专业英语词汇翻译
基因相关词汇专业英语翻译
基因相关词汇专业英语翻译Aactivation domain 活化结构域adapters 连接物adenine 腺嘌呤adenosine 腺ADP <adenosine diphosphate> 腺二磷酸affinity column 亲和柱AFLP <amplified fragment length polymorphisms> 增值性断片长度多态现象agrobacterium 农杆菌属alanine 丙氨酸allele 等位基因amber mutation 琥珀型突变AMP <adenosine monophosphate> 腺一磷酸ampicillin 氨青霉素anchor primer 锚状引物annealing 退火annealing temperature 退火温度anticodon 反密码子AP-PCR <arbitrarily primed PCR> 任意引物聚合链反应arbitrary primer 任意引物ATP <adenosine triphosphate> 腺三磷酸autosome 常染色体Bbaculovirus 杆状病毒base pair 基对base sequence 基顺序beta-galactosidase β-半乳糖beta-glucuronidase β-葡糖醛酸糖bioluminescence 生物发光bioremediation 生物降解biotechnology 生物技术blotting 印迹法blue-white selection 蓝白斑筛选blunt end 平<整末>端Ccatalyst 催化剂cDNA library 反向转录DNA库centromere 着丝体centrosome 中心体chemiluminescence 化学发光chiasma 交叉chromomere 染色粒chromoplast 有色体chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变chromosomal duplication 染色体复制chromosomal fibre 染色体牵丝chromosome 染色体chromosome complement 染色体组chromosome map 染色体图chromosome mutation 染色体突变clone 克隆cloning 无性繁殖系化codon 密码子codon degeneracy 密码简并codon usage 密码子选择cohesive end 黏性末端complementary DNA <cDNA> 反向转录DNA complementary gene 互补基因consensus sequence 共有序列construct 组成cosmids 黏性质粒crossing over 互换cyclic AMP <cAMP> 环腺酸cytosine 胞嘧啶Ddark band 暗带deamination 脱氨基作用decarboxylation 脱羧基作用degenerate code 简并密码degenerate PCR 退化性聚合链反应dehydrogenase 脱氢denaturation 变性deoxyribonucleoside diphospahte 脱氧核糖核一磷酸deoxyribonucleoside monophospahte 脱氧核糖核二磷酸deoxyribonucleoside triphospahte 脱氧核糖核三磷酸deoxyribose 去<脱>氧核糖dicarboxylic acid 二羧酸digoxigenin 洋地黄毒diploid 二倍体DNA <deoxyribonucleic acid> 去<脱>氧核糖核酸DNA binding domain DNA结合性结构域DNA fingerprinting DNA指纹图谱DNA helicase DNA解螺旋DNA kinase DNA激DNA ligase DNA连接DNA polymer DNA聚合物DNA polymerase DNA聚合double helix 双螺旋double-strand 双链Eelectroporation 电穿孔endonuclease 内切核酸enhancer 增强子enterokinase 肠激episome 游离基因ethidium bromide 溴乙锭eukaryotic 真核生物的euploid 整倍体exonuclease 外切核酸expressed-sequence tags 表达的序列标记片段extron 外含子FF factor F因子FAD <flavine adenine dinucleotide> 黄素腺嘌呤二<双>核酸feedback control 反馈控制feedback inhibition 反馈抑制feedback mechanism 反馈机制first filial <F1> generation 第一子代FISH <fluoresence in situ hybridization> 荧光原位杂交forward mutation 正向突变F-pilus F纤毛functional complementation 功能性互补作用fusion protein 融合蛋白Ggel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳gene 基因gene cloning 基因克隆gene conversion 基因转变gene duplication 基因复制gene flow 基因流动gene gun 基因枪gene interaction 基因相互作用gene locus 基因位点gene mutation 基因突变gene regulation 基因调节gene segregation 基因分离gene therapy 基因治疗geneome 基因组/ 染色体组genetic map 基因图genetic modified foods <GM foods> 基因食物genetics 遗传学genetypic ratio 基因型比/ 基因型比值genome 基因组/ 染色体组genomic library 基因组文库genotype 基因型giant chromosome 巨染色体globulin 球蛋白glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢GP <glycerate phosphate> 磷酸甘油酸脂GTP <guanine triphosphate> 鸟三磷酸guanine 鸟嘌呤Hhaploid 单倍体haploid generation 单倍世代heredity 遗传heterochromatin 异染色质Hfr strain 高频重组菌株holoenzyme 全homologous 同源的housekeeping gene 家务基因hybridization 杂交Iimmunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白in vitro 在体外/ 在试管内in vivio 在体内independent assortment 独立分配induced mutation 诱发性突变induction 诱导initiation codon 起始密码子inosine 次黄insert 插入片段insertional inactivation 插入失活interference 干扰intergenic 基因间的interphase 间期intragenic 基因内的intron 内含子inversion 倒位isocaudarner 同尾酸isoschizomer 同切点JKkanamycin 卡那毒素klenow fragment 克列诺夫片段Llac operon 乳糖操纵子ligase 连接ligation 连接作用light band 明带linker 连接体liposome 脂质体locus 位点Mmap distance 图距离map unit 图距单位mature transcript 成熟转录物metaphase 中期methylase 甲基化methylation 甲基化作用microarray 微列microinjection 微注射missense mutation 错差突变molecular genetics 分子遗传学monoploid 单倍体monosome 单染色体messenger RNA <mRNA> 信使RNAmultiple alleles 复<多>等位基因mutagen 诱变剂mutagenesis 诱变mutant 突变体mutant gene 突变基因mutant strain 突变株mutation 突变mutation rate 突变率muton 突变子NNAD <nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide> 烟醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸NADP <nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate> 烟醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸磷酸nicking activity 切割活性nonsense codon 无意义密码子nonsense mutation 无意义突变Northern blot Northern印迹法nuclear DNA 核DNAnuclear gene 核基因nuclease 核酸nucleic acid 核酸nucleoside 核nucleoside triphosphate 核三磷酸nucleotidase 核酸nucleotide 核酸nucleotide sequence 核酸序列Ooligonucleotide 寡核酸one gene one polypeptide hypothesis 一个基因一种学说operon 操纵子oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧作用oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化作用PPCR <polymerase chain reaction> 聚合链反应peptidepeptide bond 键phagemids 噬菌粒phosphorylation 磷酸化作用physical map 物理图谱plasmid 质粒point mutation 点突变poly<A> tail poly<A>尾polymerase 聚合polyploid 多倍体positional cloning 位置性无性繁殖系化primary transcript 初级转录物primer 引物probe 探针prokaryotic 原核的promoter 启动子protease 蛋白purine 嘌呤pyrimidine 嘧啶QRrandom segregation 随机分离RAPD <rapid amplified polymorphic DNA> 快速扩增多态DNAreading frame 阅读码框recessive gene 隐性基因recombinant 重组体recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术recombination 重组regulator <gene> 调控基因replica 复制物/ 印模replica plating 复制平皿<板>培养法replication 复制replication origin 复制起点reporter gene 报道基因repression 阻遏repressor 阻遏物repressor gene 阻遏基因resistance strain 抗药性菌株restriction 限制作用restriction enzyme 限制性内切restriction mapping 限制性内切图谱retrovirus 反转录病毒reverse transcription 反转录作用RFLP <restricted fragment length polymorphisms> 限制性断片长度多态现象ribonucleotide 核糖核酸ribose 核糖ribosomal RNA <rRNA> 核糖体RNAribosome 核糖体RNA <ribonucleic acid> 核糖核酸RNA polymerase I RNA聚合IRNA polymerase II RNA聚合IIRNA polymerase III RNA聚合IIIR-plasmid R质粒/ 抗药性质粒Ssecond filial <F2> generation 第二子代self-ligation 自我连接作用shuttle vectors 穿梭载体sigma factor σ因子single nucleotide polymorphism 单核酸多态性single-stranded DNA 单链DNAsister chromatid 姊妹染色单体sister chromosome 姊妹染色体site-directed mutagenesis 定点诱变somatic cell 体细胞Southern blot Southern印迹法splice 拼接star activity 星号活性stationary phase 静止生长期sticky end 黏性末端stop codon 终止密码子structural gene 结构基因supernatant 上层清液supressor 抑制基因Ttelophase 末期template 模板terminator 终止子tetracycline 四环素thymine 胸腺嘧啶tissue culture 组织培养transcription 转录作用transfer RNA <tRNA> 转移RNA transformation 转化作用transgene 转基因translation 翻译/ 平移transmembrane 跨膜triplet 三联体triplet code 三联体密码triploid 三倍体UVvector 载体WWestern blot Western印迹法Aalternative splicing -- Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons and introns, the latter being removed by RNA splicing before transcribed mRNA leaves the nucleus. Commonly, a single gene can encode several different mRNA transcripts, caused by cell- or tissue-specific combination of different exons. This is known as alternative splicing.Annealing -- The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix <see also hybridization>Antisense strand -- the DNA strand of a gene which, during transcription, is used as a template by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA strand.反股-- 意指一股DN**段为基因之所在,因此可用来当做模版使得RNA反转录脢在转录RNA时,可以合成和此DN**段完全结合的RN**段.BBifurcation -- The graphical representation in a phylogenetic tree of an evolutionary speciation event whereby an ancestral taxon splits into two.分歧点-- 在演化的种形成事件中,物种由相同来源一分为二,其在种系发生树中的图示点.blotting -- General term for the transfer of protein, RNA or DNA molecules from a relatively thick acrylamide or agarose gel to a paper-like membrane <usually nylon or nitrocellulose> by capillarity or an electric field, preserving the spatial arrangment. Once on the membrane, the molecules are immobilized, typically by baking or by ultraviolet irradiation, and can then be detected at high sensitivity by hybridization <in the case of DNA and RNA>, or antibody labelling <in the case of protein>. RNA blots are called Northern blots; DNA blots, Southern; protein blots, Western.Blunt ends -- Descriptive of the structure of double-stranded DNA in which neither strand of the duplex extends further from the end than the other; often the product of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. <see alsosticky ended>Branch -- The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree.分枝-- 在种系发生树中,物种演化相互关系的图示.CCancer Genome Anatomy Project -- The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project <CGAP> is an interdisciplinary program established and administered by the National Cancer Institute <NCI> to generate the information and technological tools needed to decipher the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell.癌症基因体解剖计划-- 癌症基因体解剖计划〔CGAP〕已经由国际癌症学会〔NCI〕建立并经营于于各个学科间,主要是产生信息及技术工具以便解决癌症细胞的分子解剖的各项秘密Cap -- a specialized chemical group that is naturally added to the 5’ end of mRNA.帽子-- 一个特殊群,在自然下会加到5端的mRNA上CASP -- Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure PredictionCASP -- 于蛋白质结构的预测上作一关键性的技术评估cDNA -- Complementary DNA; DNA that is synthesized, by reverse transcriptase, from an mRNA template, and therefore has no introns. <see also genomic DNA>cDNA library -- A collection of cells, usually E. coli, transformed by DNA vectors each of which contains a different cDNA insert synthesized from a collection of mRNA species. <see also genomic library>Cis-element -- a regulatory DNA sequence that serves as a protein binding site and controls the transcription of adjacent genes.Clade -- A complete group of organisms derived from a common ancestor.进化枝,分化枝-- 生物体的全部族群源自于共同始祖Cloning vector -- A technique for obtaining the desired gene that involves "chopping up" the entire genetic complement of a cell using restriction enzymes, then attaching each <resultant> DNA fragment to a vector and transferring it into a bacterium, and finally screening those <engineered> bacteria to locate the bacteria that are producing the desired product <e.g., a protein>.Codon -- a nucleotide triplet which specifies an amino acid or a signal for terminating the synthesis of a polypeptide.密码子-- 对应到特定胺基酸的核甘酸三联体或使多月太链合成中止的讯号Consensus tree -- A branching diagram produced using a method for combining the grouping information contained in a set of cladograms for the same taxa into a single topology.共同树-- 利用分枝图分群方式合并分群讯息, 使相同之taxa包含在进化枝的集合中Convergence -- The independent evolution of similar genetic or phenotypic traits.收敛-- 具相似基因或表现型特征的独立演化CpG islands -- short stretch of DNA, often 〈1 kb, containing CpG dinucleotides which are unmethylated and present at the expected frequency. CpG islands often occur at transcriptionally active DNA.CpG island -- 长度小于1000 个碱基的脱氧核糖核酸, 其中包含未甲基化的CpG 双核甘酸序列, 并以特定的频率出现 . CpG island 通常出现在随时准备好转录或转译的脱氧核糖核酸中可以观察到DdbEST -- dbEST is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags, from a number of organisms.表现序列标帜数据库-- 表现序列标帜数据库是基因库内的一部份,内含序列数据库和"只有单股定序"的互补DNA<cDNA>序列信息或一些生物体的表现序列标帜Denaturation -- The destruction of the ordered folding of a protein or nucleic acid that is required for its normal function. Protein denaturation often involves a change from a specific globular or fibrous conformation to a random coil; nucleic acid denaturation often involves the dissociation of a duplex into single strands. <see also native structure>Digital Differential Display -- Survey sequencing of mRNA gene products provides an indirect means of generating gene expression fingerprints for cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Digital Differential Display <DDD> is a computer method for comparing these fingerprints. Using a statistical test, genes whose expression levels differ significantly from one tissue to the next are identified and shown to the user.数字差异陈列-- 观察mRNA基因的序列产生提供一间接方法为了癌症细胞及与癌症细胞极为相似但是正常的细胞能够产生基因表现指纹.数字差异陈列〔DDD〕是利用计算机统计的方法来比较各个组织不同层级的基因表现.Distance <evolutionary distance> -- A measure of the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site between two homologous DNA sequences that have accumulated since the divergence between the sequences.距离〔演化远近〕-- 从两条相似DNA序列间发生相异处收集每个核甘酸位置发生替换个数的量度Divergence -- The splitting of a taxonomic unit into two.DNA cloning -- The production of a lineage of cells all of which contain one kind of DNA fragment of interest derived from a population of many kinds of DNA fragments. Operationally by:inserting <recombining> a population of DNA molecules, known to contain the DNA of interest, into a population of vector DNA molecules in such a way that each vector molecule contains only a single DNA molecule from the original population;transforming a population of host cells with the vector DNA recombinants such that each host cell takes up only one vector;growing single host cells separately <cloning> by plating at low density to form a collection of separate colonies;screening the colonies <clones> formed for the presence of the DNA of interest.DNA library -- A library composed of complementary copies of cellular messenger RNAs.DNA microarray -- Initially developed by Patrick Brown during the 1980s, these microarrays enable analysis of the levels of expression of genes in an organism, or comparison of gene expression levels <e.g., between diseased and non-diseased tissues> via hybridization of messenger RNA <mRNA> to its counterpart DNA sequence... when biological samples containing DNA <e.g., in liquid> are passed-over the array surface.DNA polymerase -- An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that polymerize DNA nucleotides using single ordouble-stranded DNA as a template.dot blot -- Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper, a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by using a peroxidase-coupled second antibody, as in Western blot or by other visualization methods.点印-- 侦测特殊蛋白质或遗传讯息的方法. 在硝化纤维纸上点上特殊的点状溶液, 其中含有特殊的抗体或探针,在这些抗体或探针上再使用过氧化反应连结上二次抗体,用以提供呈色反应, 就类似西方转渍反应或者其它类似的方法.EEctopic <illegitimate> transcription -- low-level transcription in many cell types of genes which are predominantly expressed in certain types of cell易位<不合规那么>转录-- 在许多形式细胞低量转录某些特定细胞显著表现的基因exon -- The sequences of the RNA primary transcript <or the DNA that encodes them> that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighbouring exons are separated by introns.表现子-- 离开原子核成为讯息核糖核酸分子的核糖核酸主要转录序列. 在主要转录过程附近,表现子会被介入子所分开.FGgene -- Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge. It is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. Given the occurrence of split genes, it might be re-defined as the set of DNA sequences <exons> that are required to produce a single polypeptide.基因-- 原本是定义遗传上的物质单位,但随着知识的增加意义也随之改变.也许现在最好定义它是遗传上的单位,占有染色体上一个特别的区域,可被证实有不同的对偶型式.对分离的基因来说,它可被定义成一组需要用来产生蛋白质的脱氧核糖核酸序列,即外子.genomic DNA -- DNA that has been isolated from a cell and therefore contains introns, as opposed to cDNA Genomic library -- A collection of transformed cells, each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism, e.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. <see also cDNA library>Glycosylation -- the addition of carbohydrates to proteins.醣化作用-- 在蛋白质上连接碳水化合物.HHelicase -- A protein that unwinds DNA at replication forks.]HGI -- HGI, the Human Gene Index, replaced the Human cDNA Database<HCD> in April of 1997. HGI contains human EST sequences sequenced at TIGR as well as human ESTs from GenBanks dbEST database. There are a set of 29 non-human gene indices at TIGR. All the information contained in these databases is free, no password or contract is required as it was with HCD. In addition to the Indices, TIGR offers the TIGR Microbial Database, the TIGR Parasites Database, the Expressed Gene Anatomy Database, and the BAC End Sequence Database.HGI -- 全名为Human Gene Index.是人类基因的参考索引,在1997年4月时候取代了HCD<Human cDNA Database>的功能.HGI包含NCBI<GeneBank>中db EST数据库及TIGER机构所定序出来的人类表现序列标志<EST>序列信息.此外,在TIGER机构中也有29个非人类的基因参考索引<non- human gene indices>,而且所有信息都是免费的;像HCD一般,不需签合约与通关密码就可取得信息.除了基因的参考索引,TIGER机构也提供微生物数据库<TIGER Microbial Database>、寄生虫数据库<TIGER Parasites Databases>、表现基因之解剖学数据库<Expressed Gene Anatomy Database>以及BAC载体端序列数据库<BAC End Sequence Database>. Housekeeping genes -- Tissue-specific gene expression持家基因-- 属于特定组织才有的基因表现Hybridization -- <of nucleic acids> Technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridization can be carried out in solution or with one component immobilized on a gel or, most commonly, nitrocellulose paper. Hybrids are detected by various means: visualization in the electron microscope; by radioactively labelling one component and removing non-complexed DNA; or by washing or digestion with an enzyme that attacks single-stranded nucleic acids and finally estimating the radioactivity bound. Hybridizations are done in all combinations: DNA-DNA <DNA can be rendered single-stranded by heat denaturation>,DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA. In situ hybridizations involve hybridizing a labelled nucleic acid <often labelled with a fluorescent dye> to suitably prepared cells or histological sections. This is used particularly to look for specific transcription or localization of genes to specific chromosomes <FISH analysis>.The time- andtemperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix = annealing <hybridization>Homology -- Similarity by common ancestry or genetic relatedness.II.M.A.G.E. Consortium Goals -- The I.M.A.G.E. Consortium was initiated in 1993 by four academic groups on a collaborative basis after informal discussions led to a common vision of how to achieve an important goal in the study of the human genome: the Integrated Molecular Analysis of Genomes and their Expression. Specifically, we share high-quality, arrayed cDNA libraries and place sequence, map, and expression data on the clones in these arrays into the public domain. Using this information, unique clones can be rearrayed to form a "master array" which we hope will ultimately contain a representative cDNA from each and every gene in the genome under study. The human and mouse genomes are the first to be studied. Recently, rat, zebrafish, and Xenopus have been added, and we anticipate arraying <and sharing> cDNA libraries from additional species over time. All of our clones are available free of any royalties, and may be used by anyone agreeing with our guidelines.I.M.A.G.E. 联盟目标-- 公元1993 年四个学术团队在非正式讨论后,对于如何达成人类基因体研究重要目标有了共识,因此开始合作I.M.A.G.E. 联盟：基因体及其表现的整合性分子层次分析.尤其我们将高品质排列好的互补脱氧核糖核酸〔cDNA 〕数据库以及这些微盘数组中植株的序列图谱和表现资料置于公众领域.利用这个信息,我们希望将来可以产生包含研究中基因体每一个基因的各个代表性互补脱氧核糖核酸的最终「原版微盘数组」, 并从其中重新排列出独一无二的植株组.最先研究的是人类和小鼠的基因体.近来大鼠,斑马鱼和非洲有爪水生蛙〔Xenopus 〕的研究陆续加入,我们预期排列〔和共享〕新加入研究物种的互补脱氧核糖核酸数据库也会陆续产生.我们所有的植株免任何授权费提供任何人在同意我们规X指导下的使用.Informative site -- A site that is used to choose the most-parsimonious tree from among all the possible phylogenetic trees. In molecular evolution, a site where there are at least two different kinds of nucleotides or amino acids, and each of them is represented in at least two sequences.intron -- A non-coding sequence of DNA within a gene <cf. exon>, that is transcribed into hnRNA but is then removed by RNA splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm. Introns are poorly conserved and of variable length, but the regions at the ends are self-complementary, allowing a hairpin structure to form naturally in the hnRNA; this is the cue for removal by RNA splicing. Introns are thought to play an important role in allowing rapid evolution of proteins by exon shuffling. Genes may contain as many as 80 introns.介入子-- 基因内未编码的DNA序列<参见编码顺序>, 虽然它转录成hnRNA, 但在细胞核内RNA剪接后移除, 保留成熟的mRNA, 亦即在细胞质内进行转译. Intron 不易保存且长度多变, 但在末端区域它能自我互补, 并且在hnRNA内行成自然型式的发簪结构, 这暗示着RNA剪接后移除. Intron 在蛋白质编码顺序曳步的快速发展扮演重要角色, 基因中可能含有80个以上的intron.JKLLagging strand <Okazaki fragment> -- Fragments of a single-stranded DNA synthesized on the discontinuous site of a DNA replication fork. <see also semi-discontinuous>Leading strand -- The continuous DNA strand synthesized at a fork during DNA replication. <see also lagging strand; semi-discontinuous>Ligase -- One of a class of enzymes that join two substrate molecules in energy- <usually ATP-> dependent reaction, e.g. an amino acyl-tRNA synthetase, a carboxylase; in molecular biology, an enzyme that attaches the 3-end of one polynucleotide to the 5-end of another. <see also synthetase>Locus control region <LCR> -- a stretch of DNA containing regulatory elements which control the expression of genes in a gene cluster that may be located tens of kilobases away.基因点控制区-- 一群基因丛集中额外含有控制基因表现的调节子的DNA,可能位于数万个碱基之外MMaximum parsimony -- The selection of the phylogenetic tree requiring the least number of substitutions from among all possible phylogenetic trees as the most likely to be the true tree.Messenger RNA <mRNA> -- an RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.信使核糖核酸-- 核糖核酸的一种,当蛋白质合成中当作模板指定讯息的转译.Monophyletic -- Sharing a common ancestor.Multifurcation -- A graphical representation of an unknown branching order in a phylogenetic tree involving three or more taxa. Rarely, a graphical representation of a speciation event resulting in the simultaneous production of more than two species.NNatural selection <selection> -- Differential reproduction of different members of a species due to the variability in fitness among individuals or genotypes, leading to changes in allele frequencies over time.天择-- 天择是改变对偶基因频率的主要因素,因为天择的结果使某种基因型的个体减少,因而改变原有的对偶基因频率.Neutral mutation -- Evolution at the molecular level is primarily determined by mutational input and random genetic drift, rather than by natural selection.天然突变-- 演化过程中在分子的层次上主要是经由随机的基因流而决定,并非藉由天择所影响.Northern blot -- An electroblotting method in which RNA is transferred to a filter and detected by hybridization to32 P-labelled RNA or DNA.北方转渍法-- 一种电子转印方法,将RNA 转移至滤纸上,加上要试验的放射性标志RNA或DNA,以进行杂合,以自动显影技术观察OPPDB -- Protein Data BankPDB -- 蛋白质数据库Phylogenetics -- The reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of taxa or genes.中性<一般>突变-- 分子层次的演化,主要来自天然突变和遗传漂变,而不是天择.系统发生学重建生物之间数个相关种或一群相关基因的演化历史Phylogeny -- The evolutionary history of a group of taxa or genes and their ancestors.Poly-A tail -- a tract of about 200 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ ends of eukaryotic mRNAs. Polyadenylation -- the process of adding a poly-A tail to a pre-mRNA.Polymerase chain reaction <PCR> -- The first practical system for in vitro amplification of DNA, and as such one of the most important recent developments in molecular biology. Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers, which are complementary to two regions of the target DNA <one for each strand> to be amplified, are added to the target DNA <that need not be pure>, in the presence of excess deoxynucleotides and Taq polymerase〉Taqpolymerase, a heat-stable DNA polymerase. In a series <typically 30> of temperature cycles, the target DNA is repeatedly denatured <around 90°C>, annealed to the primers <typically at 50-60°C> and a daughter strand extended from the primers <72°C>. As the daughter strands themselves act as templates for subsequent cycles, DNA fragments matching both primers are amplified exponentially, rather than linearly. The original DNA need thus be neither pure nor abundant, and the PCR reaction has accordingly become widely used not only in research, but in clinical diagnostics and forensic science.聚合<酉每> 反应-- 以人工方法将一段DNA复制,是分子生物近期的一项重大发明.利用两种合成的引发物<primer>,互补于目标DNA的两端<分别在不同的单股>,加入目标DNA<不需特别纯化>,加入过量的dNTP和Taq 聚合<酉每>< Taq聚合<酉每> : 是耐热<酉每> >.在一连续的温度变化周期<典型30个周期>,重复的使目标DNA 变性<约摄氏90度>,黏附住引发物<典型于摄氏50-60度>借此延伸复制出子股<摄氏72度>.而子股那么在下一次的周期中被当成新的模板,这些DN**段以指数性倍率被复制,并非线性.如此一来取得的DNA可以容许不够干净或量极少,因此聚合<酉每>反应不只用于科学研究,也被广泛的用于临床使用和法医学上.Pre-mRNA -- the primary transcripts that are processed to form messenger RNAs in eukaryotic cells.信使核糖核酸前驱物-- 为脱氧核糖核酸经由转录而得的最初转录体,要再经过修饰处理才变成信使核糖核酸,在真核生物中,修饰的作用包括5’端的加帽作用及3’端的聚腺核苷酸化作用,此外,也会进行编码序列剪接作用. Primase -- An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.Primer -- An RNA sequence hybridized to a DNA template whose elongation by a DNA polymerase constitutes DNA synthesis. A random primer is a mixture of polynucleotides with all four bases at each sequence position; an arbitrary primer is a single species with a single base at each sequence position.Probe -- A polynucleotide, often radiolabelled, used to detect complementary sequences, e.g. an mRNA used to locate its gene by a corresponding Southern blotting method.= hybridization probePromoter -- a combination of short sequence elements to which RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription of a gene.RReading frame -- The translational reading frame describes the mechanism which moves a ribosome three nucleotides at a time during translation.读取片段-- 一种机制,用于描述核醣体在转译的过程,一次移动三个核甘酸Recombinant DNA technology -- Techniques of gene cloning. Recombinant DNA refers to the molecule formed by joining a DNA of interest to vector DNA. See gene cloning.Replication forks -- The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand. Restriction endonucleases -- Endonuclease that recognizes a particular short DNA sequence which they cleave. They help to protect cells from viral infection and are used in work with DNA.Reverse transcriptase -- A DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template; an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Ribosomal RNA <rRNA> -- the RNA component of ribosomes.核糖体核糖核酸-- 核糖核酸的一种,为组成核糖体的成分Ribosomes -- particles composed of RNA and proteins that are the sites of protein synthesis.粒线体-- 由核糖核酸和蛋白质组成的颗粒,是蛋白质合成的场所.Root -- In rooted trees, the common ancestor of all the taxa under study.RNA <ribonucleic acid> -- a polymer of ribonucleotides核糖核酸-- 为核糖核苷酸的聚合物,核糖核甘酸由含氮碱基、五碳醣基与磷酸根组成,其中碱基决定为哪一种核糖核酸,核糖核苷酸的种类有四种,有：腺核糖核苷酸、尿核糖核苷酸、鸟份核糖核苷酸、胞核糖核苷酸RNA splicing -- RNA sequences transcribed from introns are excised and discarded while those transcribed from exons are spliced together in the same linear order as the exons.SSAGE -- Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, or SAGE, is an experimental technique designed to gain a quantitative measure of gene expression. The SAGE technique itself includes several steps utilizing molecular biological, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics techniques. These steps have been used to produce 9 or 10 base "tags", which are then, in some manner, assigned gene descriptions. For experimental reasons, these tags are immediately adjacent to the 3 end of the 3-most NlaIII restriction site in cDNA sequencesSAGE -- 基因表现的连续分析〔SAGE〕,是一种实验的设计为了得到一个确切的基因表现量.SAGE技术包括利用几个分子生物的步骤,DNA定序及生物信息的技术.这个步骤可以产生9或10个碱基的"标签"经由实验的结果,这些标签会接近含有大量NlaIII限制脢的cDNA序列的3端。
科技英语翻译专业词汇-能动
能动专业词汇primary(second) energy 初級(二级)能源renewable energy resources 再生能源資源intellectual building 智能建筑energy-efficiency standards 能源效率标准energy intensity 能源强度direct(indirect) energy saving 直接(间接)节能first（second）law efficiency by thermodynamics第一(二)定律效率energy efficiency 能源效率energy conservation 节能leading coal producing province 主要产煤省mainline conveyor 主线输送机Global Positioning System（GPS）全球卫星定位系统mine field 煤田coking coal 炼焦煤Continuous Miner 连续采煤机steam air heater 蒸气加热器inverter 转换开关induced draft fan 引风机large scale integrate circuit 大规模集成电路air circuit breaker 空气断路器air-insulated 空气绝缘的alternating current 交流电annunciator 报警器automatic control system 自动控制系统natural/thermal circulation 自然循环motor starter 电动机启动装置operation condition 运行工况boiler/steam generator 锅炉optimum control 最优控制Multi Function Process(MFP) 多功能处理器natural gas 天然气central control room (CCR) 集控室circuit breaker 断路器photo-electric 光电energy saving of high efficiency 高效节能circulation cooling 循环冷却refractory design 耐火设计F.A.N duct 风管fluidizing nozzle 液化喷嘴trim piping and valve 管道和阀门内件MCC（Motor Control Center）马达控制中心DCS （Distributed Control System）分散控制系统PA/SA/ID fan (primary/secondary/induced Draft fan) 一次风机二次风机/引风机gas air heater 气体空气加热器limestone pneumatic transfer system 灰岩废料除尘系统limestone feed system 灰岩进料系统sand feed system 沙进料系统start-up burner 启动燃烧器SNCR system 选择性无触媒还原系统stack & structure 堆叠&结构acid cleaning 酸洗interstage leakage 级间漏汽coal bunker 原煤斗intervetion/disturbing/bump 扰动excess air 过量空气isolate 相互隔离steam drum 汽包item 物品、元件sub-distribution transformer 低压厂用变journal bearing 支持轴承6kv station board 6KV公用配电屏kilo-volt 千伏6kv unit board 6KV配电屏low pressure cylinder/casing(LP) 低压缸A: ampere 安培actuator 执行机构LED 发光二极管adapter 转接器、接头、light/ignite 点火linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 线性差动变压器air dry 分析基linearization 线性化air preheater 空气预热器liquid 液态live steam 主蒸汽algorithms 算法load tap-changing 有载调压的alignment 平直度log 记录、日志alteration 改造longitudinal 纵向的lug 吊耳ammonia 氨major pant item 主要辅机amplitude 幅度making current 关合电流analogue 模拟量malfunction 误动作Analogue to Digital conversion 模数转换mechanism 操作机构annex 附属部分medium 媒介、介质annular 环状的membrane panel/wall 膜式壁microgovernor 微型调速器anthracite 无烟煤mill 铁素体apex 顶点millivolt 毫伏archive buffer 文件缓冲器Mimic 模拟图armature 电枢MMC: motor control center 电动机控制中心as received 应用基Modulation 调节、调制ash 灰分modulation-demodulation 调制解调ASM 模拟子模块moisture 水分attemperator 减温器monitor mode 监控方式Automatic Boiler Controls 锅炉自动控制monitor/monitor unit 监控器monitoring 监测autonomous 独立存在的monoxide 一氧化碳auxiliary 辅助的axial 轴向的motor-operated 电动操纵的back-up 备用moving blades/ blading 动叶片bar 条形multifork root 叉型叶根bargraph 条形图batch 成组的、成批的MVA: mega volt-ampere 兆伏安baud rate 波特率bay 隔间bearing house 轴承座network 电网bearing pad 轴瓦neutral point 中性点binary 二进制的nitrogen 氮binary cell 二进制单元node 节点binary counter 二进制计数器notch V形凹槽bit 比特、位ohm 欧姆bituminous 烟煤blank 毛胚oiled-cable 油浸式电缆blow 熔断open loop 开环blow/purge 吹扫open-cycle 开环blowdown pipe 排污管boil 沸腾Boil out 煮炉order polynomial 多项式breaking current 开断电流orientation 定位brown coal/lignite 褐煤outage 停运bubble 汽泡outdoor 户外的burner 燃烧器outer casing 外缸bus interface module(BIM) 总线接口模块overhaul 大修busbar/bus 母线overhead 架空的cable 电缆overhead transmission line 架空输电线calibration 检验overview 全貌、总的看法capacitance 电容oxidized condition/atmosphere 氧化气氛capacitive current 电容电流oxygen 氧capacitor 电容器palm terminal 星型capacity 容量panel 配电盘、屏、板carbon 碳parallel interface 并行接口cast resin transformer 树脂浇注变压器casting 锻造pedestal 轴承座centerline 中心线peer 同类的permanent 长久的channel 通道、信道permanent magnet 永久磁铁character 符号字符permeability 磁导率charger 充电器PF burner/pulverized fuel burner 煤粉燃烧器chronological 按时间顺序的phase change 相变pick-ups 采样器circumferential 周围的pilot exciter 副励磁机clearance 间隙pipe 管道closed loop 闭环plane 平面plant-loop 厂环coal feeder 给煤机pneumatic pilot valve 启动控制阀coil 线圈power plant 电厂cold junction compensation 冷端补偿collar 轴环power supplies 电源Commission 试运行pressure 压力commissioning operation 试运行。
土木工程专业英语翻译(词汇篇)
Chapter 3
Words and Phases
carbon dioxide: 二氧化碳（CO2） calcium oxide: 氧化钙（CaO） tricalcium silicate: 硅酸三钙 dicalcium silicate: 硅酸二钙 tricalcium aluminate: 铝酸三钙 tetracalcium aluminoferrite: 铁铝酸四钙 shrinkage: 收缩 calcium hydroxide: 氢氧化钙 calcium silicate hydrate: 水化硅酸钙 sulfate: 硫酸盐 Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Words and Phases
impurities: 有害杂质 mica: 云母 silt: 淤泥 organic substance: 有机物 sulphide: 硫化物 sulphate: 硫酸盐 chloride: 氯化物
Chapter 4
Words and Phases
Words and Phases
pottery陶瓷 steel 钢材 wood 木材 wetting angle 润湿角 hydrophilic property亲水性 hydrophobic property憎水性 water-absorbing quality 吸水性 water absorption吸水率 water percentage 含水率
Chapter 2
Words and Phases
dolomite ground slaked lime 白云石消石 灰粉 over-burnt lime 过火石灰 under-burnt lime 欠火石灰 crystallization 结晶 carbonization 碳化 soundness 体积安定性 water retentivity保水性 shrinkage 收缩 Chapter 2
消防专业词汇英语翻译
inspection list = punch list 月清单 inspection pit 检查井 inspection shaft 检查 井 inspection switch 检查 开关 inspection 防火检查< 消防队员去 防火责任区 的现场调查 inspector 检验员 inspiration 吸气 instability 不稳定性 installation testing 安 装试验
inner room 内房间 innoxious substance 无害物质 inorganic acid 无机酸 inorganic chemistry 无机化学 inorganic coating 无 机涂料 inorganic 无机的 input module 输 入模块
input 输入 Insce = insurance 保险 insect damage 昆 虫损坏 insect infestation 昆虫骚扰 insecticidal fogging 杀 虫剂喷雾 inside diameter 内径
coverage 保险范围 insurance expense 保 险费 insurance fee 保险费 insurance fraud 诈骗 保险金 insurance in force 有 效保险 insurance
indemnity 保险赔偿金 insurance industry 保 险业
instant fire extinguish ment 紧急 灭火 instant operation 紧急操作 instantane ous combustio n 瞬时燃烧 instantane ous flash 瞬闪 instantane ous radiation 瞬时辐射
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
推荐译法可接受的译法特定语境下的替代译法行政诉讼administrative litigation judicial review行政复议administrative reconsideration administrative review信访petition letters and visits// Xinfang法律law法规regulation规章rule规范性文件normative document行政机关administrative organ agency administrative authority行政执法人员administrative law enforcement officer administrative official// government official 行政相对人the concerned person citizens, legal persons and otherorganizationsthe party行政行为administrative action administrative act administrative decision具体行政行为specific administrative act concrete administrative act行政处罚administrative penalty administrative punishment行政许可administrative licensing administrative license行政强制administrative coercion行政强制措施administrative coercive measure行政强制执行administrative execution execution of administrative act行政裁决administrative adjudication administrative ruling行政责任administrative responsibility administrative accountability//administrative liability行政处分disciplinary sanction行政赔偿administrative compensation state compensation行政补偿administrative recuperation Buchang依法治国govern the country according to law govern the country in accordance with thelaw govern the country under rule of law //rule the country according to law依法行政administration according to law administration in accordance with the law law-based administration// administrationunder rule of law法治政府law-based government rule of law government government under rule of law案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师counsel prohac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人（仲裁）claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures报案report a case (to security authorities)被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人vict im’s agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People’s Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme Peop le’s Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith。
教育学专业词汇英语
教育专业词汇的英语翻译人才枯竭exhaustion of human resources辍/失学青少年school dropout/leaver基金会foundation服务性行业service trade在职培训on-the-job/in-service training基础科学the fundamentals学分制the credit system三学期制the trimester system税收tax revenue多学科的multi-disciplinary重点大学key university授予（学士）confer被授权be authorized to do专业specialty爱国人士patriotic personage国家教育经费national expenditure on education财政拨款financial allocation毕业论文thesis; dissertation毕业实习graduation field work毕业设计graduation design毕业典礼graduation ceremony; commencement毕业证书diploma; graduation certificate博士生导师Ph.D advisor; doctoral advisor(supervisor)授予某人学位to confer a degree on sb.升级to be promoted to a higher grade留级to repeat the year‘s work; to stay down补考make-up examination升学t o go to a school of a higher grade; to enter a higher school升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade奖学金scholarship（国家）助学金(state)stipend/subsidy领取助学金的学生a grant-aided student学费tuition (fee)占百分比account for ...%专任教师full-time teacher国际文化交流intercultural communication教育方针guideline(s)/guiding principle(s) for education教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全面发展的建设者和接班人。
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】南昌市 Nanchang Municipality南京市 Nanjing Municipality南宁市 Nanning Municipality南平市 Nanping Municipality南通市 Nantong Municipality脑外伤综合症 combined external head injuries年报 annual report年度账目 annual accounts宁波市 Ningbo Municipality宁静的占有权 quiet possession宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 扭亏为盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources纽约公约 New York Convention农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement农工商联合企业 agro-industrial-commercial combines农垦区 land reclamation district农民集体 peasant collective农药残留物 pesticide residue农业部 Ministry of Agriculture农业发展银行 Agriculture Development Bank农业税 agricultural tax农转非 rural residents become urban residents虐待 maltreat虐待罪 crime of abuse挪用公款 misappropriation of public funds殴打他人 assault偶犯 casual offender排斥外在证据原则 parol evidence rule排除责任条款 exclusion clause排纷解讼 dissolution of disputes and litigation排他性的独占权 exclusive monopoly right派生的分租人 derivative under-lessor派生的分租租契 derivative under-lease判案理由 adjudicative reasons, grounds of judgment判处 sentence判定 confirm判定债务人没有付款的誓章 affidavit of default on the part of the judgment debtor 判决 judgment判决理据 grounds of judgment判决书 written judgment判决执行 enforcement of the judgment判刑 sentence泡沫经济 bubble economy泡沫效应 bubble effect培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth赔偿 compensate赔偿金 compensation money赔偿损失 compensation for losses赔偿责任 liability to damages配股 allotment of shares, rationed shares配合饲料 compound/mix feed配偶 spouse配偶的父母 parents-in-law配套改革 concomitant reforms配套人民币资金 local currency funding of批复 Reply批评教育 re-education批准 approve, approval批准机关 approval authority批准文号 registered number of approval批租土地 leasehold批租土地财产 leasehold property批租土地权益 leasehold interest披露 disclose皮包公司 briefcase company片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth偏瘫 hemiplegia姘居 illicit cohabitation拼音隔音符 notes and comment品质 quality平仓 close out, cover, position squaring平仓价 exit price平等互利协商一致的原则 principles of equality and mutual benefit and of negotiated consensus平等权 equal right平调给 assign平顶山市 Pingdingshan Municipality平衡发展 balanced development平价 parity平价期权 at-the-money option平均价盘 average value order平均每日成交额 average daily turnover平买入仓 closing buy平卖出仓 closing sale平稳回升 steady recovery评价 assess凭票要求付款予持票人的银行纸币 bank notes payable to bearer on demand凭样品的货物销售 sale of goods by sample瓶颈制约 bottleneck迫使 coerces破产管理人 receiver破产清算 liquidation破坏电力设备 sabotage of electrical power equipment破坏军人婚姻罪 crime of damaging the marriage of a member of the Armed Force破坏社会主义经济秩序罪 crime of undermining the socialist economic order破坏司法公正 perverting the course of justice破坏他人财产 destroy private property破裂 collapse铺底流动资金 initial working capital普遍回升 broad-based recovery普遍优惠制 generalized preferential system, general system of preferences普通法 common law普通法院 Common Court七五环保项目领导小组 The Seventh Five Year PlanEnvironmental Protection Projects Leading Group 期初存货 opening stock期末存货 closing stock期票 promissory note欺压 oppression欺诈性不作为 fraudulent omission齐齐哈尔市 Qiqihaer Municipality企图妨碍司法公正 attempting to pervert the course of justice企业办社会 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities企业产权 property rights of enterprises企业法人 enterprise legal person企业集团战略 corporate group strategy企业兼并重组 company merger and restructuring企业领导班子 enterprise management企业所得税 enterprise income tax企业效益 corporate profitability企业重组 reshuffle of the enterprises企业注册局 Enterprise Registration Bureau企业资金违规流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market 企业资信证 capital credit certificate启蒙时代 Age of Enlightenment起诉 bring a suit against sb起诉 initiate a public prosecution起诉书 Bill of Indictment起诉要求赔偿损失 sue for damage, start a suit to one's loss起诉意见书 Written Opinion Recommending Prosecution起诉状 statement of complaint汽垫船 hovercraft契据 deed契据式合同 contract by deed契税 deed tax契约法 law of contract契约自由 freedom of ntract洽商 discussion迁徙自由 freedom of movement前父母 former parent前提条件 pre-conditions潜逃境外 absconding abroad欠缴 default of payment欠款证明书 certificate of arrears欠缺抗辩书 in default of defence欠缺所有权 want of title欠缺真诚 want of good faith欠税 tax arrears欠条 IOU欠妥 Defect, deficient欠妥之处 defect欠息 overdue interest强化税收征管 strengthen tax administration强奸 rape强迫婚姻 coerced marriage强迫仲裁 compulsory arbitration强制 coerces强制措施 coercive measure强制措施 enforcement action强制交付令状 writ of specific delivery强制力 power of enforcement强制履行 enforced performance强制性禁制令 mandatory injunction强制许可 compulsory licensing强制执行 enforce强制执行措施 implementing measures抢夺罪 crime of forcible seizure抢购 panic buying抢劫 robbery敲诈勒索罪 offence of extortion by blackmail翘尾因素 carryover effect切一刀 partial application妾 concubine亲权 parental right亲生父母 natural parents亲生父亲或母亲 natural parent亲生子女 natural child侵犯 encroach on, infringe upon, violate侵犯财产罪 crime of property violation侵犯公民人身权利民主权利罪 crime of infringing upon personal rights and the democratic rights of citizens侵害 infringe侵权 Tort, infringe侵权人 infringing party侵权诉讼 action in tort侵权行为 infringing acts, invasive conduct侵入 trespass侵吞公款 embezzlement青岛市 Qingdao Municipality青海省 Qinghai Province青霉素 anka penicillin青少年罪犯 juvenile offender轻率承诺 mere promise轻微犯罪 minor offences轻微缺陷 light defects轻微违约行为 trivial breach倾向性的 tendentious倾销 dump倾斜政策 preferential policy清偿 repay清理收回贷款 clean up and recover loans清龙满族自治县 Qing Long Manchu Nationality Autonomous Region清算公司 clearing corporation情节 circumstances of the case氰化钠 sodium cyanide请求 petition请示 request请示报告 Request for Instructions请予批复 We hereby respectfully request for a reply thereto区别对待 differential treatment区域经济 regional economies趋势加强 intensifying trend衢州市 Quzhou Municipality取保候审 obtain a guarantor pending trial取得 procurement取得补偿的权利 right to compensation取得物质帮助权 right to material assistance取消大律师资格 disbarred去世债务人财产官方扣押令状 writ of diem clausit extremum圈封土地 enclosed land全国爱国卫生运动委员会 National Patriotic (Public) Health Campaign Commission全国博士后管理委员会 National Post-Doctor Regulatory Commission全国残疾人康复工作办公室 National the Handicapped Recovery Working Office全国打击走私领导小组 National Crack Down Smuggling Leading Group全国电子交易系统 National Electronic Trading System (NETS)全国电子信息系统推广办公室 National Electronic Information System Promotion Office全国妇女联合会 National Women's Federation全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会 National Higher Education Examination For the Self-Study Steering Commission全国工业产品生产许可证办公室 National Industrial Product Manufacture Licensing Certificate Office 全国供销合作总社 National Supply and Marketing Cooperative General Agency全国技术市场协调领导小组 National Technology Market Coordination Leading Group全国加强企业管理领导小组 National Strengthening Enterprise Management Leading Group全国教育工会 National Education Labour Union全国禁毒工作领导小组 National Ban Drugs Work Leading Group全国控制集团购买力办公室 National Group Purchasing Power Control Office全国老旧汽车更新领导小组办公室 National Crate Replacement Leading Group Office全国老龄委 China Aging Problem National Commission全国绿化委员会 National Aflorestation Environmental Protection Commission全国普及法律常识办公室 National Popularization of Legal Knowledge Office全国清理三乱领导小组办公室 National Clearing "Three Mess"Leading Group Office全国清理整顿公司领导小组 National Clean-up and Rectification Companies Leading Group全国人大常委会 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress全国人大及其常务委员会 National People's Congress and its Standing Committee全国人民代表大会 The National People Congress of the People's Republic of China全国人民代表大会常务委员会 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会主席团 Presidium of the National People's Congress全国扫黄工作小组办公室 National "Campaign against Pornography" Working Group Office全国扫盲工作部际协调小组 National Eliminating Illiteracy Work Inter-Department Coordination Group 全国水土保持工作协调小组 National Water and Land Preservation Work Coordination Group全国土地资源调查办公室 National Land Resources Investigation Office全国哲学社会科学规划领导小组 National Philosophy Social Science Planning Leading Group全国政协科教文卫体委员会 Science Education Culture Health and Sport Commission of the CPPCC全国支持经济不发达地区资金管理委员会 National supporting Economic Underdeveloped District Funds Regulatory Commission全国职工教育管理委员会 National Workers Education Regulatory Commission全国专业标准化技术委员会 National Professional Standardization Techniques Commission全面摊薄每股盈利 fully diluted earnings per share全面仲裁 comprehensive arbitration全民所有企业 enterprise under the ownership of the whole people全球化 globalization全球期货交易系统 Globex全资附属公司 wholly-owned subsidiary权利和利益 rights and interests权利人 creditor权利文件 entitlement document权利义务相一致的精神 the spirit that rights are equated with responsibilities权利主体 subject of right权限 limit of authority权限文件 authority权益回报率 returns on equity泉州市 Quanzhou Municipality缺乏后劲 unsustainable momentum缺乏可接受的依据 absence of acceptable grounds缺陷 defect确定 assese确定 confirm确定数额 quantify确权纠纷案件 controversy over ownership of patent right确权决定案件 case concerning decisions on ownership确权之诉 interpleader cause确认 affirmation群众 the general public让与 relinguish扰乱办公秩序 disturbing the order in the workplace扰乱公共秩序 public disorder扰乱社会秩序罪 offence of disrupting the social order绕规模贷款 circumvent credit ceiling诉讼篇：法院法律诉讼相关英语词汇arbitration tribunal, court of arbitration 仲裁法庭attorney general 首席检查官,检查长assistant lawyer 见习律师aggravating circumstances 可加重罪行的情况attorney 代诉人,代理人alibi 不在犯罪现场barrister 出庭律师 (美作:attorney,lawyer)criminal court 刑事法院(庭)civil court 民事法院(庭)conciliation board in industrial disputes 劳工纠纷调解委员会court-martial 军事法庭Court of Cassation 上诉法院court of first instance 一审法院(庭)counsel for the defence 辩护律师,被告律师criminal record 前科,犯罪记录domiciliary visit, house search 住宅搜查evidence, exhibits 证据exculpatory circumstances 可开脱罪责的情况exonerating circumstances 可证实无罪的情况extenuating circumstances 可使罪行减轻的情况examining magistrate 地方预审法官hearing of witnesses 听证,听取证词High Court 高级法院 (美作:Supreme Court)hearing 审讯,审问inquiry 询问,调查interrogatory, examination 讯问,质问International Court of Justice (联合国)国际法院juvenile court 少年法庭judge 法官judge in appeal 上诉法官juvenile court judge 少年法庭法官jury 陪审团juror 陪审员lawyer, solicitor 律师,法律顾问Law Courts 法院,法庭legal adviser 法律顾问notary 公证人National Audit Office 审计委员会 (美作:Committee on Public Accounts) public prosecutor 公诉人,检查官 (美作:district attorney)presiding judge 庭长,首席法官proceedings (诉讼)程序regional court, Court of Appeal 地区法院summons 传票summary 速审to fall within the competence of a court 属于法院管辖权限之内The Bar 律师席to arrest 逮捕warrant for arrest 逮捕证arrest 逮捕responsibility, liability 责任on probation 缓刑release on bail 保释release on parole 假释to sue, to prosecute 起诉,提起公诉to call . to witness 作证eyewitness 目击证人,目击者institution of proceedings 起诉accusation 控告,起诉prosecution 起诉action, claim 诉讼cause, suit 诉讼,案件to lodge a complaint 提起诉讼,提出申诉to institute proceedings, to bring a lawsuit 进行诉讼to institute proceedings 进行诉讼complaint 控告,申诉justice 审判to judge 审理,审判lawsuit 诉讼,官司trial 审理claim for damages 要求赔偿损失claim for compensation 索赔writ of summons, citation 传唤,传讯to plead, to claim 辩护plea 辩护deposition, evidence 证词indictment, charge 公诉书,刑事起诉书count of indictment 起诉书中列举的罪项to plead guilty 服罪sworn statement 誓词on oath 发誓accuser 原告plaintiff 原告the opposing party, the other side 对方当事人accused, defendant 被告delinquent, offender 罪犯guilty party, culprit 有罪一方,当事人recidivist 惯犯accomplice 共犯complicity 同谋,共谋harbourer 窝藏(罪犯) (美作:harborer) receiver 隐匿(赃物),窝赃in flagrante delicto 在作案现场with malice aforethought 预谋不轨public hearing 公平in camera 秘密审议witness for the prosecution 原告证人witness for the defence 被告证人proof, evidence 证据,证词witness box 证人席 (美作:witness stand)dock 被告席self-defence 正当防卫 (美作:self-defense)force majeure, act of God 不可抗力to pronounce sentence 宣判miscarriage of justice 审判不当,误判sentence 宣判,判决convict 既决犯,被制罪者judgment by default 缺席审判to be ordered to pay costs 判处交纳诉讼费用acquittal 宣告无罪,开释verdict of not guilty 无罪的判决petition for a reprieve 缓刑起诉书stay of proceedings 停止进行诉讼nonsuit 驳回to appeal, to lodge an appeal 上诉crime 犯法offence 违法 (美作:offense)attempt 未遂罪unfulfilment 未实现nonobservance 未遵守injustice 不法行为threat, menace 恐吓high treason 叛国罪adultery 通奸forgery, forging, counterfeiting 伪造perjury 伪证to bear false witness, to commit perjury 犯伪证罪attempted murder 谋杀未遂assassination, murder 暗杀,行刺homicide 杀人罪infanticide, child murder 杀婴罪assault and battery 殴打,侵犯人身罪kidnapping, abduction 诱拐,拐骗highjacking 劫持(飞机)piracy 海盗罪rape, violation 强奸conspiracy, plot 结伙阴谋,共谋theft, larceny 盗窃armed robbery 持械抢劫housebreaking, burglary 入室行窃contraband, smuggling 走私swindle 诈骗embezzlement 贪污公款prevarication 推诿bribery, suborning 行贿,受贿,贿赂breach of contract 违约,违反合同fraud 欺诈tax evasion 偷税misuse of authority 滥用职权corruption 贪污腐化usurpation 强夺blackmail 敲诈,勒索calumny, slander 诽谤intoxication 酗酒disturbance of the peace 扰乱治安penalty 处罚prison, gaol 监狱 (美作:jail)imprisonment 监禁death sentence, death penalty 死刑life imprisonment 无期徒刑hard labour 强迫劳役 (美作:hard labor)fine 罚款embargo 扣押local banishment 驱逐出境attainder 剥夺公民权和没收财产indemnity, indemnification, compensation 赔偿extradition 引渡alimony, allowance 抚养费baptismal certificate 洗礼证实birth certificate 出生证实marriage certificate 结婚证书death certificate 死亡证实书extract from police records 违禁记录摘录notarial deed 公证书bill of sale 抵押证券lease 租约proprietorship, ownership 所有权ownership without usufruct, ownership without use 虚有权copyright 版权patent rights 专利权alienation, transfer, assignment 转让personal property 个人财产movables 动产real estate 不动产mental derangement, alienation, insanity 精神错乱fingerprint 指纹corpse 尸体mortuary, morgue 太平间,停尸房autopsy 尸体解剖file, dossier 文件naturalization 入籍,归化will 遗嘱codicil 遗嘱修改附录heir, legatee 继续人inheritance 遗产emancipation 自立to come of age 成人disowning of offspring 声明脱离关系,否认后裔关系tutelage, guardianship 监护tutor, guardian 监护人marriage by proxy 委托代表结婚to sue for divorce 申请离婚。
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
代写文书draftingoflegalinstruments
待决案件pendingcase
当事人陈述statementoftheparties
第三人thirdparty
吊销执业证revocationoflawyerlicense
调查笔录investigativerecord
J.D(jurisdoctor缩写，美国法学学士)
法学院lawschool
法院公告courtannouncement
反诉状counterclaim
房地产律师realestatelawyer;realpropertylawyer
非合伙律师associatelawyer
非诉讼业务non-litigationpractice
实习律师apprenticelawyer;lawyerinprobationperiod
实习律师证certificateofapprenticelawyer
高级合伙人seniorpartner
高级律师seniorlawyer
各类协议和合同agreementsandcontracts
公安局PublicSecurityBureau
公司上市companylisting
公诉案件public-prosecutingcase
公证书notarialcertificate
administrativeaccountability//administrativeliability
行政处分
disciplinarysanction
行政赔偿
administrativecompensation
statecompensation
铁道机车专业英语词汇-转向架
侧架 摇枕 心盘 旁承 轴箱 第二系悬挂装置 螺旋弹簧 弹簧拖板
brake lever [ˈlevər] n.杠杆
制动杠杆
brake hanger [ˈhæŋɚ] n.衣架;挂钩
制动梁吊
brake beam [bim] n.束;梁
制动梁
bottom conducting[kənˈdʌkt] v.传导;引导;控制rod [rɑ:d] n.杆,拉杆
两个轮子固定在一个直轴上，这样两个轮子就可以同时转动。 这叫做轮对。
P039 倒数二段
翻译
转向架的两个侧架靠在轴承轴箱上，并通过簧板和螺旋弹簧支撑 摇枕的两端。
suspension （secondary suspension）
To absorb shocks between the bogie and the rail vehicle body. Common types are coil springs.
轴箱悬挂通常由转向架构架和车轴轴承之间的弹簧组成，允许上 下移动。滑动用以防止横向移动。
Two wheels are affixed[əˈfɪks]使固定 to a straight axle so that both wheels rotate[ˈroʊteɪt]旋转 in unison[ˈjunɪsən] n. 和谐;一致. This is called a wheelset轮对.
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师counsel prohac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation调解书mediation法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士) 法学院law school法院公告court announcement公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer 律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件); determination(用于终审);缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default 人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract 委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim’s agent ad litem 被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance 罚款impose a fine法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim高级人民法院Higher People’s Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint 告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench 和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing 立案侦查report of placing a case on file 利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication 律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision 神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death 实（质）体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence 视听证据audio-visual evidence 收容所collecting post; safe retreat书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance诉诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers) 再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance 债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段investigation stage执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People’s Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation 否认权right of claiming cancellation 解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination非专属权non-exclusive right 人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health 姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act 准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership 协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act 附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency。
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A spherical system of coordinates球面坐标系统Absolute scale绝对温标Absolute temperature 绝对温度Absolute zero 绝对零度Acute angle锐角Adiabatic process绝热过程Adjacent临近的Amount of heat 热量Amplitude振幅Analytical expression解Angular momentum角动量Angular velocity角速度Annihilate消灭Appreciable可感知的Approximate solution近似解Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的Assume that 假设At constant pressure定压比热At rest静止的Axial symmetry轴对称Axis of rotation旋转轴Be independent of 独立的Be proportional to 与……成比例Bend使弯曲的Capacitor电容器Center of mass质心Centripetal force向心力Cgs 厘米-克-秒(Centimeter-Gram-Second) Change in jumps 跳跃的变化Chaotic无序的Charge by conduct 负责的行为Charge by induction 感应电荷Circulation motion圆周运动Classical mechanics经典力学Coefficient系数Coherent连贯的Combustion engine内燃机Comparison 参照物Compensate 补偿，抵消Conductor导体Consecutive 连贯的Consequently结果，因此Conservation保存保护Considerable 相当大的Constant常量Constructive interference 干涉Coordinate system坐标系Coulomb’s law库伦定律Counter-phase相位差Cross-sectional 分类排列Curl卷曲，Curvilinear motion曲线运动Cyclic process循环过程Decrement衰减率Denominator分母Density密度Derivative倒数Destructive interference破坏性干扰Developing发展中Deviation from脱离逸出Diatomic双原子的Difference差异Diffraction衍射Dimension 维Discrete value离散值Displacement位移Distance 距离疏远Distribution function分布函数Divergence 分歧Dynamics动力学Elastic collision弹性碰撞Electric dipole弹性偶极子Electric field 弹性场Electric potential 弹性势Electric potential energy弹性势能Electrically polarized电极化的Electrodynamics电动力学Electromagnetic电磁的Electron电子Electrostatic静电的Elementary mass元素的质量Embodiment体现具体化Emulsion感光乳剂Energy能量精力Energy level 能级Entropy 熵Equilibrium均衡Equipartition principle均分原理Ether乙醚Exposure暴露External force外力Factor因素First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律Focal plane焦平面Fraunhofer diffraction夫琅和费衍射Free fall自由落体Friction摩擦力Gamma photon伽马射线General theory relativity广义相对论Geometrical几何的Gradient梯度Gravity重力，地心引力Grow proportionally to 正比增长Harmonic function调和函数Harmonic oscillator谐波发射器Heat 高温热度Heat capacity 热熔Heat engine热机Heat transfer热传递Hence因此Histogram直方图Hologram 全息图Holography 全系摄影Homogeneous(反应堆)燃烧和减速剂均匀调和的Huygens’ Principle 惠更斯原理Hypothetical medium 假设介质Ideal gass理想气体Identical 同一的，完全相同的Illuminate说明Impart 给予Impulse脉冲Inalienable不可分割的Incident light入射光Inclination倾向爱好,斜角倾角Incoherent语无伦次的Increase增加Increment增量Inertia惯性Inertial reference frame惯性参考系Infrared radiation 红外线照射Initial moment 初力矩Instantaneous瞬间的Insulator 绝缘体Integral 完整的Interference 干涉Internal energy 内能Internal force内力Intra-molecular energy 分子内能Isotropic 单折射性，各向同性Kinematics运动学Law of cosine law余弦定理Length contraction长度收缩Macroscopic宏观的Mass质量Mass-energy conversion质能转换定理Mean distance 平均距离Mechanical equivalent of heat热功当量Mechanics力学Molar heat gas capacity 摩尔热能Molecular physics分子物理学Momentum势能Monatomic单原子的Monochromatic light单色光Motion动作Multiply多样的，乘Neutron中子Newton’s first law牛顿第一定律Non-equilibrium state非平衡态Normal acceleration法向加速度Normal to 垂直于Nuclei原子核Nucleon 核子Numerator 分子Object beam 物体光束Obtuse angle钝角Operator话务员Overlap 重叠Polarization两极化Parallel axis theorem平行轴的定理Parallel beams平行光束Parallel rays平行光Parallelogram method平行四边形法则Parameter of state状态参数Perfectly rigid body 完全刚体Perpendicular垂直的Phase difference相位差Phenomena现象Piston活塞Point charge点电荷Point particle质点Power功率Preference优先权Principle of relativity相对论Probability可能性Probability distribution function概率分布函数Projection 投射Propagate传播繁殖Proton质子Pseudoscopic幻视镜Quantitative conclusion定量的结论Quasi-static 准静态的Radian弧度Radius半径Rarefaction稀薄的Real image实像Rectilinear motion 直线运动Redistribution重新分配Reference frame参考系Reference wave参考波Relative atomic mass of an element元素的相对原子质量Relative molecular mass of substance物质相对分子质量Relaxation process弛豫过程Relaxation time 弛豫时间Reversible process可逆过程Rotational inertia转动惯量Scalar标量Scalar field标量场Semiconductor半导体Semitransparent 半透明的Solid angle立体角Spatial coherence 空间相干性Special theory of relativity狭义相对论Specific heat capacity 比热容Speed 速度速率Stationary 固定的Subscript下标Superpose 重叠的Superposition叠加Symmetry对称的Temperature温度Temporal coherence 时间相干性Terminal velocity末速度Test charge监测电荷The difference on optical path 光路的区别The equation of state of an ideal gass理想盖斯方程The magnitude of a vector向量的大小The number of degree of freedom自由度数量The reciprocal of 倒数The refractive index折射率The right-hand screw rule右手螺旋定则The second derivative of 二阶导数The tangential acceleration切向加速度Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Three dimensional三维的Time averaged value时间平均价值Time dilation时间扩张Timepiece计时器Torque力矩Torsion balance扭秤Trajectory轨迹Translation motion平移运动Triatomic三原子的Tuning fork音叉Twin paradox孪生子谬论Ultraviolet light紫外线Undeformable bodyUniform circular motion匀速圆周运动Unit time单位时间Vector field 矢量场Vectors矢量Velocity 速率Virtual image虚像Wave length 波长Wave number波数Weight重量1, For a stationary field, the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may dependon the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved. Forces having such a property are called conservative.对于一个固定的场，由场力作用在粒子上的功可能依赖于粒子的初始位置和末位置，而不依赖于粒子移动的路径.。