如何翻译英语词汇

如何翻译英语词汇
如何翻译英语词汇

如何翻译英语词汇

语言的互相翻译不但有利于各国文化的交流,更有利于语言的发展。在搞翻译工作时最怕碰上习语多的文章。因为为了忠于原者,译文必须既坚持它的外国味,但也要符合本国文字的要求,而翻译习语却是最难把这两个标准一同达到的。

为了要适汉地把外国语言中的习语忠实地翻译出来,将从同义、近义、反义、上下义和搭配等五个方面,分析衔接手段在微观阅读中所表达的功能。

(一)同义

1. 定义:同义是指具有相同意义的不同词项在语篇中的接应关系。从语义的角度来看,在语篇中,同义词的使用可以重复和补充上文的内容,使语段中的不同成分彼此相连,实现语篇的连贯。从修辞的角度来看,同义词的使用可以避免重复,防止单调,丰富语篇的趣味性。

例如,英语句子中的“hide”和“conceal”:

(1)He hid the money under the bed.

(2)He concealed the money under the bed.

在某种特定的情况下,用某个词可能比用另一个词更恰当。如用“conceal”就比用“hide”更正式,有时候,两个词只是在某些句子或语境中才会是同义词。

2. 语篇中两个或多个词在语义上的衔接既能丰富词汇的选择,又能方便读者更清晰地了解文章。如:

Economic and population trends in California show that Hispanics, blacks, and Asians will have increasing economic influence as their numbers continue to grow. Research says that California’s population will expand by 500,000 people a year, two-thirds of this increase will be Hispanics and Asians, and the Hispanic 18-to-24-olds will increase by 40 percent.

只要理解例句中“grow”,“expand”,“increase”等三个词语之间的同义关系,就能顺利地读懂整个语篇了。

(二)近义

1. 定义:近义词指具有相似或相近意义的不同词项在语篇中的接应关系。如:

Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to realize our full potential.

例句中,“unique”,“individual”,“personal”互为近义词。几个原本不相干的词因为同时出现在同一语境中并能相互解释,使得语篇更加连贯。

2. 类似同义或近义的重述使得相关的词项频繁出现在相同或相似的语言环境中,构筑起各种各样的衔接关系。有了这些同义词或近义词,句与句之间的关系更连贯。

(三)反义

1. 定义:反义关系是指词项之间意义相反、相对或互补的关系。语篇中反义的复现使具有相反意义的词项之间形成鲜明的对照,在对照中将语篇的前后意义衔接起来,达到语篇连贯的目的,也使话语的主题得到很好的强调。

2. 举例:

(1)Recognize your personal strengths and weakness. Everyone has both. As self-acceptance grows, shyness naturally diminishes.

(2)The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. The Winner of the World Cup match is considered the world champion.

正如俗语所言,万物皆有其两面性,任何事物都可以通过它的对立面得到解释,语言也不例外。例1中有三组反义词“strengths”和“weakness”、“self-acceptance”和“shyness”、“grows”和“diminishes”。它们从不同的角度对一个人的性格特点进行了表述,学生可以清楚地理解整个语篇要表达的意思。而例2中的由“while”引出的两个词“professionals”和“amateurs”也互为反义,正好让学生轻松地理解整句的含义。

(四)上下义

1. 定义:

语篇中,人们可以利用上下义这种语义关系使一些词语相互替代或共同出现,来实现语篇深层结构上的连贯。上下义的主要意义为内包,即意义概括的词内包意义更为具体的词。意义概括的词是上义词(hypernym/superordinate),意义具体的词是下义词(hyponym/subordinate),上义词和下义词在语义上具有包含和被包含的关系,两者是具有种属关系的一组词。两个下义词之间的关系为共下义词(co-hyponym)关系。下义词同现在一个语段中,不仅可以使语篇组织严密,而且通过总分和分总结合,可以使语篇更具说服力。

2. 举例:

(1)上义词:vehicle

下义词:bus, car, lorry/truck(卡车), van(运货车)…

(2)Mr. Johnson’s paintings show his attention to geometric shapes of all kinds. The paintings contain circles, squares, triangles, pirrles, etc.

例2中,“circles”,“sqares”,“triangles”和“pirrles”都是“geometric shapes”的下义词。语篇中先出现上义词,再用几个下义词作为例子,进一步说明具体的几何图形有哪些(注:英语中并不存在“pirrles”这个单词,所以学生必须通过词汇间的上下义关系,才能理解句子的意思)。

(3)The symptoms range from being ill at ease to being seriously depressed. Feeling homesick, unhappy, and very sensitive are other signs of culture shock.

例3中,作者用了好几个下义词,如“being ill at ease”,“being seriously depressed”,“feeling homesick”,“unhappy, and very sensitive”来解释上义词“symptoms”。由于上下义词之间的等同关系,学生能清晰地理解这些具体的症状。

英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

英语词汇学课本与译文

Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支,研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论,特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是,英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程,在该书的论述中,我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语,学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然,同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关,如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支,主要通过运用词素(形位)结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一,因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法,考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语,并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素(即如何选择用词、句型等)以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中,我们主要研究词汇,探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题:词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法,但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者,为其提供权威性的参考;而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息,以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大,但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说,词汇研究有两种

【免费下载】大学英语的词汇和短语翻译

第四单元 单词 1. Nearly 6 million in the mid-western area were affected by the flood, and there is a real danger of mass starvaion. 2. It’s incredible what when he gambled he always won, whether he was playing a card game or betting on horse racing. 3. The council is trying to get more people to do voluntary work and render social services in the less developed regions。 4. Elephants are dying out because they are being hunted for the tusks。 5. Wines can be classified as dry,medium or sweet a ccording to their sugar content。 6. Slavery was abolished in Canada in 1833,and the Canadian authorities then encouraged sl aves from Americn to settle down on their land。 7. Some of the developing counteies seem to be stuck with a tough situation— the division between the rich and the poor has never been so clear and sharp。 8. The mass media commented that the young man’s suicide was nothing but a senseless waste of his life. 9. The younger generation should not just seek for the latest fashions;they should have long- term commitment and try to live a worthy life. 10. There’s absolutely no coordination between the different work teams—we don’tknow what others are doing。 11. As witnesses to the accident,we were asked to make written declarations of what we hae seen. 12. Although he pursued a life- time career as a lawyer, his talerns and achievements spanned a wide range of subjects in the arts as well as in scierces. 13. The local government recommends that the police and the inhabitants join hands to fight against crimes in the neighborhood 。 14. It seems as if every Amerincan boy between the ages of 8 and 15 likes to play video games, but such games are only moder ately popular among girls of the same age group. 15. He was a really considerate friend—always available to help at the slightest hint of trouble。 1。在中西部地区近6万被洪水的影响,并有一个真正的大规模饥荒的危险。 2。真是难以置信,当他输光,他总是赢,他是否在玩一种纸牌游戏,或赛马投注。 3。安理会正在努力让更多的人做志愿工作,并呈现在欠发达地区的社会服务。 4。大象死亡,因为他们正在为象牙猎杀。 5。根据其含糖量可分为干燥,中等或甜葡萄酒。 6。在1833年废除了奴隶制在加拿大,加拿大当局则鼓励来自美国的奴隶自己的土地上定居下来。 7。一些发展中国家似乎陷入一个艰难的情况下,富人与穷人之间的分工从来没有如此清晰和锐利。 8。大众媒体评论说,年轻人的自杀只不过是他生命中无谓的浪费。 9。年轻一代不应该只是寻求最新的时装,他们应该有长期的承诺和尝试过一个有价值的生命。 10。但绝对没有不同的工作之间的协调小组,我们不知道别人在做什么。 11。至于事故的目击者,我们被要求做我们所能奉献的书面声明。 12。虽然他追求生命的职业生涯作为一名律师,他的talerns和成就跨越广泛的艺术,以及在scierces科目。 13。建议当地政府,警方和居民携手同犯罪作斗争,在邻里。 14。看来,如果每一个美国男孩8岁和15人喜欢玩视频游戏,但这样的游戏只能在同一年龄组的女孩中度流行。 15。他是一个非常体贴的朋友提供帮助,一丝淡淡的麻烦。 短语 1. In view of her outstanding academic achievements and other qualities,she stands a chance of being admitted to one of the w orld’s best universities. 2. His recent mismanagement of the company has ruled out the possibility of getting promoted to the top management。 3. His pointed out something worthy of our attention in his report, that is,the so- called educational toys and games in our elementary schools are not really educational in the real sense of the word.

自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

学习资料收集于网络,仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论)and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning(声音与意义): almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号,代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人,事,地方,特性,过程,行动,当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的,并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form(读音和形式):不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母,罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 (2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快,在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里,尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化,却没有相应的拼写变化。 (3)some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。(4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了,这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 (5)printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary? (1)Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 (2)Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 (3)All the words of a dialect,a book ,a discipline...某个方言,书籍,学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words:英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率,单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

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