = It’s Not My ProblemINPO = In No Particular OrderIOH = I’m Outta HereIOW = In Other WordsIRL = In Real LifeISS = I Said SoITM = In The MoneyIYKWIM = If You Know What I MeanIYSS = If You Say SoJ：J/C = Just CheckingJ/K = Just Kidding!J/W = Just WonderingJAFO = Just Another Fing OnlookerK：K/KK = OK/OK, OKKFY = Kiss For YouKISS = Keep It Simple StupidKIT = Keep In TouchKMA = Kiss My AssKWIM = Know What I MeanKX = kissKYPO = Keep Your Pants OnL：L8R = LaterLD = Long DistanceLDTTWA = Let’s Do The Time Warp Again LLTA = Lots And Lots Of Thunderous Applause LMAO = Laughing My Ass OffLMK = Let Me KnowLOL = Laughing Out Loud/Lots Of Luck(Love) LTIC = Laughing ’Til I CryLTNS = Long Time No SeeLYL = Love Ya LotsLYLAS = Love You Like A SisterM：M8T = MateMHOTY = My Hat’s Off To YouMM = Market MakerMorF = Male or Female?MOTD = Message Of The DayMOTSS = Members Of The Same SexMTFBWY = May The Force Be With YouMWBRL = More Will Be Revealed LaterMYOB = Mind Your Own BusinessN：N = And/Know/NowNAK = Nursing At KeyboardNAZ = Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq)NBD = No Big DealNBIF = No Basis In FactNFI = No Fing IdeaNFW = No Fing WayNIFOC = Nude In Front Of The ComputerNM = Never MindNMP = Not My ProblemNMU = Nothing Much YouNOYB = None Of Your BusinessNP = No ProblemNQOCD = Not Quite Our Class DearNRG = EnergyNRN = No Reply NecessaryNYCFS = New York City Finger SaluetO：OAUS = On An Unrelated SubjectOBTW = Oh, By The WayOIC = Oh, I SeeOICU = Oh, I See YouOMDB = Over My Dead BodyOMG = Oh My God/Oh My GoshOMIK = Open Mouth, Insert KeyboardONNA = Oh No, Not AgainOOC = Out Of CharacterOOTB = Out Of The Box/Out Of The BlueOT = Off TopicOTOH = On The Other HandOWTTE = Or Words To That EffectOZ = stands for "Australia"P：PEBCAK = Problem Exists Between Chair And KeyboardPEM = Privacy Enhanced MailPic = PicturePIMP = Peeing In My PantsPITA = Pain In The AssPLS/PLZ = PleasePMFJI = Pardon Me For Jumping InPO = Piss Off /product order/purchase order POS = Parents Over Shoulder POV = Point Of ViewPPL = PeoplePro = ProfessionalPS = By The Way/PhotoshopS:SS:spring/summerT：TAH = Take A HikeTANSTAAFL = There Ain’t No Such Thing As A Free LunchTARFU = Things Are Really Fed UpTDTM = Talk Dirty To MeTEOTWAWKI = The End Of The World As We Know ItTFN = Thanks For Nothin’THX/TX/THKS = ThanksTIA = Thanks In AdvanceTIAIL = Think I Am In LoveTIC = Tongue In CheekTKS/TKX=ThanksTLA = Three Letter AcronymTLGO = The List Goes OnTM = Trust MeTMI = Too Much InformationTMTOWTDI = There’s More Than One Way To Do ItTPTB = The Powers That BeTSR = Totally Stuck in RAMTTFN = Ta Ta For NowTTT = That’s The Ticket/To The TopTTUL/TTYL = Talk To You LaterTWHAB = This Won’t Hurt A BitTY = Thank YouTYVM = Thank You Very MuchU：U = YouUR = YourU R = You areunPC = unPolitically CorrectURYY4M = You Are Too Wise For MeV：VFM = Values For MoneyVG = Very GoodW：WAG = Wild Ass GuessWAI = What An IdiotWB = Welcome BackWCA = Who Cares AnywayWDYS = What Did You Say?WDYT = What Do You Think?WE = WhateverWEG = Wicked Evil GrinWG = Wicked GrinWGAFF = Who Gives A Flying FWIIFM = What’s In It For Me?WIT = Wordsmith In TrainingWITFITS = What in the F is this ShWOG = Wise Old GuyWot/Wut = WhatWRT = With Respect To/With Regard To WTF = What The FWTG = Way To Go!WTSDS = Where The Sun Don’t Shine WYMM = Will You Marry MeWYP = What’s Your Problem?WYRN = What’s Your Real Name?WYS = Whatever You SayWYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get WYT = Whatever You ThinkX：X U = Kiss YouY：Y = WhyYa = YouYA = Yet AnotherYAFIYGI = You Asked For It You Got ItYDKM = You Don’t Know MeYep/Yup = YesYGBK = You Gotta Be Kiddin’YMMV = Your Mileage May VaryYNK = You Never KnowYOYO = You’re On Your OwnYR = Yeah, RightYSYD = Yeah, Sure You DoYTTT = You Telling The Truth? YYSSW = Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever。
语言学中英术语对照
语言学中英术语对照GlossaryandIndex Aabbreviation缩写词,略语Abercrombieablative夺格,离格abstractness抽象性accent重音（符）accuracy正确性accusative宾格achievementtest成绩测试acousticphonetics声学语音学acquisition习得acronym缩略语actionprocess动作过程actor动作者addition添加addressform称呼形式addressee受话人addresser发话人adjective形容词adjunct修饰成分;附加语adverb副词affix词缀affixhopping词缀跳跃affixation词缀附加法affricate塞擦音agreement一致关系airstream气流alliteration头韵allomorph词/语素变体allophone音位变体allophonicvariation音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolarridge齿龈alveolar齿龈音ambiguity歧义ambiguous歧义的Americandescriptivelinguistics美国描写语言学AmericanEnglish美式英语AmericanIndianlanguages美国印第安族诸语言Americanstructuralism美国结构主义analogicalcreation类推造字anapest抑抑扬格anaphor前指替代anaphoricreference前指照应Anderson Animalcommunicationsystem动物交际系统animate有生命的annotation注解antecedent先行词;前在词anthropological人类学的anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation逆化协同发音antonomasia换称;代类名antonym反义词antonymy反义（关系）appellative称谓性appliedlinguistics应用语言学appliedsociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy适宜性appropriateness适宜性;得体性approximant无摩擦延续音Apteaptitudetest素质测试Arabic阿拉伯语arbitrariness任意性argument中项;中词;主目article冠词articulation发音articulator发音器官articulatoryphonetics发音语音学artificialspeech人工言语aspect体aspirated吐气;送气assimilation同化associative联想associativemeaning联想意义assonance准压韵;半谐音Atkinson,A.M.attributive属性;修饰语;定语auditoryphonetics听觉语音学Austin,JohnLangshawauthenticinput真实投入authorialstyle权威风格authoringprogram编程autonomy自主性auxiliary助词盪血里赵uJSi|enSui|!q互库@赵uoijisoddo|ejaje|iq昙leseu|eiqe|iq昙国赵leiqenqX王弘马lusunoiAeqaq葩耳¥马ssaDOjd|ejnolAeqaq jaAe M^q 切皋吧晋JuouodiuoDasequoijeujJo^DeqaSejsSui|qqeqaq」“人」ei|ixne binarydivision二分法binaryfeature二分特征binarytaxonomy二分分类学binding制约bindingtheory制约论BlackEnglish黑人英语blade舌叶;舌面前部blankverse无韵诗blending混成法borrowing借用;借词boundmorpheme粘着语素boundingtheory管辖论bracketing括号法brevitymaxim简洁准则bridging架接BritishEnglish英式英语broadtranscription宽式音标broadening词义扩大Browncorpus布朗语料库calculability可计算性calque仿造;仿造词语cancellability可删除cardinalnumeral基数cardinalvowel基本元音case格casegrammar格语法casetheory格理论category范畴categoricalcomponent范畴成分causative使役的;使投动词CD-I,compactdisk-interactive交互式激光视盘center中心词centraldeterminer中心限定词chainrelation链状关系chainsystem链状系统Chinese汉语choice选择choicesystem选择系统circumstance环境因子class词类classshift词性变换clause小句;从句click吸气音;咂音clipping截断法closedclass封闭类closedsyllable闭音节cluster音丛coarticulation协同发音coda结尾音节;符尾code语码;信码cognitivepsycholinguistics认知心理语言学cognitivepsychology认知心理学cognitivesystem认知系统coherence相关;关联cohension衔接co-hyponym同下义词colligation类连结collocativemeaning搭配意义colorword色彩词colorwordsystem色彩词系统command指令commoncore共核commonnoun普通名词communication交际communicativecompetence交际能力communicativedynamism,CD交际性动力communicativelanguageteaching,CLT交际语言教学法communicativeSentencePattern,CSP交际性句子模式communicativesyllabus交际教学大纲communicativetest交际性测试communicative-grammaticalapproach交际-语法教学法compactdisk激光盘COMPACTDISD-READONLYMEMORY,CD-ROM激光视盘comparativedegree比较级competence能力complement补语complementaryantonym互补反义词complementaryantonymy互补反义关系complementarydistribution互补分布complexpredicate复合谓语component成分componentialanalysis成分分析compositeproposition复合命题compositionality复合性compound复合词;复合句comprehension理解computation计算computationallinguistics计算语言学computationalsystem计算系统computer计算机;电脑computer-assistedlearning,CAL计算机辅助学习computercorpus计算机语料库computerhardware计算机硬件computerliteracy计算机操作能力computernetworks计算机网络computersystem计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction,CAI计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL计算机辅助语言学习conative意动的concept概念conceptualmeaning概念意concord一致（关系）concordance共现关系concretenoun具体名词concurrent同时发生的conjugation词形变化conjunct连接副词conjunction连接词conjunctionbuttressing连接词支撑connotation内涵consequent跟随成分consonance辅音韵consonant辅音constantopposition不变对立constative表述的constituentcommand成分指令constituentproposition成分命题constituentstructureanalysis成分结构分析constituent成分construct编制constructvalidity编制效度construction构建constructivism构建主义contact接触contentanalysis内容分析contentvalidity内容效度contentword实义词contextdependent语境依赖的contextofsituation情景语境context语境contextualanalyses语境分析contextualmeaning语境意义contrastiveanalysis对比分析controltheory控制理论controlledlanguage有控制的语言convention常规;规约conventionalmeaning常规意义;规约意义conventionality常规性;规约性conversationalimplicature会话含义conversationalmaxim会话准则converseantonymy相反反义现象conversion变换cooperativeprinciple,CP合作原则coordinateconstruction并列结构coordination并列Cordercoreferential互参的coronal舌面前音corpus(pl.corpora)语料;素材corpusdata语料库语料corpuslinguistics语料库语言学context上下文countable可数(名词) counterfactualproposition反事实命题couplet对句;对联creativity创造性;原创性Creole克里澳尔语;混和语cross-cultural跨文化cross-culturalcommunication跨文化交际cross-linguistic跨语言的culture文化culturally-specific文化特异的curriculum教学大纲customizing定制的Ddactyl扬抑抑格Danilanguage达尼语dataretrieval,DR资料检索database数据库dative(case)与格dativemovement与格移动declarative陈述句decoding解码deductive演绎的deepstructure深层结构defeasibility消除可行性definite有定的degeneratedata无用的语料deixis指称delicacy精密阶denotation外延;指称dental齿音dentalization齿音化derivation衍生derivationalaffix.衍生词汇derivationalmorphology派生形态学description描写descriptiveadequacy描写充分性descriptivelinguistics描写语言学designfeature结构特征determiner限定词developinggrammar发展语法deviant变体deviation偏离;变异devoicing清音化diachroniclinguistics历时语言学diachronic历时的diacritic附加符号;变音符diagnostictest诊断性测试dialect方言dialectology方言学dialogue对话dictionary词典digitizedsound数字化语音dimetre二音步诗行diphthong二合元音;双元音directobject直接宾语directspeech,DS直接言语directthought,DT直接思想directionality方向性discourse语篇;话语discourseanalysis语篇分析;话语分析discourseinterpretation语篇理解discrete分离的;离散的discrete-pointgrammar离散语法discretepointtest分立性测试disjunction分离关系displacement移位dissimilation异化（作用）distinctivefeature区别性特征distinguisher辩义成分distribution分布do-insertionruledo添加规则domain范围;领域dorsal舌背音;舌中音dorsum舌背（音）doublecomparative双重比较download下载drama戏剧drill-and-practicesoftware操练软件D-structureD结构dual双数dualisticview二分观点duality二重性economy经济性;简洁性earlyModernEnglish早期现代英语ejective爆发音electronicmail电子邮件ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis省略（法）ellipticalsentencestructure省略句子结构embeddedelement嵌入成分emic位学的emotive感情的emphasis强调empiricaldata经验主义的语料empirical经验主义的empiricalvalidity经验效度empiricism经验主义emptycategory,EC空范畴enablingskills使成技能化encoding编码endrhyme末端韵endocentricconstruction内向结构entailment蕴涵entrycondition入列条件epenthesis插音;增音equipollentopposition均等对立equivalence相等equivalencereliability相等信度erroranalysis错误分析EST科技英语ethnicityidentity民族认同ethnographyofcommunication交际民族学etic非位的;素的evaluation评估eventprocess事件过程example-basedmachinetranslation基于例句的机器翻译exchangeerror交换错误exchangesequence交际序列exchangestructure交际结构exhaustive穷尽的;彻底的existent存在物existential存在句existentialprocess存在过程existentialquantifier存在数量词exocentric外向的exocentricconstruction外向结构experiential经验的experientialfunction经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics实验心理语言学explanatoryadequacy解释充分性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明显的语法教学法expressionminimization表达最底程度expressive表达的extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展标准理论extensive引申的;扩展的extent-conditionformat程度条件格式externalevaluation外部评估externalqualifier外部修饰语extrinsicsourcesoferror外在的错误来源eyemovement眼部移动。
BMW宝马汽车缩略语
BMW宝马汽车缩略语缩写英文中文AG Automatic Transmission 自动变速箱(AT)DK Throttle Valve 节气门(TV)DME Digital Motor Electronics 数字式引擎控制电脑DWA Burglar Alarm 防盗警报系统EGS Electronic Transmission Control 电子变速箱控制系统(EAT)EKP Electric Fuel Pump 电动油泵(FP)EV Fuel Injector 喷油嘴HG Manual Transmission 手动变速箱(MT)KD KickDown 强迫降档KW Crankshaft曲轴LL IdleSpeed 怠速LLS Idle Speed Control 怠速空气控制阀(IAC)LMM Mass Air Flow 空气流量表(MAF)MF Microfilm微缩胶片MV Solenoid电磁阀(SV)NW Camshaft凸轮轴RxD Diagnosing Sensing Line 自诊闪码电路TD Speed Signal Once Each Ignition 点火信号(CPS) TE Tank Venting 活性碳罐电磁阀(EEC)TI Injection Time 喷射电子脉波宽度TL Partial Load 部份负荷TL LoadSignal 负荷信号TR Speed Signal per Revolution 转速信号(CKP) TD Diagnosing Data Line 自诊输入触发电路SG Control Unit 电脑盒U-batt Battery Voltage 电瓶供电电压(BU,BV)U-vers Power Supply 系统供应电源(PW)VL FullLoad 全负荷OBC On-Board Computer 随车自诊电脑RPS Rollover Protection System 翻车防护装置EML Electronic Engine Power Control 电子引擎功率控制LKM灯泡烧毁监控器TSH中控锁自动加温系统FH中控电动镜ZV中控锁系统SM/SPM电动椅/电动镜记忆系统SHD电控天窗SRA大灯清洗器K/CC仪表资讯简易自诊IB车内灯光控制器IHKR-F3电脑恒温系统BMW AbbreviationsBMW Abbreviations and AcronymsThroughout your career as a BMW Group Service Technician you will come across many acronyms in the various Technical publications.EvenBMW is an acronym. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a longer word. These are a list of acronyms describing varioussystems on BMW Group automobiles and SAVs.Remember this is only a partial list. The BMW Group is a dynamic company and is always adding new systems to its products. Look for newsystems and acronyms with new Technical Training courses, Service Information, and Technical Information Bulletins.A 安培AAMVA 美国汽车管理人员协会ABE 一般运行许可ABS 防抱死系统ABS/ASC 防抱死系统与自动稳定控制系统Abt. 部门ACEA 欧洲汽车制造商协会ACK 确认ADAC 全德汽车俱乐部ADB 自动差速制动器ADS 有源诊断插头ADV 压紧力调节ADW 车身动态调节值AE 显示单位AF 代用频率AG 股份公司；自动变速箱AGB 副水箱AGD 进气消音器AGR 废气再循环AH 挂车Ah 安培小时AHK 后桥调节系统；挂车挂钩AHPS 高级头部保护系统AKF 活性碳过滤器AKS 主动式头枕AL 近光灯Al 铝AM 调幅AMPS 高级移动电话系统ANSI 美国国家标准协会ANZ 显示AP 工位API 美国石油协会APM 高级电源管理APS 交替驻车位置ARCNET ARCnet 网络ARD 德国国营广播电台工作联合会ASAP 售后服务援助入口；尽快ASC+T 自动稳定控制系统加牵引力控制装置ASE 高级安全电子装置ASIC 专用集成电路AT 翻新件ATL 废气涡轮增压器AU 排放检查AUC 自动车内空气循环控制系统AUS 澳大利亚AW 工时单位AW－Nr. 工作编号AWL 安全气囊指示灯AZ 拧紧力矩AZD 拧紧力矩BB 宽度BA 使用说明BC 车载电脑BF 前乘客侧BFD 制动减速度显示BFT 前乘客侧车门BIT 电话基础接口Bit/s 位 / 秒BJ 制造年BKV 制动助力器bl 蓝色BLS 制动信号灯开关BR 巴伐利亚广播电台br 棕色BSD 串行数据接口CC2H2F4 聚四氟乙烯CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造CAN 控制器区域网络CARB 加利福尼亚空间资源管理局CB 蜂房广播CBC 弯道制动控制系统CBS 车况保养CBT 基于计算机的培训CC 检查控制；巡航模式；库仑CD CD 光盘；控制显示CD－ROM CD 光盘只读存储器CDN 加拿大车型CDW CD 光盘转换匣CE 欧洲委员会CF2Cl2 二氯二氟甲烷CH 瑞士CI 企业视觉形象识别CIFI 气缸独立燃油喷射CIP 设码、个性化设置和编程CKM 车辆和钥匙记忆功能cm 厘米CNG 液化气CO 一氧化碳CO2 二氧化碳CR 共轨CRC 检验总数比较；铜涂料CVBS 彩色图像消隐同步信号CVT 型号编码表DD 驱动器DAB 数字音频广播DBC 动态制动控制系统DBS 动态制动助力系统DDE5 数字式柴油机电子伺控系统 5 DDK 旋转按钮DECT 增强数字式无线通讯DEL 定界符DFU 数据远程传输DI 直接喷射DIN 德国标准研究院DIS 诊断信息系统DISA 可变进气系统DKP 节气门电位器DKV 节气门规定值；节气门调节DMS 文件管理系统；数字式发动机控制; 扭矩减小接口DMTL 燃油泄漏诊断模块dohc 双顶置凸轮轴DPF 柴油滤清器dpi 每英寸点数DR 压力调节器DRAM 动态随机存取存储器DTC 动态牵引力控制系统DTMF－Nr. 多频拨号音DTP 桌面出版系统DVD 数字多用途光盘DWA－LED DWA 发光二极管DWAH 防盗报警系统警笛DZM 转速表EE－OBD 欧洲车载诊断系统E/A 输入端 / 输出端EAZ 试车和发货中心EBA 安装说明EBS 后座安全带拉紧装置EBV 电子制动力分配ECD 电子可调式减速ECE 欧洲经济委员会ECO 电控节流孔ECU 电子车辆控制单元EDS 电子压力控制阀EDV 电子数据处理EEPROM 电可擦写可编程只读存储器EH 扩展界限EHPS 电动液压转向助力系统EHV 防暴玻璃EKM 车身电子模块EKS 防夹功能EMK 电磁力EMV 电磁相容性EN 欧洲标准EO 安装位置EOF 帧结束EON 其它增强型网络EPDW 压力变换器EPROM 可擦写可编程只读存储器ER 解除联锁ESG 单片安全玻璃ESV 喷油阀ET 车轮偏置距ETK 计算机管理零件目录ETM 电子故障查询手册EURO 欧洲车型EUV 电动转换阀EVG 电子稳流装置EWD 单绕组旋转调节钮FF 法拉F－CAN 底盘 CANF.I.R.S.T. Fully Integrated Road Safety Technology FA 驾驶员侧；车辆任务FASTA 车辆运行数据和保养数据的传输和分析FAT 驾驶员侧车门FB 遥控器；功能描述FBAS 彩色图像消隐同步信号FBD 遥控服务FBS Fading Brake SupportFCKW 氟氯碳氢化合物FDC 动态行驶控制FDR 动态行驶调节FDS Field Detection SystemFET 场效应晶体管FFB 无线电遥控；后座区遥控器FGR 定速控制FH 车窗升降机FIS 无线电车内防盗监控传感器FIZ 研发中心FKC 底盘组件控制FKS 紧凑型无线电联锁系统FL 远光灯FM 调频；新鲜空气风门马达FPM 加速踏板模块FS Flash 插头 (MOST 直接接口)；故障保险FSS 无线电联锁系统FTZ 通信技术总局FZD 车顶功能中心FZV 无线电中控锁Gg 克GAL 根据车速音量自动调节GAP 通用访问应用GAZ 旧汽车中心GB 英国GByte 千兆字节ge 黄色GF 玻璃纤维GJ 会计年度GM 通用发动机GMPT 通用发动机传动系gn 绿色GND 接地GPS 全球定位系统gr 灰色GRAV 减轻重量的铝合金车头GRL 行李箱照明灯GRS 偏航角速率传感器GS 组标准；安全带拉紧装置；变速箱控制GSM 全球移动通信系统GT1 Group Tester OneGUI 图形用户界面GW 保修；极限值；网关GWK 可调式变矩器离合器GWSZ 总行驶里程表GWTZ 保修件中心HH 高度；亨h 小时HA 后桥HAG 后驱动桥Hall－IC Hall 集成电路HB 代理商比较HC 碳氢化合物HD 高压，生产日期HDC 下坡车速控制HF 高频HFM 热膜式空气质量计HG 总成分组HHS 后窗加热装置HIC 头部碰撞系数 (Head Impact Coefficient) HiFi 高保真HK 后行李箱盖HKA 冷暖空调HKM 后行李箱盖模块hl 左后HLI 热线信息HLM 热线式空气质量计HO 代理商机构HP 液压压力；高功率；马力hPa 百帕hr 右后HSV 高压控制阀HTML 超文本标记语言HUS 热线支持系统HVA 液压阀门间隙补偿HVBG 工商业同业工伤事故保险联合会总会HW 硬件；硬件热交换器HWB 代理商和修理厂需求HW 暖风热交换器Hz 赫兹Ii. A. 受委托i. V. 代表IBS 智能型蓄电池传感器IC 集成电路ID 身份识别IDC 诊断和设码信息IDES 交互式信息和诊断系统IFS Inter Frame SpaceIHKR 自动恒温空调IMSI 国际移动设备识别IR 红外线IRIS 集成式收音机和信息系统IRZV 红外线中控锁ISD 集成式流体阻尼器ISDN 综合业务数字网ISIS 智能型全面安全系统ISM 工业、科研、医疗ISN 各个控制单元号码ISO 国际标准化组织IT 信息处理ITS 充气管状结构IV 信息处理IVM 集成供电模块IWV 脉冲拔号法IWZ 重复修理频率JJ 焦耳JAP 日本车型KK 开K－CAN 车身控制器区域网络K－LWL 塑料光缆KBA 联邦机动车辆管理局KBit 千位kBit/s 千位 / 秒KBT 校验位KByte 千字节KDS 四轮定位系统Kfz 车辆kg 千克KHA 耳机接口模块KHI 耳机接口KHV 头枕高度调整kHz 千赫兹Kl. 总线端km 千米km/h 千米 / 小时kN 千牛顿KNV 头枕倾斜度调整装置KoGr 设计小组KOREL 空调压缩机继电器信号kPa 千帕KS 爆震传感器KSD 销售服务信息KSE 儿童座椅识别KSG 曲轴起动器发电机KSV 冷起动联锁KT 售后服务培训KVA 供油装置；燃油消耗表KW 短波kW 千瓦KWG 曲轴传感器LL 长度，Lowl 升LA 国家规格LAN 局域网LBV *背宽度调整LC 液晶LCD 液晶显示器LDA 怠速转速提升LDF 增压压力传感器LDR 光敏电阻LDS 方向盘旋转振动LDW 纵向动态值LED 发光二极管LEV 低排放车辆LHV 腰部支撑高度调整LHZ 方向盘加热LIN 区域互联网LKV 头枕调整Lkw 载重汽车LL 左座驾驶型；怠速；阅读灯LL－CO 怠速一氧化碳LLFS 怠速充气控制LLK 增压空气冷却器LLS 怠速阀LM 轻合金LMM 空气质量计LNV *背倾斜度调整LRE 方向盘电子控制装置LS 氧传感器LSE 转向柱电子装置LSH 加热式氧传感器LSM 转向柱记忆LSS 转向柱开关Ltg. 导线LTV 腰部支撑深度调整LV 蓄能器增压阀LVA 供气装置LVDS 低压差分信号LW 长波LW 光缆LWS 潜热蓄能器LWS－EEPROM 方向盘角度传感器 EEPROM Mm 米m2 平方米mA 毫安M 接地，发动机MAG 熔化极活性气体MAP 歧管绝对压力MAX 最大max. 最大的MBit 兆位MBit/s 兆位 / 秒MBS 最大制动助力MByte 兆字节MC 音乐磁带；微控制器MD 迷你光盘MD－Ind 发动机扭矩指示值MDK 节气门ME 机构单位MFK 多功能检测导线MF 多功能座椅，缩微胶片MFV 多频拔号法mi 英里MID 多功能信息显示器MIG 金属惰性气体MIN 最小min 分钟MIN－TH 制动盘最小厚度min. 最小的MIPS 每秒百万指令MIR 多信息收音机MJ 年款MK 中级Mk 样品ml 毫升mls/h 英里 / 小时mm 毫米Mod. 车型MoDiC 便捷式诊断电脑MOSFET 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOZ 发动机辛烷值MPEG 活动图像专家组mpg 英里 / 加仑mph 英里 / 小时MRS3 多重乘员保护系统 3MSISDN 移动用户综合业务数字网MSR 发动机牵引力矩控制系统MSV 量控阀MTK 发动机局部通流冷却系MV 电磁阀MW 中波NN 牛顿；空档ND 低压NF 低频NiMH 镍金属氢化物NL 分部Nm 牛顿米NMA 零量调校NOx 氧化氮Nr. 编号NSD 后消音器NSL 后雾灯NSW 前雾灯NTC 负温度系数Oo. A. 或其它类似的O2 氧气OBD 车载诊断系统OBD2 车载诊断系统 2OCN On－Chip－NavigationOCR 光学字符识别ohc 顶置式凸轮轴OPPS 光学检测和编程系统OPS 光学编程系统or 桔黄色ORVR 车载加油蒸发汽回收装置OT 上死点OWWT 油－水热交换器OZ 辛熔值OZS 机油状态传感器PP 驻车PA 聚酰胺Pa 帕PCM 脉冲编码调制PDA 个人数字助理PDC 个人数字通信；驻车距离报警系统PE 聚乙烯PG 塑料线间隙规PI 程序识别PIN 身份识别码Pkw 轿车PMMA 有机玻璃POI 重点Pos. 位置Power－LED 电源电压 LED 指示灯Powertrain－CAN 传动系控制器区域网络PP 聚丙烯，挡板PP/EPDM 聚丙烯 / 乙烯-丙烯三聚物橡胶PS 马力psi 每平方英寸磅PT 驱动系PT－CAN 传动系控制器区域网络PTC 正温度系数PU 聚氨酯，中断生产PUK 个人解锁密码PVC 聚氯乙烯PWG 踏板位置传感器PWM 脉冲宽度调制QQM 质量管理RR 电阻，往回，燃油储备RA 维修说明RAM 内存RAS 远程访问服务RDA 冗余数据存储RDDWA 轮胎压力监控 - 防盗报警系统接口RDS 收音机数据系统RDW 车轮动态值RDZ 回收拆卸中心RGB 红绿蓝RL 右座驾驶型，运行消耗RME 菜子油甲基酯RNABE 收音机导航显示和操作面板RNC 路网覆盖ROM 只读存储器ROZ 研究法测定的辛烷值RPA 轮胎失压显示RS 编辑系统；倒车档信号RSK 复位触头rt 红色RWS 矫直固定组件RxD 接收数据RZV 静态点火分电系统Ss 秒SA 特种装备SAC 自调整式离合器SAE 汽车工程师学会SAM 接车服务模块SAV 运动用途汽车SBA 保养需求显示SBE 座位占用识别装置SBK 安全蓄电池接线柱SBT BMW 售后服务技术SCA 自动软关系统SCSI 小型计算机系统接口SDARS 卫星数字音频广播服务SDR 短距离雷达SDRAM 同步动态随机存取存储器SE 批量生产SEFI 全序列喷油SG 控制单元；手动变速箱SGBD 控制单元描述文件SGML 标准通用置标语言SGS 座椅集成安全带系统SHFM 二次空气热膜式空气质量计SHV 座椅高度调整SI 维修信息，保险丝SIA 保养周期显示SIM 客户识别模块；安全和信息模块SIP 培训自学程序SKA 燃油关闭装置SKE 薄壳结构标准外壳SLM 转向柱位置记忆SLP 二次空气泵SLV 座椅纵向调整；二次空气阀SM 座椅模块；座椅记忆SMD 表面贴片装置SMG 自动换档控制的手动变速箱SMS 短信息服务；短信息 (文本信息) SNV 座椅倾斜度调整SOF 帧开始SPM/SM 座椅后视镜记忆 / 座椅记忆SRA 大灯清洗装置；车窗清洗装置SRAM 静态随机存取存储器SRS 汽车安全气囊系统SSG 自动换档控制的手动变速箱SSS Software Service StationSTV 座椅深度调整StVG 交通法StVO 交通规则StVZO 车辆使用技术要求条件SUV 多功能越野车SW 开口宽度；软件sw 黑色SWZ 专用工具SZ 特殊附件TT 深度TA 交通广播通知TAGE 车门外把手电子装置TD 技术数据td 涡轮柴油机TFT 薄膜晶体管TGK 车门把手触头THZ 串联式制动主缸ti 喷射时间TiO2 二氧化钛TIS 技术信息系统TK 车门触头TL 部分负荷；项目表TLEV 过渡期低排放车辆TM 车门模块TMC 交通信息通道TMOT 发动机温度传感器TN 零件号码TR 温度调节器TSH 车门锁加热装置TSV 燃油箱安全阀TU 技术更新TUV 技术监督协会TV 电视TWI 磨损指示器TWSZ 分行驶里程表TxD 发送数据UU 电压U－Batt 蓄电池电压U/min rpm (每分转)UBV 底部饰件UIS 超声波车内防盗监控传感器UKW 超短波ULEV 超低排放车辆Update－CD 更新 CD 光盘UPE 不具有约束效力的建议价格URSS 翻车保护系统US 美国车型USIS 超声波车内防盗报警传感器USV 转换阀UT 下死点UVV 安全防护法规。
英语缩略词的分类及规则
英语缩略词的分类及规则2007.-~?7月?下期学术?理论现代衾等英语缩略词的分类及规则黎红霞(中南民族大学研究生院湖北武汉430074)摘要:英语缩略词随着社会的发展而增加.本文从两个方面对英语缩略词进行划分,并分析其缩略规则,读音及书写规则.关键词:缩略词分类规则1引言简化用词是各种语言都有的现象,也是现代英语词汇的一大特征.随着现代生活节奏加快,缩略词应运而生.它是指将词的音节省略或简化而产生的词.例如:DOS:discoperatingsystem(磁盘操作系统lADB:AsianDevelopmentBank(~H开发银行):ATM: AutomaticTellerMachine(自动取款机)等等都是缩略语.由于缩略词比原词语或短语简短得多,大大缩短了书写的时间,而且缩略词能传达原词语或短语的全部,至少是主要信息,因而,缩略词能有效地适应现代高效率的生活.目前,英语缩略语应用于社会生活的方方面面,涉及政治,经济,科技,文化教育等等方面.正确理解和运用缩略词,可以有效地提高学习和工作效率,加强人与人之间的交流沟通.本文将从缩略词的分类及缩略规则,读音书写规则两大方面概括总结一下有关缩略词的基本知识.2缩略词的分类一般来讲,英语缩略词的涵盖面有一定的伸缩性,但大体上可以分为如下四类:(1)Acronym(首字母缩略语),来源于希腊文akros和onyma,意思是取各词首字母重新组成新词,也就是将词组中各词的首字母连成一个词.它不再保持各个首字母自身的读音,而是可以拼读.如:DOB:DateofBirth(出生日期Aids:ac—quiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(艾滋病).有时,为了读音的方便,也会加音或减音,如:dinky:dualincome,nokids;laser:.1ightwaveanl—plificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationo在发音上,前者增加了Y,后者省略了b和o.(2)Initialism(缩写)的缩略方法大致与acronym相同,它是英语中最简单和最常见的,就是用各词的首字母表示一个新词,主要不同点在于initialism读组成该缩略的各字母音,而acronym则按组成该缩略的音节发音,就象普通的单词那样发音.如:UN:theUnitedNations;VIP:veryimportantpeople;BBC:BritishBroadcastingCorporation.(3)Clipping(截短词),也叫简化词,即把一个词或一个词组中的部分字母删掉而构成的新词.它是一种重要的英语缩略词的构词方法,主要有下面两种情况:①截头(front—clipping):telephone—phone(电话);aeroplane—plane(飞机).②去尾(back—clipping):advertisement—ad(广告); memorandum—memo(备忘录);laboratory—lab(实验室);photograph—photo(照片).但还有一种情况,去掉头尾留中间(front—backclipping),如:advantage—van;influenza_nU.有时,和acronym一样,也为了发音和书写的方便,会做一些调整,如:microphone—mike; cocacola-coke;(4)B1end(拼缀词)将两个或两个以上的单词合成,并在合成时进行缩略的词.如:smog由smoke的前半部分和的后半部分组合变化而成;telex由teleprinter和exchange这两个词的前半部分组合变化而成.这只是名词,还有动词如guesstimateFl:Iguess和estimate变化而来,形容词~llfantabulous由fantastic和fabulous 变化而来.缩略词还可以按如下进行分类:(1)完全缩略词,它是指采用短语中每个词的第一个字母组成的首字母缩写词,如:EVR: electricvideorecorder(电子录像机).(2)不完全缩略词,指采用一个词的前几个字母组成的缩写形式,或一部分是缩写形式而另一部分是完整单词.如:FACUP:FootballAssociationCup(足协E—mail:electronicmail(电子信函I.Gas.L'_EInstitutionofGasEngineers (煤气工程师协会).(3)单词紧缩词,指把一个由较多字母组成的较长的词紧缩成一个较短的词.如:hny:honey(蜂蜜hgwy"high—way(高速公路).(4)短语缩略词,它是指名词或介词等短语的缩写形式.如:ysug:Y ourSuggestion(你的建议FYP:FiveY earsPlan(五年计划OT:OutofTurn(不依顺序).(5)句子缩略词,指用首字母形式缩写一个完整句子,主要用于口语中.姐:MYOB"Mind yourownbusiness(少管闲事或其他形式的缩写,如:Ifnee:ifnee—essary(~ll果有必要).(6)同音缩略词,指用字母的相同发音代表一句话的缩略形式,如:IOU:Ioweyou(债务).3缩略词的规则3.1缩略规则缩略词在抽取字母或音节时大多遵循一定的规则.(1)采用短语中每个词或关键词的首字母组成缩略词,这种运用最为常见,如:LRCS:LeagueofRedCrossSociety(~~十字会GTM:Green- wichMeanTime(格林威治标准时间).(2)采用词的前两个或三个字母组成缩略词,如:Pro.:Professor(教授MinAh:minimumal—titude(最低高度MaxCAP:MaximumCapacity(最大生产能力Mon: Monday(星期一).(3)省略单词的元音字母,并且保留辅音字母或关键辅音字母,如:Rpt:Report(报告Tgm:telegram(电报).但是元音字母处于词首时不能省略,如:INCLD:include(包括UNDLD" underload(未满载0bjn:objection(反对).(4)保留第一个音节加上第二个音节的第一个字母,或保留前两个音节加上第三个音节的第一个字母.如:CERT:certification(证明书liq:liquid(液体neg: negative(负极).(5)保留第一个音节及后面音节中的关键字母,如:DIST:district(区Surg:surgery(~b科).(6)重音在第三个音节上的单词,通常保留最后的重读音节及其他音节的部分或全部辅音字母.如:gtee:guarantee(担保书Spore:Singapore(新加坡).(7)保留单词首尾两个字母,如:ft.:foot(英尺);BK:bank(银行).(8)采用短语中的每个关键的首字母,省去意义不重要的介词或连词,如:GATY:GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(关税和贸易总协定)但是,有些缩略词的介词和连词不但不能省,而且也不可以缩写,如:FtoF:facetoface(面对面SandR:snowandrain(雨夹效果.只有通过后期的数据整理,才能有利于调研人员的进一步分析结果,形成最后的调研报告,进而才能把藏匿在调研工具之中的实际问题揭发出来,呈现出来,以达到基线调研的目的.在后期的数据整理阶段,调研人员要注意对无效调研工具的剔除,对能确定的错误进行鉴别和勘误,但切忌随心所欲挑选符合自己主观假设的数据.(一)数据资料的整理对所收集的数据资料,按照基线调研的要求进行鉴别和审定.以保证用于分析的资料的完整可靠与可用.数据资料的整理是指将收集来的资料进行科学的加工,综合,并使之系统化的过程,数据资料整理工作一般有审核,分类,编码,汇总,编制统计表等程序组成.(二)数据资料的统计处理和分析基础教育基线调研最终要进行定量定性分析,所谓定量分析就是把调研中所收集到的数据资料,运用一定的数理统计方法进行处理,探讨研究问题的数量关系,从而提出某些规律性的认识.常用的统计方法有描述统计,推论统计,双变量描述与推论分析等.口现代企业教育MODERNENTERPRlSEEDUCATION133坝代教胄论大学英语教学中的IJ币生情感因素唐卫红(湖北工业大学外国语学院湖北武汉430068)摘要:积极的情感和良好的氛围有助于提高大学英语教学效果.本文主要论述了影响大学英语学习者与教师的情感因素,并在此基础上对加强师生情感互动提出相关对策.关键词:情感因素情感互动大学英语教学对策在第二语言教学中,情感是指学习者在学习过程中的感情,感觉,情绪,态度等(Arnold,2000).研究表明,学习者在学习过程中的情感因素直接影响到他们的学习行为和学习效果.积极丰富的情感能促进认识过程,创造有利于学习的心理状态;消极的情感则会影响学习潜力的正常发挥,使学习者的认知能力大打折扣.外语教学活动既是传授语言知识,形成语言技能,发展认知策略,培养人文精神的实践活动,也是在特定情境中的人际交往活动.师生之间不仅有认知方面的信息传递,还有情感方面的信息交流,因此情感因素成为教学活动中的一个关键性的因素.如果在大学英语教学中,学生的认知因素和情感因素得到和谐统一,就能进一步增强教学效果,有效地提高学生的英语水平.因此,本文的目的在于分析大学英语师生双方的情感因素对英语教学的影响,继而找出对策提高英语教学效果.一,英语教学中学习者自身的情感因素1,焦虑因素焦虑可能是语言学习中最大的情感障碍.焦虑产生的原因至今还不是完全清楚,但大多数情况下,学习者的焦虑与过去的经历及周围人的态度有关.不同的教学方法导致的焦虑程度也不相同.如语法翻译法不强调学生的口头表达,焦虑程度可能会低一些,而交际教学法强调学生的口头表达,可能导致较高程度的焦虑.焦虑给语言学习者造成恶性循环,导致紧张害怕,而紧张和害怕浪费精力和注意力,致使用于思考和记忆的能量相对减少,语言储存和输出效果降低,进一步增加导致焦虑的可能性(Ellis,1985).2.抑制因素抑制是与焦虑类似的情感因素.儿童在成长过程中逐渐形成一种自我形象,即把自己和他人区别开来的意识.随着这种意识的增强,儿童要学会保护还不完全成熟的自己,保护的方式之一就是回避那些可能给自我带来威胁的言行.为了保护自我而采取的回避和退缩行为就是抑制.在英语学习过程中,学习者不可避免地要进行各种尝试,可能犯错误,而错误有时带来批评和嘲讽.因此,自我形象比较脆弱的学习者往往因为怕犯错误而不参加语言活动.这就是语言学习中的抑制行为.3.自尊心因素自尊心是语言学习中很重要的情感因素之一.自尊即学习者对自身价值的评价.无论是认知活动还是情感活动,自尊都起着关键的作用.大量研究表明,在自尊受保护和鼓励的环境下,学习的认知活动最有效.成功体验能激励进一步的成功;而屡次的失败会逐渐损害学习者的自尊,从而导致最终的失败.4.动机因素动机是为学习者提供动力和指引方向的一系列因素.早期的研究把第二语言学习的动机分为工具型动机和融合型动机.如果学习语言是为了实际需要如就业,这种动机就是工具型动机.如果学习者学习语言是因为他们对目的语及目的语所在的文化社团感兴趣,向往有朝一El能被该社团接受并成为其中的一员,即与之融合为一体,就是融合型动机(秦晓晴,2003).另一种分类把动机分为内在动机和外在动机.内在动机来自于学习者对某一学习内容或学习任务的浓厚兴趣.外在动机则是来自于外界影响,如获得奖励或避免惩罚.内在动机持续的时间较长,是语言学习取得长远成就的重要前提.雪).(9)缩略词源于一个完整的句子,表达一个完整的意思,如: PTO:Pleaseturnover(请看下页,请看背面).(10)少数缩略语根据句子的读音,借用相同发音的字母缩略而成,如:OIC(一种眼镜品牌):Oh,Isee.3.2读音和书写规则面对数量如此庞大,形式各种各样的英语缩略语,人们该如何去判断其读音和书写呢?掌握了缩略词的读音和书写规律,那么就会容易很多.下面将介绍其读音和书写规则.一,首字母大写的缩略语,这一种多为专名,有四种情况:(1)按字母发音,不拼读,字母后不用缩写圆点,如:IOC:Inter—nationalOlympicCommittee(国际奥委会).(2)按字母发音,不拼读, 字母后要用缩写圆点,如:u.s.A.:UnitedStatesofAmeriea(~国D. z.:DoctorofZoology(动物学博士),但在现代英语中已不多见.(3)首字母可拼读缩略语,字母后不用缩写圆点,这一类缩略词在军事,技术,新闻等中广泛使用.如:NA TO:NorthAtlanticTreaty Organization(北约或北大西洋公约组织).(4)大写字母夹带小写字母,后加缩写圆点.如:I,o.B.:InstituteofBanke~(银行家学会M. o,L.:MinistryofLabor(劳工部).二,首字母小写的缩略语,这类主要为科技和各类专业用语,大致有以下三种情况:(1)首字母小写,带缩写圆点,按字母发音.如:n.c_u.:nitrogencontrolunit(氮气控制装置).(2)首字母小写,不带缩写圆点,按字母发音.如:fc:floatingcrane起重船.(3)重量,计量,速度等单位的缩写词用小写字母,如:Ib.磅;kg.公斤:in.英寸.三,截去词的首或尾的缩略语,非专名,用小写,可拼读,如: professional去掉尾部变成pro(专业人员).在缩略词中,非专业词通常小写,从事特殊行业的人员应保持书写的规范性.4结语英语缩略词在当今现代化世界里应用非常广泛,学习研究缩略语对于扩大知识面,了解科技发展的新动态,以及沟通中外交流都具有重要意义.由于缩略词比原词语或短语简短得多,这样有时容易造成对词义的误解.到目前为止,尽管缩略词有不足,但它随着时代的变化不断地增加是现代英语词汇发展的必然趋势. 只要人们熟悉缩略词的规则,规范地使用,就能很好地达到快速有效交流的目的.深入研究缩略词的结构及规则,将会日益完善英语缩略词,并且能够有效地推动其在实践生活中的广泛使用. 参考文献:【1]胡壮麟.语言学高级教程【M].北京大学出版社.2002.【2]余富林.英汉缩略语的比较和应用【M].清华大学出版社.2OO2.【3]危文等.国际组织与英语缩略词U].内蒙古科技与经济.2003. 【4]杜英秋.英语缩略词浅析U].电大理工.2006.【5]杜伦伦.新时期汉语语境中的英语缩略词语论略U].江汉大学.2006.【6]李景艳.论英语缩略语的结构与应用U].东北财经大学. 2003.口134现代企业教育MODERNENTERPRISEEDUCATION。
生活中最常见的英语缩略词大全
生活中最常见的英语缩略词大全ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line 网络快车。
AQ Adversity Quotient逆境商数ATM Automatic Teller machine即自动柜员机，自动取款机。
BBS Bulletin Board System，公告牌系统或电子公告板。
BSS Base Station System，即基站系统，指移动通信中的空中接口部分。
CARM Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine，即中国康复医学会。
CATV Cable Television，即有线电视。
CBD Central Business District，又称中央商务区。
CID Central Information District，即中央信息区CCEL China Certification Committee for Environment Labeling Production 中国环境标志产品认证委员会。
CD-ROM Compact Disk- Read Only Memory，即光盘只读存储器CET College English Test，即大学英语(论坛)测试。
Common External Tariff 对外统一关税CGFNS Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools，即外国护士毕业生委员会。
CFO Chief Finance Officer，即首席财务主管。
CGO Chief Government Officer，即首席沟通主管主要负责与政府机构之间的交流与沟通。
CIO Chief Information Officer，即首席信息主管CTO Chief Technology Officer，即首席技术主管。
China NET China Network，中国公用计算机网CI Corporate Identity，即企业形象统一战略，CPA Certified Public Accountant，即注册会计师CPI Consumer Price Index，即全国居民消费价格指数。
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remind:
if your meet new acronym,your can list here,let everyone easy to found it
you also can edit it,if you found some blank or mistake
Noacronymfull word
1AQP.ppAdvance quality planning for product and process
2ARGPgeneral risk analysis of project
3AZIMUTAchieve Zero Incident ,Monitor SQA Resources,Upgrade SQA Tools
4CAAcontract approval application
5CARcorrective action request
6CCLcommordity check list
7CDPcustomer development plan
8CEEcenter for electronic expertise
9CEMcontractual electronic manufacturer
10CSLcontrolled shipment level
11CTchoice of technologies
12DEPdevelopment efficiency plan
13DFAdesign for assembly
14DOEdesign of experiments
15DRdesign review
16DVdesign validation
17EMPLend of mass production life
18ESelectronic sourcing team
19EVAL
20FDPRfull day production run
21FTAfault tree analysis
22GPSgroup priority suppliers
23Hoshin
24I&Vintegration and validation
25IARinvestment authorization request
26IMSincidents management system
27IPintellectual property
28IPRintellectual property right
29IQinteractive questionnaire
30ISinitial samples
31ISinitial sample
32ISRinitial sample report
33Kosu
34LLClesson learnt card
35MAFadministrative& financial policy
36MPS
37MSAmaster supply agreement
38Muda日本语
39NBOHnew business on hold
40NPAnew project approval
41OTSoff tooling sample
42P3CP3 committee
43PAAproject approval application
44PDCAplan, do, check,act
45PDMproduct data management
summary of Acronym
46PLMproduct lifecycle management
47PLMCCproudct lifecycle management competency center
48PMproject manager
49PMCproject management committee
50POpurchase order
51PPBparts per billion
52PQAproduct quality assurance
53PQPproduct quality plan
54PTMproject team member
55PVCproject validation committee
56PWGprogrammed work group
57QIPquality improvement plan
58QRQCquick response quality control
59RAMSreliability, availability, maintainability, safety
60RFQrequest for quotation
61RRrepresentative run
62SCsupplier contract
63SEsimultaneous engineering
64SELsystem engineering leader
65SMEDsingle minute exchange of life
66SOPstart of production
67SPPCspecial product and process characteristic
68SQSU
69SRMsupplier relationship management
70SRRsupplier representative run
71TDPtechnology development plan
72TLAtooling loan agreements
73VPSValeo production system
74VRFvaleo generic requirements file
75VTES
d it
Chinese
产品及过程的先期质量策划
项目总体风险
de SQA Tools
合同批准申请
纠正措施要求
商品化检查清单
客户开发计划
电子技术中心
契约型电子制造商
交付水平控制
技术的选择
开发效率计划
装配计划
试验设计
设计评审
设计验证
量产过程的结束
电子资源小组
满负荷生产运作
故障树分析
全球优先供应商
集成&认可
投资授权申请
事故管理系统
知识产权
知识产权专利
互动客户问表
初始样品
首批样件
初始样品报告
计算公式为：(生产时间*操作工数量）/生产的合格品数量
经验学习卡
管理和财务手册
主要供应商协议
浪费
新项目停止
新项目批准
模具样件
P3项目委员会
项目批准申请
PDCA方法
产品数据管理
产品生命周期管理
能力中心产品生命周期管理
项止经理
项目管理委员会
采购定单
千万分之件数
产品质量保证
产品质量计划
项目组成员
项目认可委员会
程序化工作组
品质改进计划
快速响应品质控制
可靠性，可得性，可维护性，安全性
询价
代表性运行
供应商合同
同步工程
系统工程领导
生产启动
特殊产品及过程特性
供应商相关管理系统
供应商代表运行
技术发展计划
模具借用协议
法雷奥生产系统
法雷奥需求文档
Li hong tao
2012-9-13