Chapter I
A_DOGS_TALE
A DOG'S TALEby Mark Twain1904Chapter I Chapter II Chapter IIIMy father was a St. Bernard, my mother was a collie, but I am a Presbyterian. This is what my mother told me, I do not know these nice distinctions myself. To me they are only fine large words meaning nothing. My mother had a fondness for such; she liked to say them, and see other dogs look surprised and envious, as wondering how she got so much education. But, indeed, it was not real education; it was only show: she got the words by listening in the dining-room and drawing-room when there was company, and by going with the children to Sunday-school and listening there; and whenever she heard a large word she said it over to herself many times, and so was able to keep it until there was a dogmatic gathering in the neighborhood, then she would get it off,Contentsand surprise and distress them all, from pocket-pup to mastiff, which rewarded her for all her trouble. If there was a stranger he was nearly sure to be suspicious, and when he got his breath again he would ask her what it meant. And she always told him. He was never expecting this but thought he would catch her; so when she told him, he was the one that looked ashamed, whereas he had thought it was going to be she. The others were always waiting for this, and glad of it and proud of her, for they knew what was going to happen, because they had had experience. When she told the meaning of a big word they were all so taken up with admiration that it never occurred to any dog to doubt if it was the right one; and that was natural, because, for one thing, she answered up so promptly that it seemed like a dictionary speaking, and for another thing, where could they find out whether itChapter Iwas right or not? for she was the only cultivated dog there was. By and by, when I was older, she brought home the word Unintellectual, one time, and worked it pretty hard all the week at different gatherings, making much unhappiness and despondency; and it was at this time that I noticed that during that week she was asked for the meaning at eight different assemblages, and flashed out a fresh definition every time, which showed me that she had more presence of mind than culture, though I said nothing, of course. She had one word which she always kept on hand, and ready, like a life-preserver, a kind of emergency word to strap on when she was likely to get washed overboard in a sudden way-that was the word Synonymous. When she happened to fetch out a long word which had had its day weeks before and its prepared meanings gone to her dump-pile, if there was a strangerChapter Ithere of course it knocked him groggy for a couple of minutes, then he would come to, and by that time she would be away down wind on another tack, and not expecting anything; so when he'd hail and ask her to cash in, I (the only dog on the inside of her game) could see her canvas flicker a moment-but only just a moment-then it would belly out taut and full, and she would say, as calm as a summer's day, "It's synonymous with supererogation," or some godless long reptile of a word like that, and go placidly about and skim away on the next tack, perfectly comfortable, you know, and leave that stranger looking profane and embarrassed, and the initiated slatting the floor with their tails in unison and their faces transfigured with a holy joy.And it was the same with phrases. She would drag home a whole phrase, if it had a grand sound, and play it sixChapter Inights and two matinees, and explain it a new way every time-which she had to, for all she cared for was the phrase; she wasn't interested in what it meant, and knew those dogs hadn't wit enough to catch her, anyway. Yes, she was a daisy! She got so she wasn't afraid of anything, she had such confidence in the ignorance of those creatures. She even brought anecdotes that she had heard the family and the dinner-guests laugh and shout over; and as a rule she got the nub of one chestnut hitched onto another chestnut, where, of course, it didn't fit and hadn't any point; and when she delivered the nub she fell over and rolled on the floor and laughed and barked in the most insane way, while I could see that she was wondering to herself why it didn't seem as funny as it did when she first heard it. But no harm was done; the others rolled and barked too, privately ashamed of themselves for not seeingChapter Ithe point, and never suspecting that the fault was not with them and there wasn't any to see.You can see by these things that she was of a rather vain and frivolous character; still, she had virtues, and enough to make up, I think. She had a kind heart and gentle ways, and never harbored resentments for injuries done her, but put them easily out of her mind and forgot them; and she taught her children her kindly way, and from her we learned also to be brave and prompt in time of danger, and not to run away, but face the peril that threatened friend or stranger, and help him the best we could without stopping to think what the cost might be to us. And she taught us not by words only, but by example, and that is the best way and the surest and the most lasting. Why, the brave things she did, the splendid things! she was just a soldier; and so modest about it-well, you couldn't helpChapter Iadmiring her, and you couldn't help imitating her; not even a King Charles spaniel could remain entirely despicable in her society. So, as you see, there was more to her than her education.Chapter IChapter IIChapter IIWhen I was well grown, at last, I was sold and taken away, and I never saw her again. She was broken-hearted, and so was I, and we cried; but she comforted me as well as she could, and said we were sent into this world for a wise and good purpose, and must do our duties without repining, take our life as we might find it, live it for the best good of others, and never mind about the results; they were not our affair. She said men who did like this would have a noble and beautiful reward by and by in another world, and although we animals would not go there, to do well and right without reward would give to our brief lives a worthiness and dignity which in itself would be a reward. She had gathered these things from time to time when she had gone to the Sunday-school with thechildren, and had laid them up in her memory more carefully than she had done with those other words and phrases; and she had studied them deeply, for her good and ours. One may see by this that she had a wise and thoughtful head, for all there was so much lightness and vanity in it.So we said our farewells, and looked our last upon each other through our tears; and the last thing she said-keeping it for the last to make me remember it the better, I think-was, "In memory of me, when there is a time of danger to another do not think of yourself, think of your mother, and do as she would do."Do you think I could forget that? No.Chapter IIIChapter IIIIt was such a charming home!-my new one; a fine great house, with pictures, and delicate decorations, and rich furniture, and no gloom anywhere, but all the wilderness of dainty colors lit up with flooding sunshine; and the spacious grounds around it, and the great garden-oh, greensward, and noble trees, and flowers, no end! And I was the same as a member of the family; and they loved me, and petted me, and did not give me a new name, but called me by my old one that was dear to me because my mother had given it me-Aileen Mavourneen. She got it out of a song; and the Grays knew that song, and said it was a beautiful name.Mrs. Gray was thirty, and so sweet and so lovely, you cannot imagine it; and Sadie was ten, and just like her mother, just a darling slender little copy of her, with auburn tails down her back, and short frocks; and the baby was a year old, and plump and dimpled, and fond of me, and never could get enough of hauling on my tail, and hugging me, and laughing out its innocent happiness; and Mr. Gray was thirty-eight, and tall and slender and handsome, a little bald in front, alert, quick in his movements, business-like, prompt, decided, unsentimental, and with that kind of trim-chiseled face that just seems to glint and sparkle with frosty intellectuality! He was a renowned scientist. I do not know what the word means, but my mother would know how to use it and get effects. She would know how to depress a rat-terrier with it and make a lap-dog look sorry he came. But that is not the bestone; the best one was Laboratory. My mother could organize a Trust on that one that would skin the tax-collars off the whole herd. The laboratory was not a book, or a picture, or a place to wash your hands in, as the college president's dog said-no, that is the lavatory; the laboratory is quite different, and is filled with jars, and bottles, and electrics, and wires, and strange machines; and every week other scientists came there and sat in the place, and used the machines, and discussed, and made what they called experiments and discoveries; and often I came, too, and stood around and listened, and tried to learn, for the sake of my mother, and in loving memory of her, although it was a pain to me, as realizing what she was losing out of her life and I gaining nothing at all; for try as I might, I was never able to make anything out of it at all.Other times I lay on the floor in the mistress's work-room and slept, she gently using me for a foot-stool, knowing it pleased me, for it was a caress; other times I spent an hour in the nursery, and got well tousled and made happy; other times I watched by the crib there, when the baby was asleep and the nurse out for a few minutes on the baby's affairs; other times I romped and raced through the grounds and the garden with Sadie till we were tired out, then slumbered on the grass in the shade of a tree while she read her book; other times I went visiting among the neighbor dogs-for there were some most pleasant ones not far away, and one very handsome and courteous and graceful one, a curly-haired Irish setter by the name of Robin Adair, who was a Presbyterian like me, and belonged to the Scotch minister.The servants in our house were all kind to me and were fond of me, and so, as you see, mine was a pleasant life. There could not be a happier dog that I was, nor a gratefuller one. I will say this for myself, for it is only the truth: I tried in all ways to do well and right, and honor my mother's memory and her teachings, and earn the happiness that had come to me, as best I could.By and by came my little puppy, and then my cup was full, my happiness was perfect. It was the dearest little waddling thing, and so smooth and soft and velvety, and had such cunning little awkward paws, and such affectionate eyes, and such a sweet and innocent face; and it made me so proud to see how the children and their mother adored it, and fondled it, and exclaimed over every little wonderful thing it did. It did seem to me that life was just too lovely to-Then came the winter. One day I was standing a watch in the nursery. That is to say, I was asleep on the bed. The baby was asleep in the crib, which was alongside the bed, on the side next the fireplace. It was the kind of crib that has a lofty tent over it made of gauzy stuff that you can see through. The nurse was out, and we two sleepers were alone. A spark from the wood-fire was shot out, and it lit on the slope of the tent. I suppose a quiet intervalfollowed, then a scream from the baby awoke me, andthere was that tent flaming up toward the ceiling! Before I could think, I sprang to the floor in my fright, and in a second was half-way to the door; but in the next half-second my mother's farewell was sounding in my ears, and I was back on the bed again. I reached my head through the flames and dragged the baby out by the waist-band, and tugged it along, and we fell to the floor together in a cloud of smoke; I snatched a new hold, and dragged the screaming little creature along and out at the door and around the bend of the hall, and was still tugging away, all excited and happy and proud, when the master's voice shouted:"Begone you cursed beast!" and I jumped to save myself; but he was furiously quick, and chased me up, striking furiously at me with his cane, I dodging this way and that, in terror, and at last a strong blow fell upon my leftforeleg, which made me shriek and fall, for the moment, helpless; the cane went up for another blow, but never descended, for the nurse's voice rang wildly out, "The nursery's on fire!" and the master rushed away in that direction, and my other bones were saved.The pain was cruel, but, no matter, I must not lose any time; he might come back at any moment; so I limped on three legs to the other end of the hall, where there was a dark little stairway leading up into a garret where old boxes and such things were kept, as I had heard say, and where people seldom went. I managed to climb up there, then I searched my way through the dark among the piles of things, and hid in the secretest place I could find. It was foolish to be afraid there, yet still I was; so afraid that I held in and hardly even whimpered, though it would have been such a comfort to whimper, because that eases thepain, you know. But I could lick my leg, and that did some good.For half an hour there was a commotion downstairs, and shoutings, and rushing footsteps, and then there was quiet again. Quiet for some minutes, and that was grateful to my spirit, for then my fears began to go down; and fears are worse than pains-oh, much worse. Then came a sound that froze me. They were calling me-calling me by name-hunting for me!It was muffled by distance, but that could not take the terror out of it, and it was the most dreadful sound to me that I had ever heard. It went all about, everywhere, down there: along the halls, through all the rooms, in both stories, and in the basement and the cellar; then outside, and farther and farther away-then back, and all about the house again, and I thought it would never, never stop. Butat last it did, hours and hours after the vague twilight of the garret had long ago been blotted out by black darkness.Then in that blessed stillness my terrors fell little by little away, and I was at peace and slept. It was a good rest I had, but I woke before the twilight had come again. I was feeling fairly comfortable, and I could think out a plan now. I made a very good one; which was, to creep down, all the way down the back stairs, and hide behind the cellar door, and slip out and escape when the iceman came at dawn, while he was inside filling the refrigerator; then I would hide all day, and start on my journey when night came; my journey to-well, anywhere where they would not know me and betray me to the master. I was feeling almost cheerful now; then suddenly I thought: Why, what would life be without my puppy!That was despair. There was no plan for me; I saw that; I must stay where I was; stay, and wait, and take what might come-it was not my affair; that was what life is-my mother had said it. Then-well, then the calling began again! All my sorrows came back. I said to myself, the master will never forgive. I did not know what I had done to make him so bitter and so unforgiving, yet I judged it was something a dog could not understand, but which was clear to a man and dreadful.They called and called-days and nights, it seemed to me. So long that the hunger and thirst near drove me mad, and I recognized that I was getting very weak. When you are this way you sleep a great deal, and I did. Once I woke in an awful fright-it seemed to me that the calling was right there in the garret! And so it was: it was Sadie's voice, and she was crying; my name was falling from her lips allbroken, poor thing, and I could not believe my ears for the joy of it when I heard her say:"Come back to us-oh, come back to us, and forgive-it is all so sad without our-"I broke in with SUCH a grateful little yelp, and the next moment Sadie was plunging and stumbling through the darkness and the lumber and shouting for the family to hear, "She's found, she's found!"mother and Sadie and the servants-why, they just seemedto worship me. They couldn't seem to make me a bed that was fine enough; and as for food, they couldn't be satisfied with anything but game and delicacies that were out of season; and every day the friends and neighbors flocked in to hear about my heroism-that was the name they called it by, and it means agriculture. I remember my mother pulling it on a kennel once, and explaining it in that way, but didn't say what agriculture was, except that it was synonymous with intramural incandescence; and a dozen times a day Mrs. Gray and Sadie would tell the tale to new-comers, and say I risked my life to save the baby's, and both of us had burns to prove it, and then the company would pass me around and pet me and exclaim about me, and you could see the pride in the eyes of Sadie and her mother; and when the people wanted to know what made me limp, they looked ashamed and changedthe subject, and sometimes when people hunted them this way and that way with questions about it, it looked to me as if they were going to cry.And this was not all the glory; no, the master's friends came, a whole twenty of the most distinguished people, and had me in the laboratory, and discussed me as if I was a kind of discovery; and some of them said it was wonderful in a dumb beast, the finest exhibition of instinct they could call to mind; but the master said, with vehemence, "It's far above instinct; it's REASON, and many a man, privileged to be saved and go with you and me to a better world by right of its possession, has less of it that this poor silly quadruped that's foreordained to perish;" and then he laughed, and said: "Why, look at me-I'm a sarcasm! bless you, with all my grand intelligence, the only thing I inferred was that the dog had gone madand was destroying the child, whereas but for the beast's intelligence-it's REASON, I tell you!-the child would have perished!"They disputed and disputed, and I was the very center of subject of it all, and I wished my mother could know that this grand honor had come to me; it would have made her proud.Then they discussed optics, as they called it, and whether a certain injury to the brain would produce blindness or not, but they could not agree about it, and said they must test it by experiment by and by; and next they discussed plants, and that interested me, because in the summer Sadie and I had planted seeds-I helped her dig the holes, you know-and after days and days a little shrub or a flower came up there, and it was a wonder how that could happen; but it did, and I wished I could talk-I wouldhave told those people about it and shown then how much I knew, and been all alive with the subject; but I didn't care for the optics; it was dull, and when they came back to it again it bored me, and I went to sleep.Pretty soon it was spring, and sunny and pleasant and lovely, and the sweet mother and the children patted me and the puppy good-by, and went away on a journey and a visit to their kin, and the master wasn't any company for us, but we played together and had good times, and the servants were kind and friendly, so we got along quite happily and counted the days and waited for the family. And one day those men came again, and said, now for the test, and they took the puppy to the laboratory, and I limped three-leggedly along, too, feeling proud, for any attention shown to the puppy was a pleasure to me, of course. They discussed and experimented, and thensuddenly the puppy shrieked, and they set him on the floor, and he went staggering around, with his head all bloody, and the master clapped his hands and shouted: "There, I've won-confess it! He's as blind as a bat!"And they all said:"It's so-you've proved your theory, and suffering humanity owes you a great debt from henceforth," and they crowded around him, and wrung his hand cordially and thankfully, and praised him.But I hardly saw or heard these things, for I ran at once to my little darling, and snuggled close to it where it lay, and licked the blood, and it put its head against mine, whimpering softly, and I knew in my heart it was a comfort to it in its pain and trouble to feel its mother's touch, though it could not see me. Then it dropped down,presently, and its little velvet nose rested upon the floor, and it was still, and did not move any more.Soon the master stopped discussing a moment, and rang in the footman, and said, "Bury it in the far corner of the garden," and then went on with the discussion, and I trotted after the footman, very happy and grateful, for I knew the puppy was out of its pain now, because it was asleep. We went far down the garden to the farthest end, where the children and the nurse and the puppy and I used to play in the summer in the shade of a great elm, and there the footman dug a hole, and I saw he was going to plant the puppy, and I was glad, because it would grow and come up a fine handsome dog, like Robin Adair, and be a beautiful surprise for the family when they came home; so I tried to help him dig, but my lame leg was no good, being stiff, you know, and you have to have two, orit is no use. When the footman had finished and covered little Robin up, he patted my head, and there were tears in his eyes, and he said: "Poor little doggie, you saved HIS child!"I have watched two whole weeks, and he doesn't come up! This last week a fright has been stealing upon me. I think there is something terrible about this. I do not know what it is, but the fear makes me sick, and I cannot eat, though the servants bring me the best of food; and they pet me so, and even come in the night, and cry, and say, "Poor doggie-do give it up and come home; don't break our hearts!" and all this terrifies me the more, and makes me sure something has happened. And I am so weak; since yesterday I cannot stand on my feet anymore. And within this hour the servants, looking toward the sun where it was sinking out of sight and the night chill coming on, said things I could not understand, but they carried something cold to my heart."Those poor creatures! They do not suspect. They will come home in the morning, and eagerly ask for the littledoggie that did the brave deed, and who of us will be strong enough to say the truth to them: 'The humble little friend is gone where go the beasts that perish.'"The EndThis file was created with BookDesigner programbookdesigner@2/21/2008LRS to LRF parser v.0.9; Mikhail Sharonov, 2006; /ebook/。
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
chapter 1的知识点
Chapter 1deal with 安排，处理。
做生意glance at憋了一眼Stare at 。
盯着smile at。
朝。
微笑Be disappointed at ，。
对。
感到失望at work 在工作Communicate with 。
与。
交流make eye contact with 。
与。
接触rest one's head on one's hand 手托着下巴make a good impression on 。
给。
留下很深的印象Prefer A to B = Like A better than B 喜欢A胜过于BGet a chance to do sth 有机会去做某事Decide to do sth = make a decision to do sth =make up one's mind to do sth 决定去做某事Hold one's head up 昂着头look up 抬头看查阅、查询At work 在工作at once = immediately 立刻，马上Remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事Remind sb that。
使某人three minutes later == after three minutesbe based on 。
以。
为基础/根据On one's own 独自first of all 首先A kind/ sort of 一种 a set of false teeth 一幅假牙As a matter of fact 事实上lead to 导致。
通向。
reply to …回答/复、、、Congratulations on。
对。
表示祝贺Take care of。
= look after 。
照顾。
=care forInstead of 。
英语短篇小说赏析Chapter I
There are a variety of plot forms. Usually speaking, a fiction is presented to the reader as an organic whole, with one thing bringing on another in a chronological order. But the time sequence, with the “natural” order and duration, is not always valid in story-telling when particular artistic effect is demanded. Therefore, some plots are designed to achieve the effects of comedy, and some the effects of tragedy, romance, and satire etc.. Ordinarily, a plot has certain natural stages: the beginning, the middle, and the end. The beginning, known also as exposition, indicates that the story will develop from the assumptions in the opening scene. The middle is called complication, and it presumes something gone and requires something to follow. The highest tension－ climax is often seen in this part when conflict reveals itself.
Chapter+I+++An+Introduction+to+Negotiati...
Chapter I An Introduction to NegotiationPart I. What1) Definition:It is a process of bargaining (giving and taking) in order to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter, which takes place in everyday life when two or more people have conflicting interests and they want to reach a common solution that benefits them both (maintain relations)2) Negotiation is the game of life and businessNegotiation is something we all do - like it or not - all dayBusiness is negotiation.Part II. WhyDemandPart III. How1. ProcessPre-negotiationEnvironmental factors: Political, Economic, Legal, and CulturalGathering of information: The negotiators, the third partyFace-to-face negotiationClaiming value, creating value, overcoming barriers to agreementPost-negotiation2. Setting objectives3. Basic rules1). Focus on interests first, and positions second.2). Build trust.3). Listen.4). Probe.5). Challenge everything.6). Be patient.7). Don't make the first move.8). Don't accept the first offer.9). Don't make unilateral concessions.Chapter VII The General Procedures of International Business NegotiationPart I Preparing Stage1. Assessment of situation (See chapter VI)1) Assessment of environmental factors2) Assessment of negotiators, the third party2. Analysis on Agenda1) What is agenda?Formal agendaInformal agenda2) Arrangements of agendaa) TimeWhen arrange time, we should see:How well we prepare the negotiationNegotiators body conditionWhat the issue is, major issue or minor issueThe timing of our negotiators presentationb) Locationhost placethe other‟s placethe third placec) Considering participantsSending negotiators with equivalent positions of the other sideChief negotiator, specialist/technician,d) Setting negotiation issuesanalysis on the issues: major issue, minor issue, links on these issues3. Concession strategyFour Strategies for Making ConcessionsLabel your concessionsCase study: a manager‟s negotiation with employee on salary increase2. Demand and define reciprocityCase study: IT firm and a clientThis isn't easy for us, but we've made some adjustments on price to accommodate your concerns. We expect that you are now in a better position to make some changes to the project deadlines. An extra month would help us immeasurablyMake contingent concessionsCase study:We can provide additional support but only if you agree to purchase some of the following additional services," or, "This is literally the best we can do on price right now. But if you can adjust some of your demands, we might be able to reopen the price issue."4. Make concessions in installmentsCase study:Which of these scenarios would make you happier?Scenario A:While walking down the street, you find a $20 bill.Scenario B:While walking down the street, you find a $10 bill. The next day, on a different street, you find another $10 bill.Part II Face-to-face negotiationIt usually involves four stages:Non-task sounding / Relationship BuildingInformation Exchange (claiming value)Persuasion (creating values)Compromise/concession (overcoming barriers)Part III. Post-negotiationRatificationImplementationChapter VIII Tactical Expressions in International Business NegotiationEuphemism （委婉语）Fuzzy wording （模糊语）Merit demonstration （得体表述）Polemic statements （论辩表述）1. EuphemismExamples:the second class / economic classsmall / compact“don‟t step on that grass” / “keep off that grass”“developing country” / “poor country” or “backward country”a company is in debt. / this company is in difficulties or in embarrassing obligationit is in bankrupt / it is out of game.the low/cheap price / it is an economic price.the used cars / it is an experienced car or pre-owned cars.Functions of euphemistic presentationrelieve the tension of negotiating climate and break the deadlock when a negotiator expresses his different opinions, or get the negotiation to be stuck.2) Euphemism used to different kinds of negotiators in business negotiation.a) Euphemism used to womena pregnant negotiator / she is in a delicate state of health, in a family way, be expecting.she is so fat / she is plump, full figure.she is so skinny / she is slender.his wife is a housewife / she is a household executive.b) Euphemism used to the agedThe old/the mature / call them naturally Mr or Mrsc) Euphemism used to other person in business negotiationHard of hearing / “deaf”.He is stupid, foolish / he is a bit slow for his age.To the people who have mental diseases, we can say “imbalanced” or “disturbed”the “insane asylum” / “mental hospital”.the heart disease person / “heart condition”“big C” to the people with cancer.To the black person, we can say he or she is a person of color.Referring to the poor ones, we can say he or she is in a lower income group.3) The techniques of using euphemism in business negotiationTechniques when we are in some urgent situationToilet / “rest room”, “john”, “convenience”, “comfort room”, “comfort station” , “powder room”. If you broke a cup of tea by mistake /“落地生花”b) Grammatical techniquesUse friendly wordsE.g.In view of our long term business relations, we would like to give you a discount of 70%.We would like to grateful if your side could resolve this problem.I am wandering whether you can accept our quotation price.Add some adverbs with regretful meaning in a negative sentence such as unfortunately, sorry, frankly, honestly to say, I am sorry to say, etc.E.g.Unfortunately, we can not accept the payment of delivery you offer.Honestly to say, we can offer you the lowest price.I am sorry to say, the price you offer in much higher than that we can accept.Use a noun to reduce unpleasantness, such as: we are sorry for our inability to your condition. Here, the word “inability”replaced the phrase “we can not”sound much more politely and let others accept easily.Use some sentences with negative meaning.E.g.The delivery date you asked is so early that we can hardly finish it on time.It is very difficult for us to make a further concession to you.Use subjunctive mood in negotiation.E.gWe would be very grateful if you let us pay by installment.Cf We will be very grateful if you let us pay by installment.Anyone who had been in my position would not make such an offer.Cf Anyone will make such an offer.I suggest you consider our offer further more, or we could hardly go on our discussion.Cf I want you will consider our offer furthermore, or we could hardly go on with our discussion. We can easily find that the first sentences seem more polite, reasonable and acceptable than the second ones.Use the passive voice sentence.E.gThe goods shall be shipped safely during the transportation.All the goods should be transported from the destination port to some inland city.Shipment has to be made before November; otherwise we are mot catch the selling season.We wish to remind you that the payment of last shipment has not been fulfilled.Use some words with negative moodE.gHe is not so bad.How is your study right now?Not bad, thanks.Cf Very good, thanksYour price is really not so encouraging.Cf Your price is really disappointing.We hope you will see your way to make a prompt settlement because it has caused no little loss and trouble to our company.Cf We hope you will see your way to make a prompt settlement because it has caused great loss and trouble to our company.c) Raise difficult conditionsEgIf you can not meet the needs of the market, my customers have to buy elsewhere.It would be very difficult for us to push any sale if we buy at the price you offer.It will be inconvenient for us to make distribution to the retailers if you ship the goods on time. d) Adopt empathic techniqueEgRaise your questions if you cannot follow me.Raise your questions if you…d like to know something more.Is there anything that you cannot understand?Is there anything that I have not made it clear?If you have not understood me what I said, I will repeat it again.I will repeat what I said just now, if I didn‟t make myself understood.e) give your partners an outEgWe know where you are about the package and shipment of your goods.4) Some problems caused by unsuitable euphemismthe poor child / “people unable to secure much beyond the necessities of today‟s world because of the modest finances of the family”.the workers go on strike / it is an industrial action.2. Fuzzy wording1) The functions of fuzzy wordinga) Make language more politeeg. I've made a real mess of my essay, but could you possibly read through it by Friday?May I ask how old you are?Self-protection: lessen the speaker‟s responsibilityeg. It is required that the stipulations in the relative credit be in exact accordance with the stated inthe Sales Confirmation. (Absence of speaker)I agree with you, in a sense.2) Techniques of fuzzy wordinga) Authorization Limitedeg.1. A: I‟ve agreed to compromise and meet your 5,400 price. So we‟ve got a deal, right?B: As far as I‟m concerned, we do. But first, of course, I have t o check with my boss.2. To be honest, the problem you put forward may be solved if I have the final. But I am sorry, I have no such a right to decide.3．You know, this is not my personal affair. To tell you the truth, the conditions you put forward just now are something new to my company, ——in fact, it‟s the first time for us to handle. I think, if you can lower your requirements, I shall try what I can to report to the Head Office and persuade my boss to agree to your terms.4．As for the problem of specification modification, I‟m afraid it‟s difficult for me to give you my opinion right now. Because this is not a problem of my own institute only, but relates to other factories in connection with the product. However, if you can add another 5% of the total products to be sold in your own country, I shall try my best to meet your requirements by reporting to the department concerned and consulting with other relevant factories.b) Direct Utterance Avoidedeg. 1. Well, our business policy is very clear, and our enterprise credit is also known to all.2. In this case, if a sort of testing agent is just available to put into it, the result would be much better and satisfactory.c) Hedging Words Usedeg. “sort of”, “kind of”, “somewhat”, “really”, “almost”, “quite”, “entirely”, a little bit”, “some”, “to some extent”, “more or less” and etc.“I think”, “no wonder”, “I believe”, “I assume”, “I suppose”, “I am afraid”, “probably”, “as far as I can tell”, “seem”, “hard to say” and etc.1. Anyhow, I am afraid the implications of these two terms are somewhat different.2. Well, the design is generally based on the calculation of Professor Thomson. He once said that even the most efficient steam engine was only about 20% efficient.3. And I think we can probably just make shipment before May...As far as I can tell you right now, we start at once.4. I caught the eleven something plane.3. Merit Demonstrations1) The functions of merit demonstrationsoverstatement often seems forward and aggressive in the opponent‟s presence. Understatement is the opposite of overstatement. It can emphasize a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. Understatement obeys the modesty maxim and indirect politeness strategy. Negotiators should present merits skillfully and appropriately in order to achieve much more effective results.2) Techniques of merit demonstrationsa) Minimizing Exclamationeg. 1. a) What an excellent performance of our equipment!b) According to our end users, the performance of this equipment is excellent.2. a) Through repeated experiments, we have at last obtained these data which we have been longing for. It‟s certainly no easy job!b) We failed several times, but finally we succeeded in getting these experiment data. Lessening Flowery Languageeg. 1. a) If we close this deal, you can make big profits with small capital.b) You may be Mr. Smith, sales manager of ABC Company from your country. He signed a contract with us last time, and made a profit of over US $500,000.2. a) This kind of lighter has good performance and can be used for a long time.b) This kind of light can operate continually more than 40,000 times a piece.c) Limiting Direct Comparisoneg. 1. As a big factory, we have rooms to move about. And with a number of newly-developed products, we need to open overseas markets, and have had a group of foreign cooperative partners. While that EFG Company is a small one, they have insufficient ability of technical development, and their products are mainly for domestic market. So they now cannot begin to talk about the cooperation with foreign firms.2. This kind of instrument of ours is small in dimension, high in sensibility and easy to operate; while your product is bigger in volume and lacking of one percent in sensibility and without the automatic control function.d) Attenuating Subjective Coloringeg. 1. a) Our enterprise has been developing rapidly, and well known in China and overseas. Our products are extremely welcomed by the customers.b) Our factory‟s economic beneficial results have in fact been t ripled in the last three years. There‟s a special report about our factory carried in Beijing Review last month. You know, Beijing Review is weekly published in more than 20 languages and distributed to over 180 countries and regions. At present, a number of buyers especially name our factory as their only supplier, and we‟re just worrying how to meet the needs of the customers at home and abroad.2. a) It goes without saying that great progress has been made in our research, and we also think, the research has been in the leading position in the world.b) Last autumn, Dr.Y. M. Ulijin, consultant to the UNESCO about new foreign language teaching methodology in international scientific and technological cooperation, came to visit our college. Upon his r eturn, he wrote an article in which he pointed out that “satisfactory progress has been made in their work”. He also said, that “the level of the research work there can be regarded as internationally advanced.”4. Polemic Statements1) The functions of polemic statementsPolemic statements play a powerful role in business negotiation. The key of polemics lies in “speak”, and “state”. Polemic statements should be definite; the grounds of arguments should be sufficient and logical.2) The techniques of polemic statementsa) Unleash Psychological Attackseg. 1. We appreciate your products very much, and we really need them, too. But it‟s too bad that we now have some difficulties to afford such a big sum. We were wondering whether you could take a more flexible policy toward that?2. In your speech just now you said that you‟d made some concessions in the product‟s specifications, packing, delivery and other aspects. That is acknowledged, and we appreciate very much your kind cooperation. The agreements we have reached so far are resulted from ourcommon efforts. I think, this will do us good for our long-term cooperation. But as far as the spare parts problem that we put forward is concerned, you seem to have not yet answered. We don‟t know if you could put it into your further consideration.3. I agree to what you said about the engineering schedule. But we are in the dry season now, and the power supply can not meet the needs for a little while. You will be very much appreciated if you kindly agree to postponed the date of delivery for 3 weeks.b) Retreat in Order to Advanceeg. 1. We have met many of your requirements in the scientific survey to the forest regarding the visiting area and the time of stay there. To all this, you may be clear. So, if we can more appropriately solve the problem of the investment proportion, I‟m afraid then, there should not be too much trouble for solving the transportation problem in the forest according to your requirement.2. It seems that we have not yet reached an agreement on the number and duration of the sending trainees. We have made our efforts in cooperating with you, you know. I suppose, if you would kindly consider our proposal on the number of sending personnel, the problem of time and duration of the training can also be further consulted between us.3. Well, let‟s give the matter further thought and discuss it latter. I agree to give up this item. But I hope you can cooperate with us in sponsoring two trainees. All right?c) Take Advantage of Contradictionseg. 1. Frankly speaking, the businessmen from America, Japan as well as from France are trying to contact us. But to us, we are going to compare commodities from different producers, treat them equally without discrimination, and choose among the best.2. At present, the products from Philip are attractive to us; but we are also very much interested in those from Matsushita. We hope that you can offer your competitive price.3. As the matter stands now, your quotation is over the current price in the international market, and also beyond our ability of payment. In this way, we‟ll, as we think, have to consider offers from other sources. Honestly speaking, if you can reduce your price by 25%, that will be considered agreeable to the level of the international market.d) Give Tit for Tateg. 1. Personally, this is our rock-bottom price, Mr. Green. I‟m afraid, it seems that we can‟t make any further concession.2. As to the mentioned problem of provisions, I‟m afraid there are few possibili ties for the revision. In order not to procrastinate further other contacts, for us both sides, please give us your reply within two weeks. If the contract problem can not be solved within the two weeks, the items previously agreed upon will not be valid any longer.3. It seems that the gap between us is too great whether the dispatched personnel could enter and work in the “center”, although I can not say that we will call off this battle. However, if there is no flexibility on that from your side, I‟m afr aid I can not see any necessity of talking of sending personnel any more.4. As the matter stands now, I‟m afraid what we can do is only up to here.。
2010-Chapter 1-2
杨朝燕©
Lexicology
“heart”
• • • • • • • • • • • at heart by heart a change of heart a heart of gold lose one’s heart to steal one’s heart break one’s heart cross one’s heart cry one’s heart out eat one’s heart out heart and hand heart and soul with half a heart with all (one’s) heart from the depth of one’s heart have one’s heart in one’s mouth wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve One’s heart sinks within one.
9
杨朝燕©
Lexicology
1.1 Basic Word Stock 1.1.1 Features of basic word stock:
A. All national character 全民性— denote the most common things and phenomena B. Stability 稳定性— be likely to remain unchanged C. Productivity 能产性– form compounds D. Polysemy多义性— possess over one meaning. E. Collocability 搭配能力强 – form idioms, proverbs etc.
13
杨朝燕©
海伦.凯勒经典英文名著阅读《我的生活》：ChapterI
★以下是英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的《海伦.凯勒经典英⽂名著阅读《我的⽣活》：Chapter I》，供⼤家参考。
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Chapter I第⼀章It is with a kind of fear that I begin to write the history of my life. I have, as it were, a superstitious hesitation in lifting the veil that clings about my childhood like a golden mist. The task of writing an autobiography is a difficult one. When I try to classify my earliest impressions, I find that fact and fancy look alike across the years that link the past with the present. The woman paints the child's experiences in her own fantasy. A few impressions stand out vividly from the first years of my life; but "the shadows of the prison-house are on the rest." Besides, many of the joys and sorrows of childhood have lost their poignancy; and many incidents of vital importance in my early education have been forgotten in the excitement of great discoveries. In order, therefore, not to be tedious I shall try to present in a series of sketches only the episodes that seem to me to be the most interesting and important.我是怀着惴惴不安的⼼情书写我⽣活的历史的。
英语国家概况chapter(I)
Learning objectives
To understand the history and development of the English language
To familiarize yourself with the culture and society of the English speaking countries
Language changes
During this period, English experienced significant linguistic changes, including the loss of graphical gender and the development of a strong verb system
Britain
Climate
Britain has a temperature marine climate, with cool winters and correlated mill summers The weather is often cloudy, with frequent rainfalls
United States
Climate
The climate of the United States is diverse, with each region having its own unique weather patterns The country experiences all four seasons, with variations in temperature, rainfall, and snowfall depending on the location
国际市场营销英文教案 Chapter I Guiding Theory of th
国际市场营销英文教案Chapter I Guiding Theory of International Marketing1. Objectives:At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:Understand the concept of international marketing.Expln the guiding theories of international marketing.Discuss the importance of international marketing in the global business environment.2.Briefly introduce the topic of international marketing.Highlight the importance of international marketing in today's globalized world.Outline the objectives of the chapter.3. Definition of International Marketing:Provide a clear definition of international marketing.Discuss the differences between international marketing and domestic marketing.Expln the scope of international marketing.4. Guiding Theories of International Marketing:Introduce the mn theories that guide international marketing decisions. Discuss each theory in detl, including its assumptions, implications, and limitations.Provide real-world examples to illustrate the application of these theories.5. Importance of International Marketing:Expln the significance of international marketing in achieving organizational objectives.Discuss the benefits of international marketing for businesses and consumers.Analyze the challenges and opportunities in international marketing. 6. Conclusion:Summarize the key points discussed in the chapter.Reinforce the importance of understanding the guiding theories of international marketing.Highlight the need for further study and research in this field.7. Exercises and Case Studies:Provide a list of exercises and case studies for students to practice and apply the concepts discussed in the chapter.Encourage students to analyze real-world examples and critically evaluate the strategies used in international marketing.8. References:List the references used in the chapter for further reading and research.9.appendix:Provide additional resources, such as articles, books, and websites, forstudents who want to explore the topic of international marketing in more detl.10. Self-Assessment Quiz:Include a self-assessment quiz at the end of the chapter to help students evaluate their understanding of the concepts and theories discussed. Chapter VI International Marketing Environment1. Objectives:At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:Describe the international marketing environment.Analyze the factors that affect international marketing decisions. Discuss the political, economic, social, technological, and cultural aspects of the international marketing environment.2. Introduction to International Marketing Environment:Expln the significance of the international marketing environment. Outline the mn ponents of the international marketing environment. 3. Political Factors:Discuss the impact of political factors on international marketing decisions.Explore the role of governments, trade policies, and political stability in international marketing.4. Economic Factors:Analyze the economic factors that influence international marketingstrategies.Examine the importance of economic indicators, exchange rates, and inflation in international marketing.5. Social Factors:Discuss the role of social factors in international marketing decisions. Explore cultural diversity, demographic trends, and consumer behavior in different countries.6. Technological Factors:Examine the impact of technological advancements on international marketing.Discuss the use of technology in market research, munication, and distribution.7. Cultural Factors:Analyze the influence of cultural factors on international marketing strategies.Explore the importance of cultural adaptation, branding, and product positioning in different markets.8. Conclusion:Summarize the key points discussed in the chapter.Reinforce the importance of understanding the international marketing environment.Highlight the need for further study and research in this field.9. Exercises and Case Studies:Provide a list of exercises and case studies for students to practice and apply the concepts discussed in the chapter.Encourage students to analyze real-world examples and critically evaluate the strategies used in international marketing.10. References:List the references used in the chapter for further reading and research.11. Appendix:Provide additional resources, such as articles, books, and websites, for students who want to explore the topic of international marketing environment in more detl.12. Self-Assessment Quiz:Include a self-assessment quiz at the end of the chapter to help students evaluate their understanding of the concepts and theories discussed. Chapter VII International Market Research1. Objectives:At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:Define international market research.Expln the importance of international market research.Discuss the mn methods and techniques used in international market research.2. Introduction to International Market Research:Discuss the significance of international market research in the global business environment.Outline the objectives and scope of international market research.3. Importance of International Market Research:Analyze the benefits of international market research for businesses. Discuss the role of international market research in reducing risks and improving marketing strategies.4. Methods and T echniques of International Market Research:Explore the various methods and techniques used in international market research.Discuss the advantages and limitations of each method.5. Secondary Market Research:Define secondary market research and expln its importance in international marketing.Discuss the sources of secondary market research data and their usefulness in international market research.6. Primary Market Research:Expln the concept of primary market research.Discuss the methods used in primary market research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.7. Ethical Considerations in International Market Research:Discuss the ethical issues involved in international market research.Explore the importance of mntning ethical standards and ensuring the protection of research participants.8. Conclusion:Summarize the key points discussed in the chapter.Reinforce the importance of international market research in decision-making.Highlight the need for further study and research in this field.9. Exercises and Case Studies:Provide a list of exercises and case studies for students to practice and apply the concepts discussed in the chapter.Encourage students to analyze real-world examples and critically evaluate the strategies used in international market research.10. References:List the references used in the chapter for further reading and research.11. Appendix:Provide additional resources, such as articles, books, and websites, for students who want to explore the topic of international market research in more detl.12.重点和难点解析在上述教案中，有几个关键环节需要重点关注。
英语国家概况 英国部分Chapter1
Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Tunnel
It is a landmark event in the century plus history of Qingdao, marking the beginning of the Greater Qingdao era; it completes the 1-hour economic circle among the downtown Qingdao and the districts and cities under its jurisdiction and the 4-hour economic circle among the central cities at Shandong Peninsula as well. 1-hour economic circle among Qingdao, Hongdao and Huangdao The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge links Qingdao, Huangdao and Xuejiadao, cuts the distance between Qingdao and Huangdao by 30 km
III Climate
Questions for discussion
1. Why is the climate in Great Britain so mild?p7 2.English people always strike up a conversation by talking about weather ,do you know why?
The weather in England is remarkably changeable.
“other countries have a climate, in England we have weather.” In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. Effect on the Englishman’s character. It tends to make them cautious and adaptable.
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13. His uncle was said to have let _____drop this
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. secret. They have been known ____get very angry. Her whole life had been spent listening to other people ____ talk. Daniel held out his arm to her. She had no choice but ____obey. What could I do then except _____watch them _______carry you away? There was nothing to do but ______escape. All I did was ____give him a little push. Have Miss Marry ____come in, please.
6. The infinitive after the preposition “except, but”, if there is any form of “do”, should be used without “to”, otherwise, followed by “to”
There’s nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. He’ll do nothing but work on a farm. They desired nothing but to succeed. I have no choice except to accept the fact.
1) What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. 2) All you do now is (to) finish your homework.
3) The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. 4) The thing to do now is (to) clear up this mess. 10. In the structures “can’t but do, can’t help but do, can do nothing but do”(只 do”(只 好干…) 好干 1) When we were ready to start out, we could do nothing but wait for the bus. 2) Alone in the house, the old lady couldn’t help but expect the letter from her daughter.
2. In the following arrangements: 维持生活) ① make do with sth ,(靠……维持生活 靠 维持生活 假装) ② make believe (假装 假装 倒下， ③ let drop \let fall(让……倒下，随便说出 让 倒下 随便说出) 痛骂，发射） ④ let fly (at) （痛骂，发射） 放开， ⑤ let go of sb.\sth (放开，让……走) 放开 走 (不追究，忽视 不追究， ⑥ let pass 不追究 忽视) (放弃，错过机会等 放弃， ⑦ let slip 放弃 错过机会等) ⑧ let there be (有……) 有 听说) ⑨ hear say \hear tell (听说 听说
1) Why argue with him? 2) Why not give Mary some flowers? 3) Why talk so much about it ?
9. In the structures “all + relative clause”, “thing +relative clause”, “what clause”, “thing + infinitive”, if there is any form of “do”, the subject complement may take “to” or may not.
She won’t let me do it.
Note: If these kinds of sentences are to be changed into passive voices, we should use “to”.
She was made to tell him everything. She was often heard to sing this song.
7. If there is “rather than \sooner than” at the beginning of the sentences, the verb after it doesn’t need “to” .（宁愿 （宁愿… 也不…） 也不 ） 1) Rather than stay in hospital, he insisted on going back to his work. 2) Sooner than yield he resolved to die. Note: If “rather than\ sooner than” appears at other places of sentences, sometimes the verb takes “to”, sometimes not.
Exercise: Add “to” where necessary. 1. I noticed them _____have come early. 2. Sooner than _____travel by bus, I’d prefer a week on a big liner. 3. Why not _____urge him _____reconsider his decision? 4. Let things go ____ hang. 5. We have never known him _____lose his temper before. 6. The prisoners were let ______go.
English useful expressions: (1-2) “not to speak of” “not to say” 1). We defy death, not to speak of hardships and difficulties.
（我们死都不怕，更不用说艰难困苦了。）
2). In those days my wife couldn’t have a decent meal, not to speak of buying clothes.
（在那日字里，我老婆连吃饭都吃不上，更不用 说买衣服了。）
Come have a drink with me. Try knock at the door to see whether she is in. 4. When the infinitive is used as the complement, if the verb express the meaning of feeling, such as “see, feel, smell, hear, watch, ” including the verbs “have, make, let”. I heard them talk about something in the next room. Mr. Wang made him tell his secret.
1. After the structures “had better \had best ”(最好 would rather \would 最好), 最好 sooner\would just as soon ( 宁愿 ), may\might as well (不妨 can’t but\ 不妨), 不妨 can’t help but (不得不 不得不) 不得不 （Translate the following sentences） I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They can’t but accept his term. There’s nothing to do, so I might as well go to bed.
7. I don’t want there ______be any misunderstanding between us. 8. He resigned rather than _____stifle his conscience. 9. All I’m trying to do is _____get this thing off the ground. 10. I’ve heard ____say that she has left. 11. What he did was ____throw his arms around the girl and embrace her. 12. Let’s make _____believe that we’re explorers in the forests of Africa.
She wanted to play with her friend rather than (to) study at home. You can’t do better than (to) go. I know better than (to) do such a thing. .
8. In the patterns “why, why not”, the verb after it doesn’t take “to”.
Chapter I Infinitive without “to”