在职硕士英语考试2019试卷
economic depression
prepare for (使)为…作准备
2019English Test
1、Dialogue 2、Vocabulary 3、Reading Comprehension 4、Cloze Test
Part I. Dialogue Communication
Section A prior优先的; 在前的; 较早的 I have a prior engagement at five. 我已经先有一个在五点钟的约会。 prior to 在…之前 The will was made two days prior to his death. 遗嘱是在他死亡前两天立的。
糕
man of words= keep promise遵守诺言
intend 意欲, 打算 He did not intend paying the bill. 他不打算付账。 be intended for专为……而设计，专供……使用 absolute绝对的, 完全的 I look upon this as an absolute necessity. 我认为这是绝对必要的。 convention习俗, 惯例 Convention dictates（命令、指示） that a minister
should resign in such a situation. conventional 依照惯例、传统的, 约定俗成的
regular有规律的, 定期的, 定时的 He leads a regular life. 他过着有规律的生活。 regular合乎原则的; 符合规定的; 正当的; 适当的 I think your method isn't quite regular. 我认为你的方法不正当。 original起初的; 原来的 The original settlers are the Indians. 最早在这里定居的是印第安人。 original独创的; 新颖的 The inventor had an original mind. 那个发明家具有创新的头脑。
retreat 撤退; 退却
Our soldiers force the enemy to retreat. 我们的战士迫使敌人后退。 recovery恢复健康, 复原
He made a quick recovery from his illness and was soon back at work.
The duty to protect my sister is prior to all others.
保护我的妹妹是我最重要的责任。
convenient 方便的, 便利的, 合适的 I have to find a cshelves. 我得找一合适的地方放这些书架。 在你方便时我能来和你谈谈吗? Is it convenient for you to go out tonight? 今晚你方便出去吗? share with 与…分享〔合用〕 I'll share my apple with you if you'll give me half of
their praises. 他看不起那些阿谀奉承的人。
blame
envy 妒忌; 羡慕 They were full of envy when they saw my new car. 他们看了我的新汽车, 都非常羡慕。 Spread one’s own wings 独立 perform执行; 履行 He not only promised, but performed. 他不仅许下诺言, 而且做到了。 perform表演; 扮演 He performed well under pressure. 他在压力之下表现得很好。 performance履行, 执行;演出, 表演
他生病后康复得很快, 不久就去上班了。
Will the government's policies lead to an economic recovery?
recover恢复
He is very ill and unlikely to recover. 他病得很重, 不大可能恢复健康了
Every day they are talking about peace but actually preparing for war.
他们每天都在谈论和平, 但实际上却在准备战 争。
get ready for (使)准备好... A piece of cake轻松的事，小事一桩，一块蛋
your cake. 你若把你的蛋糕给我一半, 我就与你分享我的苹果。
has an eye for有判断力、欣赏力 Mr. Wang has an eye for painting praise称赞, 赞赏 They have been praising you all the time. 他们总在夸奖你。 praise崇拜; 荣耀 He despised people who were lavish with
depress使愁苦; 使沮丧
His mother was depressed by the sad news. 这个坏消息使他的母亲意志消沉。 depress使跌价; 使萧条
A rise in oil prices depresses the car market. 石油价格的上涨使汽车市场不景气。 depression忧伤, 消沉, 沮丧
2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019级硕士研究生学位英语测试精读试题(A卷)
2009级硕士研究生学位英语测试试题（精读部分）I. Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each one is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.1. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.A. officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics2. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading.A. engrossedB. confusedC. refrainD. diverted3. High rate of unemployment and violence are deplored by many people.A. condemnedB. convincedC. declaredD. perpetuated4. I have nothing but disdain for such a person.A. respectB. hatredC. dislikeD. contempt5. They feared the plague and regarded it as a deadly scourge.A. punishmentB. illnessC. troubleD. ailment6. The retiring professor was exalted by his colleague.A. criticizedB. honoredC. driven outD. examined7. They found substantial evidence that exposure to nerve gas was responsible for the veterans’symptoms.A. contactB. betrayalC. exhibitionD. publication8. It would be a way of preserving animals that are dying out because their habitat is beingdestroyed.A. mateB. prayC. territoryD. enemy9. The vast crowd burst into spontaneous cheering at ht skillful play.A. earnestB. volcanicC. heartyD. automatic10. The majority of prospective adoptive parents use an adoption agency, while others consultadoption facilitators in the United States.A. confidentB. justifiedC. sensibleD. potentialSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each one is a sentence with something missing. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.11. It is a long time since we’ve been _____________; I hope everything goes as well as lasttime.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up12. In many countries now, smoking is not _____________ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious13. These demands ______________ the agreements we have reached.A. run away fromB. go against toC. go counter toD. act counter from14. He made a _____________ speech that caused a great deal of argument.A. successfulB. touchingC. provocativeD. hostile15. He seems purposefully to _____________ the importance of the deal.A. look downB. ignoreC. overlookD. play down16. I can’t understand the ______________ of anyone who would do a terrible thing like that.A. mentalityB. powerC. intelligenceD. function17. Because of ________________ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting alongwith each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible18. New York probably has the largest number of different language _____________ in theworld.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies19. As ____________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of20. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ____________ better thinkers thanheavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn upII. Reading Comprehension (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to the near death’s door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn’t prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1900s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almosta decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arlan Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum,”says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal’s behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal’s behavior switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly” at the moment but doesn’t dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “It’ll be the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”21. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____A. it is possible to live a longer and healthy life.B. humans can live as long as scientists predict.C. living longer is still considered a good idea.D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for human.22. In the 1980s, the data on people’s health expectancy____A. gave an optimistic prediction.B. showed an unclear future.C. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing.23. In the lab experiment on rats, __________A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked.B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal.C. the animals’ lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD. different amounts of food cause a change in the animals’ behaviour24. Richardson believes that _____A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing.B. it is worthwhile to talk about stopping ageing.C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true.D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing.25. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that ____A. quality life is out of reach for most people.B. quality life can slow down the process of ageing.C. how long one can live depends on the genes one carried.D. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.Passage TwoWeary after centuries of fighting the surging North Sea from gushing into this low-lying nation, the Netherlands is rethinking how to keep Dutch feet dry.The traditional method of stopping flood water has been to build dikes. But at the Second World Water Forum, a five-day conference that was 10 start today in The Hague, Dutch water experts were to explain that the best way to handle the water may be to let it in.In the Netherlands —half of which lies below sea level —the Ministry of Water Management has designated several low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains" that would be used in emergencies to divert floodwaters from populated areas, spokesman Hans Scholten said.Referring to the fable of a Dutch boy named Hans Brinker who saved the nation from disaster by plugging a hole in the sea barrier. Undersecretary for Water Management Monique de Vries said: "Hans Brinker will have to take his finger out of the dike and pull on his galoshes."Although the country has built dikes and reclaimed land since the Middle Ages, repeatedflooding of farmland in recent years and high maintenance costs have led to a rethinking about the old methods."Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore the processes of nature," said Bert Blase, spokesman for an association of regional water boards. "Hooding certain nature reserve areas every few years would be good for the environment."Pan of the plan involves widening river beds to allow larger volumes of water to How to the sea. Although it is still unclear how much land could eventually be allocated to the project — some inhabitants would have to be relocated — large areas of the eastern Dutch province of Gclderland have been labeled as suitable.While flooding is a serious threat to die Dutch, global warming could expose many more in this country of 15 million to drought and water pollution if governments do not take drastic measures, conference organizers have warned.More than 3.500 delegates from 150 countries will attend the conference, the follow-up to the first global water congress, which was held in Marrakech, Morocco, two years ago.With one-sixth of the world's population lacking clean drinking water, forum organizers have called for annual global spending on water problems to be more than doubled from about $70 billion or $80 billion to $180 billion.In the closing stages of the conference, ministers from more than 100 countries will meet to discuss sustainable water for the world's growing population and farmers who grow crops for mass consumption.26. What is the new idea the experts put forward to keep Dutch feet dry?A. To build more powerful damsB. To let the sea water in the insideC. To ignore the process of natureD. To flood certain nature reserves27. Hans Brinker is known as a national hero________.A. in Dutch history who succeeded in diverting floodwater from the populated areasB. who look his finger out of the dike and built a sea barrierC. who pulled his finger on his galoshes and saved the nation from being drownedD. a legend who saved the nation by stopping the sea flood in28. Which of the following is NOT included in the forth-coming Dutch project in saving the nation from possible sea floods?A. To designate some low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains".B. To let the sea flood certain nature reserve areas every few years.C. To broaden some river beds to allow more river water to flow to the sea.D. To expose many more areas of the country to drought or flood.29. All the following are the topics to be discussed in the Second World Water ForumEXCEPT________.A. how to divert floodwaters from the populated areas of HollandB. how to reduce water pollution and provide more healthy drinking water for the growingpopulationC. how to help farmers to keep on the sustainable agriculture by watering their crops timelyD. how to take measures to slow down the ever-accelerating global warming-up tendency30. The best way to paraphrase the sentence "Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore theprocess of nature" is_________.A. Sometimes it's no use ignoring the process of natureB. In some cases man can and must neglect the law of natureC. It would often be harmful for Man to go against the process of natureD. Man must always follow the way of how things are going onIII. Translation (20 points)Section A (10 points)Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese.Perhaps it’s not quite right to call the iPhone revolutionary. It won’t create a new market or change the entertainment industry the way the iPod did. When you get right down to it, thedevice doesn’t even have that many new features –it’s not like Jobs invented voice mail, or text messaging, or conference calling or mobile Web browsing. He just noticed that they were broken, and he fixed them.Section B (10 points)Directions: Put the following paragraph into English.没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。
宁波大学211翻译硕士英语2019(B卷)考研专业课真题
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (30 points: 20 for Section A, and 10 for Section B)Section A: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.Andrew wanted to be transferred to another department, but her application was _____because her own department is understaffed.A.turned downB. turned overC. turned awayD. turnedoff2.Helen’s been neglecting her homework lately. I’ll _____ with her parents about it.A.have wordsB. have a wordC. have the wordD. have the lastword3.______ more societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a loomingproblem of knowledge management.A.Given thatB. ProvidedC. UnlessD. While4.Psychologists maintain that the nature of human beings entails a strong need to _____their free time; idleness can be as stressful as activity.A.endangerB. preserveC. consumeD. organize5._____ age twenty, Robert Kelly left KCRA, Inc. to enroll _____ the University ofCalifornia at Davis.A. at; atB. at; inC. upon; inD. on; at6.We had the unmeasured _____ of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us.A. threatenB. misfortuneC. flinchD. menace7.I _____ the Head Master’s permission to alter darker to sterner. “Not less we praise insterner days.”A. have obtainedB. acquireC. had possessedD. contained8.AIDS is said __________ the number-one killer of both men and women over the pastfew years in that region.A. beingB. to beC. to have beenD. having been(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语9.Sometimes he was brilliant; sometimes he was maddeningly tiresome. The underlinedword means ________.A. exhaustingB. dullC. annoyingD. bored10.Uncle Bubba was tough, kind, funny, and scary all _________ one, which was just whatDan and I needed.A. mix intoB. merged intoC. fixed intoD. rolled into11.In fact, as he approached his beloved daughter, he only barely resisted the________ to stroke her pretty soft hair.A. impulseB. intuitionC. instinctD. incentive12.The price of the organic vegetable will vary according to how far it has to betransported and how expensive the freight ________ is.A. paymentB. chargeC. fundD. price13.As the temperature dropped abruptly, the campers were ________ all overwith cold.A. spinningB. shiveringC. shakingD. staggering14.The English language contains a (an) ________ of words which are comparativelyseldom used in ordinary conversation.A. altitudeB. latitudeC. multitudeD. attitude15.The mayor expressed his heart-felt gratitude through the reporters for the timelyassistance and support the people from other cities had kindly ________ to hiscitizens.A. renderedB. securedC. soughtD. furnished16.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only ________familiarity with technology.A. by means ofB. in terms ofC. in quest ofD. by virtue of17.Lucy ________ going back to school since she saved enough money, but she hasn’tdecided yet.A.consideredB. had consideredC.is going to considerD. has been considering(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语18.Many reporters hurried to the airport, ________ that the superstar had already left.A.had been toldB. being toldC.only to be toldD. unfortunately told19.Once you become a soldier, you will be given a monthly ________ by the army.A. incomeB. allowanceC. wageD. salary20.The Olympic Games ________ in 776 B. C. in Olympia, a small town in Greece.A. originatedB. stemmedC. derivedD. descendedSection B: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked, A, B, C, and D You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 21 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 22 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 23 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 24 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 25 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 26 a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 27 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 28 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 29 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 30 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 31 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 32 with them up to a year, 33 they can build a flew house nearby. Divorce is legal and easy to 34 , but not common .Divorced persons are 35 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 36 property he or she 37 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 38 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 39 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 40 the woman must wait the months.21. A. by way of B. as well as C. on behalf of D. with regard to(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语22. A. adapt to B. provide for C. compete with D. decide on23. A. close B. renew C. arrange D. postpone24. A. In theory B. Above all C. In time D. For example25. A. Although B. Lest C. After D. Unless26. A. into B. within C. from D. through27. A. sine B. or C. but D. so28. A. test B. copy C. recite D. create29. A. folding B. piling C. wrapping D. tying30. A. lighting B. passing C. hiding D. serving31. A. meeting B. association C. collection D. union32. A. grow B. part C. deal D. live33. A. whereas B. until C. for D. if34. A. obtain B. follow C. challenge D. avoid35. A. isolated B. persuaded C. viewed D. exposed36. A. wherever B. however C. whenever D. whatever37. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed38. A. divided B. invested C. donated D. withdrawn39. A. clears B. warms C. shows D. breaks40. A. while B. so what C. once D. in thatPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points: 2×20)Direction: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D You are expected to make the best choice.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passageA number of scientific studies have found that the amount of sugar we consume is a major factor in how big Americans have become. In the last half century, consumption of sugars by the average American has increased by more than 24 pounds a year, expanding waistlines and crowding out more nutritious foods.Furthermore, the studies indicate that the main dietary culprit for both the increase in sugar and the weight of Americans has been the ever-growing consumption of sugary drinks, especially soda. These soft drinks contribute 7 percent of the calories Americans consume, making them the leading source of added sugar and the single largest source of calories in our diet.Critics have repeatedly blamed high-fructose corn syrup, the inexpensive sweetener that has helped to keep soda prices down and allowed consumption to soar. But in fact, no(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语sugary beverage and no caloric sweetener is blameless. Not ordinary table sugar; not brown sugar or raw sugar; not honey; not even fruit juice concentrate.All these sweeteners when added to drinks contribute mostly empty calories that do little to satisfy the appetite and end up as excess energy that the body ultimately turns to fat. And soda, though the most common sugary beverage, is not the only one involved. In fact, after decades of increases, soda consumption has leveled off, but sports drinks, energy drinks and sweetened teas have become increasingly important contributors to the liquid calories Americans consume.To improve the health of its residents and its coffers, New York State is considering a consumption tax of about one penny per ounce on high-calorie sweetened beverages.The American Beverage Association, which takes major credit for an 88 percent reduction in sugared soda calories in the nation’s schools, has seriously undermined its credibility with ads opposing the so-called soda tax.In association-sponsored commercials on television and radio, housewives spout the ridiculous argument that such a tax would make it more difficult for them to feed their families.But on no nutritionist’s list are you likely to find soda listed as a desirable dietary ingredient. It is not a food, nor a basic necessity. In fact, the people likely to benefit most from a soda tax that discourages consumption are those who find it hardest to make ends meet. These are the people who can least afford to waste hard-earned dollars on empty calories that undermine their health.41. What have many studies found according to the first two paragraphs?A. Americans’ diet contains too many nutritious foods.B. Soda is one major contributor to Americans’ obesity.C. Americans’ diet has the largest number of calories.D. Americans consume the most sugars in the world.42. What can we know about the empty calories from the passage?A. They make people have no appetite.B. They will turn to fat at last.C. They are Americans’ basic necessity.D. They are bad for people’s health.43. What measure does New York State want to take to improve its people’s health?A. It is planning to impose taxes on sugary drinks with high calories.B. It is considering limiting the amount of liquid calories Americans consume.C. It limits the amount of sugar added to the sugary drinks.D. It encourages the sellers to raise the price of the drinks with high calories.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语44. Why does the American Beverage Association lose its credibility?A. It doesn’t think all the sugary drinks are harmful.B. It opposes reducing its nation schools’ soda calories.C. It doesn’t support the so-called soda tax.D. It discourages people to consume soda drinks.45. What is housewives’ attitude towards the soda tax?A. Indifferent.B. Supporting.C. Suspicious.D. Disapproving.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:There are three basic ways in which individual economic units interact with one another. They are the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system. In a market system, individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. Transactions may take place through barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade an old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. An alternative to the market system is administered control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue laws or commands as to how much each goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan drawn up by the government shows the amount of each commodity produced by the various firms and distributed to different households for consumption. In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition. Each person′s place with the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone progress may be difficult to achieve. 46. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain the science of economics. B. To outline types of economic systems. C. To argue for the superiority of one economic system. D. To compare barter and money exchange markets. 47. In the second paragraph, by which of the following could the word "real" best bereplaced? (答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语A. High quality.B. Concrete.C. Utter.D. Essential.48. According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to____. A. rapid speed of transactions B. misunderstandings C. inflation D. difficulties for the traders 49. According to the passage who has the greatest degree of control on an administeredsystem? A. Individual households. B. Small businesses.C. Major companies. D. The government. 50. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining aperson’s position in a traditional society?A. Family backgroundB. AgeC. Religious beliefs.D. CustomQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:The science of meteorology is concerned with the study of the structure, state, and behavior of the atmosphere. The subject may be approached from several directions, but the scene cannot be fully appreciated from any advantage point. Different views must be integrated to give perspective to the whole picture. One may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and attempt to predict changes from that condition over a period of a few hours to a few days ahead. This approach is covered by the branch of the science called synoptic（天气的）meteorology.Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather forecasting by means of the preparation and analysis of weather maps and aerological diagram. The practical importance of the numerous applications of weather forecasting cannot be overestimated. In serving the needs of shipping, aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests and fields of human activity with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice, great benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property and in economic advantages of various kinds. One important purpose of(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语the science of meteorology is constantly to strive, through advanced study and research, to increase our knowledge of the atmosphere with the aim of improving the accuracy of weather forecasts. The tools needed to advance our knowledge in this way are the disciplines of mathematics and physics applied to solve meteorological problems. The use of these tools forms that branch of the science called dynamic meteorology. .51.The best title for the passage is ____.A.The Basics of Dynamic MeteorologyB.The Limitations of Meteorological ForecastingC.Approaches to the Science of MeteorologyD.New Advances in Synoptic Meteorology52.Which of the following is not referred to by the author as a field whose needs areserved by weather forecasting?A.Sports.B. Transportation.C. Manufacturing.D. Farming.53.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the thirdparagraph of the passage?A.Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B.Recent scientific advancements are outlined in order of importance.C.A procedure is explained and its importance is emphasized.D.A problem is examined and possible solutions are given.54.The author implies that increased accuracy in weather forecasting will lead to____.A.greater protection of human lifeB.more funds allocated to meteorological researchC.a higher number of professional forecastersD.less-specialized forms of synoptic meteorology55.In the last sentence of the passage, the phrase "these tools" refers to____.A.mathematics and physicsB.weather forecastsC.meteorological problemsD.economic advantageQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Historians of women's labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers-women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid women's work in the(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipator in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women's employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women's "real" aspirations were for marriage and family lire, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as "female".More remarkable than the original has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as "female", employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United. States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the "male" jobs that women had been permitted to master..56.According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was ________.A.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women'semployment In wage laborB.one means by which women achieved greater job securityC.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages wereobviousD.a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry57.According to the passage, historians of women's labor focused on factory work as amore promising area of research than service-sector work because factorywork________.A.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语58.It can be inferred from the passage that the "unfinished revolution" the author mentionsin highlight text refers to the________.A.recognition that work done by women as homemakers should be compensated atrates comparable to those prevailing in the service sector of the economyB.development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces ofindustrialismC.introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation.59.Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passageconcerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out detailed tasks?A.patientB.repetitiveC.hoaryD.homemaking60.Which of the following statements is true about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly "male" jobs are reclassified as "female" jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience ashomemakers.C.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women forfactory workPart III Writing (30 points)Directions:Based on the information given below, please write an essay of about 400 words on the Answer Sheet. You have 60 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay.Some people believe that the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between rich people and poor people, while others say that technology has the opposite effect.Discuss these points of view. What’s your opinion?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience or knowledge.宁波大学2019年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：211总分值：100科目名称：翻译硕士英语第 11 页共 11 页。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解共15页
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1．C解析：语义逻辑题。
第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。
2．D解析：语义辨析题。
上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。
A. reflect“反映”，B. demand“要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。
3．B解析：语义搭配题。
文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。
” A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。
4．B解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是 A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate “评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。
5．A解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。
” A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。
6．B解析：逻辑分析题。
第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。
2019年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题 (3)
2019年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题Part II. Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again and take in most of human life.A acceptB understandC supportD include22. The applicant was so choked with excitement at the acceptance notification that he could hardly bring out a goodbye.A blow outB give outC get away withD come out with23. Science education has an important role to play in this reorientation toward fostering creative scientists.A reformingB yieldingC breedingD conceiving.24. Once a proposal goes into place, it’s next to impossible to reverse it.A overthrowB enhanceC implementD provoke.25. A punctual person always deals with something properly when it has to be attended to.A participated inB seen toC concentrated onD involved in26. The majority of these graduate students have but one aspiration ---- to be top economists.A inspirationB ambitionC requestD acquisition27. She is found immersed in her studies almost every time I call at her room.A absorbed inB submerged inC saturated withD agonized by28. The latest evidence suggests that the possibility of recurrence of the bird flu has been eliminated.A given outB ruled outC written outD turned out29. We are obliged to the teaching staff here for their academic guidance and profound influence.A committedB compelledC gratefulD respectful30. Humans has the ability to modify the environment and subject other forms of life to their peculiar ideas and fancies.A novelB particularC arbitraryD fantasticSection B ( 0.5 point each)31. These ____ salesperson of insurance will be introduced to relevant regulations and business strategies.A prospectiveB perspectiveC respectiveD protective32. Skin, being sturdy and _____and well supplied with blood, tolerates injury well and recovers quickly.A flexibleB looseC elasticD resourceful33. Since teacher behaviour is ____ for public display, teachers must be cautious in their personal lives.A held up =exhibit, display,B used upC kept upD dressed up34. The concept of personal choice ____ health behaviours is an important one.A in face ofB in case ofC in relation toD in charge of35. The so-called “brain drain” refers to the fact people carry ing heavy responsibilities become disillusioned and end up by ____.A immigratingB migratingC integratingD emigrating36. As fulfillment seldom ____to anticipation, there is no need to feel upset.A amountsB correspondsC addsD contributes.37. The technique provides more detailed information about subtle differences in gene activity ___with cancer-causing pathways.A coupledB stainedC associatedD integrated38. It was by no means easy to work for a president who demanded security beyond what was really ____A called forB called forthC called upD called at39. The display of goods needs to be ___with the store’s atmosphere.A persistentB existentC insistentD consistent40. These Christians often ask themselves what they have to do to live an ____life.A externalB originalC eternalD optimalPart II. Cloze Test ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)The chicken is probably the most populous bird on earth. According to 41 , there are over 13 billion chicken ! And its meat is to popular that more than 73 billion pounds of it are consumed each year. 42 , hens produce some 600 billion eggs a year worldwide.The chicken is a descendant of the red jungle fowl of Asia. Man soon discovered that the chicken could be domesticated easily. But it was 43 the 19th century that mass production of chickens and eggs became a commercial 44 .Today chicken is 45 the most popular poultry meat. Chickens are raised by millions of households for domestic and commercial use.Advanced scientific methods of breeding and raising have made chicken production one of the most successful agricultural industries. Modern techniques now make 46 possible for just one person to care for from 25, 000 to 50,000 chickens. It takes the birds only three months to reach market weight. Many people 47 these mass-production techniques as cruel. But that has not stopped farmers from developing increasingly efficient ways of breeding these birds. Many of the birds raised by such methods are easily to die off---- some as 48 of the deadly disease ----the bird flu. Many farmers have neither the 49 nor the means to feed their chickens adequately, to provide proper housing for them, or to protect them from diseases. 50 this reason programs have been started by the United Nations to help educate farmers in many countries.41. A estimates B evaluations C judges D legislations42. A Surprisingly B Essentially C Additionally D Generally43. A up till B rather than C out of D not until44. A investment B venture C administration D adventure45. A by far B by and by C for good D for all46. A that B those C them D it47. A conceal B condemn C commence D command48. A witnesses B sacrifices C donations D victims49. A know-how B how-so C in-the-know D how-come50. A Because of B Due to C For D AsPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points 1 point each)Passage OneOf all the accessories and adornments to clothes, one perhaps pays least of all attention to buttons. Functional and often unexciting, replaced by zip fasteners or hood and eyes, there is, one would think, nothing much to be said about the humble button.Yet it is very probable that buttons started life as ornaments; certainly it is not known that they had any practical function until the 13th century. By the 14th century buttons were once again ornamental, often wastefully so, to such an extent that it was by no means uncommon for a person of wealth and consequence to have as many as 300 buttons on a single article of dress. Unimaginable as it seems today, sewing superfluous buttons on cloths became a craze---- not one that seems harmful to us though some Italians took a different view and a law against buttons was enforced in Florence. No buttons were to be worn on the upper arms; penalty for disobedience---- a sound whipping. How often this had to be carried out, history does not relate!Most of the buttons on modern clothes which could be called decorative once did in fact serve a useful purpose. Buttons on boots are one good example. Sleeve buttons on men’s coats are a reminder of the days when the fashion was for wearing shirts with frilly lace cuffs.On the tails of a modern tail coat there are indeed buttons which are purely ornamental but in earlier dayshorsemen used these buttons to keep the tails out of harm’s way.With regard to the side on which clothes are buttoned, originally both male and female dress was buttoned on the left hand side. Change came when men had to have access to their swords.So perhaps it is worth taking a look at buttons.51. Which of the following statements is true regarding buttons?A They have little function.B They are the only useful accessory.C They receive the least attention among accessories.D They are one of the best adornments to any clothes.52. According to the author, ____A buttons are used as ornaments only in modern times.B buttons have been used as ornaments since the 14th century.C buttons were used as ornaments before the 13th century.D buttons have been used as ornaments on and off throughout the history.53. It is implied that in the 14th century buttons ________A were a symbol of wealth.B were occasionally put on clothes.C began to have practical functions.D represented the wearer’s artistic taste54. In Florence, a city in Italy, buttons were once ___A loved by every citizen .B banned because they were a craze.C considered harmful and nobody wore them.D forbidden on the upper arms.55. It seems to the author that buttons ____A are worth a second look.B have never served any functionC should not be sewed on coats.D play an important role in our lives.56. Male and female dress is now buttoned __________A on the right sideB on the left sideC on different sides C on the same sides.Passage TwoBehind most of the bad things we do to our bodies as adults, eating more than we should is the idea we carry with us from childhood. On the one hand, we assume that we are indestructible. On the other, we think that any damage we impose on ourselves can be undone when finally clean up our act.If the evidence for how wrong the first idea is isn’t apparent when you stand naked in front of the mirror, just wait. But what if you eat right and drop all your bad habits? Is there still time to repair the damage?To a surprising degree, the answer is yes. Over the past five years, scientists have accumulated a wealth of data about what happens when aging people with bad habits decide to turn their lives around. The heartening conclusion: the body has an amazing ability to heal itself,provided the damage is not too great.The effects of some bad habits ---smoking, in particular---can haunt you for decades. But the damage from other habits can be largely healed.“Any time you improve your behaviour and make lifestyle changes, they make a difference from that point on,” says Dr. Jeffrey Koplan. “Maybe not right away. It’s like slamming on the brakes. You do need a certain distance. “But the distance can be remarkably short. Consider the recent announcements from the front lines of medical research:---- A study concluded that women who consume a s little as two servings of fish a week cut their risk of suffering a stroke to half that women who eat less than one serving of fish a month.---- The day you quit smoking, the carbon monoxide levels in your body drop dramatically. Within weeks, your blood becomes less sticky and your risk of dying from a heart attack starts to decline.Adopting healthy habits won’t cure all that bothers you, of course. But doctors believe that many chronic diseases ----from high blood pressure to heart disease and even some cancers---- can be warded off with a few sensible changes in lifestyle.N ot sure where to start? Surprisingly, it doesn’t matter, since one positive change usually leads to another. Make en ough changes, and you’ll discover you’ve adopted a new way of life.57. Most people with bad habits of eating more than they should believe that ____A they can never change the habits that have haunted them for decades.B their bodies can’t be damaged by the bad habits.C their bodies can heal all the damage without the help from outside.D they can force themselves to clean up the bad habits later.58. The evidence to disapprove the assumption that we are indestructible ____A is seldom apparent .B is clearly shown in the mirror.C will appear obvious sooner or later.D is still a question.59. According to the passage the human body can heal the damage caused by bad habits _______A when the damage is not very serious.B no matter how serious the damage is.C after we have dropped our bad habits.D much more slowly than we think.60. According to the recent announcements, ____A women should eat as much fish as possible.B women are at a higher risk of suffering a stroke than men.C eating a little more f ish can improve women’s health.D men don’t have to eat as much fish as women.61. It is implied in the passage that _____A smokers have lower levels of carbon monoxide than non-smokers.B the blood of smokers is more sticky than that of non-smokers.C smokers will be unlikely to die from heart attack if they quit smoking.D chronic diseases can be cured if we drop our habit of smoking.62. In the last paragraph the author tells us _____A when we should start quitting our bad habits.B it doesn’t matter how we start quitting our bad habits.C that making enough changes will make doctors unnecessary to us.D it’s never too late to start making sensible changes in our lifestyle.Passage ThreeOur true challenge today is not debts and deficits or global competition but the need to find a way to live rich, fulfilling lives without destroying the planet’s biosphere, which supports all life. Humanity has never before faced such a threat: the collapse of the very elements that keep us alive.An apple is an easy thing to take for granted. If you live where apples grow in abundance, you might assume that they are readily available and, better yet, that you may pick from a wide variety. But do you know that there are far fewer types to choose from today than there were 100 years ago?Between the years 1804 and 1905, there were 7,098 varieties of apples grown in the United States. Today 6,121 of those are extinct. But does diversity really matter?In the 1840’s, Ireland’s population exceeded eight million, making it the most densely populated country in Europe. Potatoes were its dietary mainstay, and a single variety called lumpers was the most widely grown.In 1845 the farmers planted their lumpers as usual, but a plant disease known as blight struck and wiped out almost the entire crop. “Most of Ireland survived that difficult year,” wrote Paul Raeburn in his book The Last Harvest ----The Genetic Gamble That Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture. “The devas tation came the next year. Farmers has no choice but to plant the same potatoes again. They had no other varieties. The blight struck again, this time with overwhelming force. The suffering was indescribable.” Historians estimate that up to 1 million people died of starvation, while another 1.5 million emigrated, most to the United States. Those remaining suffered from crushing poverty.In the Andes of South America, farmers grew many varieties of potatoes, and only a few were affected by blight. Hence, there was no epidemic. Clearly, diversity of species and diversity within species provide protection. The growing of just one uniform crop runs counter to this basic survival strategy and leaves plants exposed to diseaseor pests, which can destroy an enti re regions’ harvest. That is why many farmers depend so heavily on the frequent use of pesticides , even though such chemicals are often environmentally hazardous.Why do farmers replace their many folk varieties with one uniform crop? Usually in response to economic pressures. Planting uniform crops promises ease of harvesting, attractiveness of the product, resistance to go bad, and high productivity. But theses trends may be destroying man’s own food supply.63. The main idea of the passage is __________A It is important to protect the earth’s bio-diversity.B man is destroying his own food supply.C we now have fewer bio-species than before.D numerous strains of plants can resist plagues.64. With regard to the variety of apples in the United States ___________A it is the fewest in variety in terms of plant family.B over 80% of its varieties have been destroyed.C we have done our best to protect it.D it is as wide as it was 100 years ago.65. The author tells the sto ry in Ireland in the 1840’s to show that _________A farmers should grow as many varieties of potatoes as in South America.B potatoes should not be grown as a dietary mainstay.C lumpers were not a choice variety of potatoes.D bio-diversity is essential to life on earth.66. The uniform crop of lumpers in Ireland in the 1840’s__________A caused blight to strike Ireland repeatedly.B caused Ireland’s population to decline by half.C destroyed the whole Irish agricultural tradition.D se riously devastated Ireland’s economy.67. Diversity of species and diversity within species can help plants_________A ward off some disastrous diseases and pests.B resist natural disasters such as droughts.C withstand the harmful effect of pesticides.D yield bumper harvests.68. Which of the following is NOT the reason that farmers replace their folk varieties with one uniform crop?A They want to make more money.B They want to have a higher output.C They want to prevent the destruction of human food.D They want to make their products more attractive. Passage FourIt is a well-documented fact that women still live longer than men. A 1998 study by Harvard Medical School geriatrician Thomas Perls offers two reasons: one is the evolutionary drive to pass on her genes; the other is the need to stay healthy enough to rear as many children as possible. A man’s purpose is simply to carry genes that ensure longevity and pass them on to his children.Okay, so that’s the legacy of our cave-dweller past. But what is it about a man’s lifestyle that reduces his longevity? As action moviemakers know all too well , men are supercharged with testosterone. Aside from forcing us to watch frenzied movies like The Matrix Reloaded, the testes-produced hormone also triggers riskier behavior and aggression, and increases levels of harmful cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease of stroke. Meanwhile, the female hormone chops harmful cholesterol and raises “good” cholesterol.As Perls’s study points out: “Between ages 15 and 24, men are four to five times more likely to die than women. This time frame coincides with the onset of puberty and an increase in reckless and violent behavior in males. Researchers refer to it as a ‘testosterone storm.’ Most deaths in this male group come from motor vehicle accidents, followed by homicide, suicide….and drownings.”While all this jumping from tall buildings may result in some accidental death, it still doesn’t account for the onset of fatal illnesses at an earlier age. Statistically, men are crippled more quickly by illnesses like heart disease, stroke and cancer. A Singapore study found that while men were diagnosed with chronic illness two years earlier than women, women were also disabled by their illnesses four years later. Men more often engage in riskier habits like drinking alcohol and using recreational drugs, as well as eating to excess. And the stereotype about men being adverse to seeing a doctor on a regular basis? Studies have shown its’ t rue.If your goal is to become the first 100-year-old man on your family tree, there are some things you can do to boost your odds. One is to examine what centenarians are doing right. According to the ongoing New EnglandCentenarian Study, the largest comprehensive study of centenarians in the world, they can fend off or even escape age-associated diseases like heart attack, stroke, canc er, diabetes and Alzheimer’s. Ninety percent of those studied were functionally independent for the vast majority of their lives up until the age of 92 , and 75% were just as autonomous at an average age of 95. “Centenarians disprove the perception that ‘the older you get, the sicker you get.’ Centenarians teach us that the older you get, the healthier you’ve been.”69. This passage mainly discusses ________A why women lead a healthier life than men.B how women can live longer and stay healthy.C what keeps men from enjoying a longer life span.D whether men’s life style lead s to their early death.70. According to Thomas Perls, which of the following is a major factor contributing to the relative longevity of women over men?A Their natural urge to remain healthy.B Their greater natural drive to pass on genes.C Their need to bear healthy offspring.D Their desire to have more children.71. The author mentions “the legacy of our cave-dweller past” to __________A support the argument about women’s role in rearing children.B summarize a possible cause of different life expectancies.C challenge the the ory about our ancestor’s behaviour patterns.D illustrate the history of human evolution process.72. According to the passage, testosterone is a hormone that _______A increases as men grow older.B reduces risk factors in male behaviour.C leads to aggressive behaviour and heart disease.D accounts for women’s dislike for violent films.73. Compared with women, men as a whole ____.A suffer from depression more often.B suffer from diseases later than women.C are reluctant to have physical checkups.D are not affected by violent movies.74. Centenarians refer to people who ____A live longer than females.B live at the turn of the century.C are extremely independent.D are a hundred years or older.Passage FiveLast year, Curt Dunnam bought a Chevrolet Blazer with one of the most popular new features in high-end cars: the Onstar personal security system.The heavily advertised communications and tracking feature is used nationwide by more than two million drivers, who simply push a button to connect, via a built-in cell-phone, to a member of the Onstar staff. A Global Positioning System, or G.P.S., helps the employee give verbal directions to the driver or locate the car after an accident. The company can even send a signal to unlock car doors for locked-out owners, or honk the horn to help people find their cars in an endless plain of parking spaces. The biggest selling point for the system is its use in frustrating car thieves. Once an owner reports to the police that a car has been stolen, the company can track it to help arrest the thieves, a service it performs about 400 times each month.But for Mr. Dunnam, the more he learned about his car’s security features, the less secure he felt. He has enough technical knowledge to worry that someone else---- law enforcement officers, or hackers----could listen in one his phone calls, or gain control over his automotive systems without his knowledge or consent. “While I don’t believe G.M. intentionally designed this syste m to facilitate such activities, they sure have made it easy,” he said. Mr. Dunnam said he had become even more concerned because of a federal appeals court case involving a criminal investigation, in which federal authorities had demanded that a company attach a wiretap to tracking services like those installed in his car. The suit did not reveal which company was involved. A three-judge panel in San Francisco rejected the request, but not on privacy grounds; the panel said the wiretap would interfere with the operation of the safety services. Onstar has said that its equipment was not involved in that case. An Onstar spokeswoman, Geri Lama, suggested that Mr. Dunnam’s worries were overblown. The signals that the companysends to unlock car doors or track location-based information can be triggered only with a secure exchange of specific identifying data, which ought to hinder all but the most determined hackers, she said.75. The most important feature of Onstar advertised by the company is that it can ____A help people find their cars in the big parking lot.B giver verbal direction to drivers lost in unfamiliar areas.C open car doors for owners unable to find their car keys.D make it difficult for thieves to get away with stolen cars.76. We can conclude from the passage that Onstar is ______A too complicated to use especially for new drivers.B not as usual and effective as the company claims.C popularly used among the more expensive cars.D not widely used in the country except in a few states.77. Mr. Dunnam felt dissatisfied with OnStar because _______A his personal information might be revealed.B his demand for better services was rejected.C OnStar posed potential danger to driving safety.D OnStar had been developed mainly to facilitate police work.78. The three-judge panel rejected the request of the federal authorities because _____A it was in violation of individual privacy.B it was against the Constitution of the nation.C the wiretap might affect the safety of personal data.D the wiretap might reduce the efficiency of the system.79. OnStar spokeswoman suggested that Mr. Dunnam’s worries ___________A exaggerated the problems that might occur.B represented reasonable concerns of customers.C presented problems for them to solve.D made sense due to the existence of hackers.80. The passage is mainly written to _______A promote the brand and sale of OnStar.B pint out the worries caused by OnStar.C introduce the new features of OnStar.D show the future trend represented by OnStar .Paper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points )Section A (15minutes, 10 points )As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification.When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes. In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible. However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition wo n’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light. The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)计算机被认为是有史以来对人类生活影响最大的发明。
安徽师范大学2019年硕士研究生招生考试自命题试卷真题基础英语
2019年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题科目代码：652科目名称：基础英语13.He _______ in agony fbr a long time, and then died, bewailing his lost youth.A.prolongedB. insistedC. restedD. lingered14.They made detailed investigation to _____ themselves with the needs of the rural market.A. immerseB. flirtC. acquaintD. equip15.1felt it would only be a matter of time before he to her charms.A. succumbedB. addictedC. sankD. attached16.We must always remember not to anyoile's contribution; even little gifts add up tolarge .sums.A. fulminateB. disparage17.David was a naturally serious child whoseparents.Part I. Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: There are twenty sentences in this part. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.1.In Gulliver }s Travels, Swift's intent is ; he exposes the follies of the Lilliputians.A.sluggishB. sporadicC. scrupulousD. satirical2.Though Guinness was determined to make a name fbr himself on the stage, when he considered theuncertainties of an actor's life, his wavered.A.resolutionB. reverenceC. simplicityD. skepticism3.My were when I heard his explanation; I was convinced that he was telling thetruth.A.suspicions; confirmedB. companions; startledC. fears; distractedD. doubts; dispelled4.Ever since Pearl Harbor, we realize that we have to be 、on the alert to prevent a sneak attack from anyadversary.A.constantlyB. frequentlyC. occasionallyD. obviously5.Peter has a bad habit of making - remarks which cause us to forget the gist of what he is saying.A.awkwardB. pertinentC. digressiveD. tentative6.The child was not in his response; he showed his openly.A.candid; angerB. inhibited; emotionsC. hesitant; indecisionD. slow; hesitation7.The general his remaining troops fbr a counterattack.A.convergedB. clusteredC. musteredD. thronged8.Although he was the son of a farmer, Robert Bums hated the of daily agricultural chores.A.neglectB. inspirationC. drudgeryD. poetry9.They were aware of the of the situation; nevertheless, they according to plan.A.solemnity; disappearedB. gravity; proceededC. urgency; acceleratedD. climax; ended10.Since you have failed three of the last four tests, you cannot afford to bethe term.A.ambiguousB. scrupulousC. overoptimisticD. indolent11.1rejected his advice in terms which it impossible fbr him to address me again.A.renderedB. revertedC. reproachedD. resolved12.I'm afraid that his with language, names and terms could impede free-flowing talk.A.deliveranceB. preoccupationC. providenceD. procurement第丄页，共卫页A. skepticismB. sentimentalityC. spontaneityD. solemnity18.1have no in this matter. I am forced to follow the guidelines set forth in this manual.A. qualificationsB. prudenceC. wisdomD. latitude19.He was too ______ to see events in the proper .A. awake; sequenceB. militant; armyC. biased; perspectiveD. alert; light20.In the interest of reducing diplomatic tensions in that part of the world, the United Nations GeneralAssembly in the _____ between the two nations.A. interrupted; battleB. intercepted; warC. interrogated; argumentD. intervened; disputePart IL Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Read each text carefully and make the best choice based on the information in the text. There is only one correct answer to each question.Text 1The train clattered over points and passed through a station.Then it began suddenly to slow down, presumably in obedience to a signal. For some minutes it crawled along, then stopped; presently it began to move forward again. Another up-train passed them, though with less vehemence than the first one. The train gathered speed again. At that moment another train, also on a down-line, swerved inwards towards them, fbr a little, now the other. Mrs. McGillicudy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the occupants of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and there were many empty carriages.At the moment when the two trains gave the illusion of being stationary, a blind in one of the carriages flew up with a snap. Mrs. McGillicudy looked into the lighted first-class carriage that was only a few feet away.Then she drew her breath in with a gasp and half-rose to her feet.Standing with his back to the window and to her was a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him, and he was slowly, remorselessly, strangling her. Her eyes were starting from their sockets , her face was purple. As Mrs. McGillicuddy watched, fascinated, the end came; the body went limp and crumpled in the man's hands.At the same moment, Mrs. McGillicuddy's train slowed down again and the other began to gain speed. It passed forward and a moment or two later it had vanished from sight.Almost automatically Mrs. McGillicuddy's hand went up to the communication cord, then paused,考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效!C. remunerateD. toleratewas reinforced by his dignified, old-fashionedwereabout passing fbr考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效! 第2页，共卫页irresolute, After all, what use would it be ringing the cord of the train in which she was travelling? The horror of what she had seen at such close quarters, and the usual circumstances, made her feel paralysed. Some immediate action was necessary」but what?The door of her compartment was drawn back and a ticket collector said, “Ticket, please.”1 .When Mrs. McGuillicudy's train passed through a station, it .A.gained speed suddenlyB. kept its usual speedC. changed its speedD. stopped immediately2.Mrs. McGuillicudy seems to be a(n) . person.A. observantB. interestedC. noisy3.What did McGuillicudy happen to witness?A. A quanel.B. A murderC. A Fight.4.What McGuillicudy saw in the parrel train made her feel .A. excitedB. anxiousC. worried5.McGuillicudy didn't ring the communication cord immediatelybecauseA. she was very much afraidB. there was no point of doing soC. she was too shocked to moveD. the ticket collector came in考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效!has achieved and remember that no-one is perfect.6.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that .A.heroes are usually public figuresB.fictional heroes are no less admiredC.everyone has his own private heroesD.heroes are admired fbr their heroic acts7.By saying “heroes are normal people" in paragraph 3, the author means that heroes ___A.can hardly avoid making mistakes in lifeB.live a life no more brilliant than most of usC.are admired in public rather than in privateD.are faced with more stresses than most people8.The example of a young golfer is given to show that heroes may .A. have a good and perfect familyB. be exposed to various temptationsC. let us down with their bad behaviorD. serve as role models fbr most people9.The author argues that our hero .A.is subject to the temptation of corruptionB.is likely to degenerate under temptationsC.is superior to temptation with high integrityD.has nothing to do with drug or alcohol abuse10.The author suggests that we should .A. find a new hero once we lose oneB. maintain our admiration fbr a heroC. forgive the imperfections of a heroD. behave like a hero in whatever we doText 3How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social question. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same direct consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much close to the margin subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs fbr those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and: income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity fbr self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a majority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, 考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效!第4页,共8页D. nervousD. An intimate scene.D. horrified第q,共卫页考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效!考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效!第g页，共卫页Part III. Knowledge of target language and culture (15 points)A. Choose the best answer that completes the statement (5 points)1.Which of the following statements is not true?A.The Northern states had outlawed slavery by 1830.B.Slavery was finally abolished in the South in 1865.C.The Northern states did not have racial discrimination.D.Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern states until the 1950s.2.Who wrote the landmark book, The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963?A. Alexis de Tocqueville.B. Lucretia Mott.C. Elizabeth Cady Stanton.D. Betty Friedan.3.Several gifted women played a significant part in the I 卯-century literature. Which of the following is anexception?A. Virginia Woolf.B. Emily Bronte.C. Jane Austen.D. Charlotte Bronte.4.Which literary form flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A. Novel.C. Drama.5.What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?A. He invented the first jet plane.C. He made the first powered flight.acquired differs dwelt desires inactivegratified label meal most motiveparticular restless still slightest speaksparingly that until unbelievable undoubtedly1) _________ the desire for food has been, and 2) ________ is, one of the main causes of great Part IV Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Note: each word can only be used once. You don't have to change the form of words.political events. But man 3) _______ from other animals in one very important respect, and that is 4) he has some desires which are, so to 5) infinite, which can never be fully 6) , and which would keep him 7) even in Paradise. The boa constrictor, when he hasB. Essay.D. Poetry.B. He developed the first jet plane.D. He made the trans-Atlantic flight.6.was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. William Dean HowellsD. Stephen Crane7.Which of the following statements is not true about the Internet?A.It originated in the United States.B.Its original purpose was to protect confidential military information of the Pentagon.C.It demonstrates the great potentials of computerized technologies.D.It was initiated by four universities in the American West.8.Which of the following does not belong to the white-collar crime?A. Bribeiy.B. Tax evasion.C. False advertising. 'D. Robbery.9.Which of the following continues to have an all-male clergy?A. The Catholic Church.C. The United Methodist Church.10.How long did the Vietnam War last?A. More than 5 years.C. About 20 years. B. The Protestant Episcopal Church.D. Jewish Congregations.B. About 10 years. D.More than 25 years.B・ Tell what you know about the following in your own words briefly. (10 points ) 1.2.3.4.5. "The Wizard of Menlo Park” Unilateralism Greensboro sit-in Grammar SchoolsThe Celts考生请注意;答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效! 第二页，共卫页考生请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸上的无效! 第里页，共卫页。
2019年考研英语真题答案及解析
【考点】句内语义+动词短语搭配。
【解析】空格所在句意为：但是手机________电池，而电池耗尽的速度会比我们意识到的更快。“空
格动词+on”需体现“手机”与“电池”的关系，由句首 But（体现上下文语义转折：手机功能固然强
大，但一切最终取决于电池）以及常识“手机是依靠电池提供能量才得以运转”可以判断[C] run 正确，
度副词 well（大大地，远远地）修饰，意为“完全偏离路线/迷路”，故[B] off 符合文意。
7. [A] unattractive 无吸引力的；不好的
[B] uncrowded 不拥挤的
[C] unchanged 未改变过的
[D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的，不了解的
【答案】D
【考点】形容词辨析。
10.[A] immediately 即刻，马上；立即
[B] intentionally 故意地，蓄意地
[C] unexpectedly 出人意料地
[D] eventually 终于，最终
【答案】D
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】句子结构 if...,you should...（如果……，你应该会……；此处 should 用于“表示预期”，指
“应该会、可能”）明确“条件 结果”的句内逻辑，即主句中“看到人的迹象”是从句中条件“朝
下坡方向走”达成的结果，选项中符合文意的只有[D] eventually，该词强调“（经过一番困难后）最终”，
符合“一路向下、同时不断追寻水源”的语境。
词汇注释与难句分析
trail 【乡间或森林里的】小路；痕迹；踪迹 downhill 下坡的
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
安徽师范大学2019年硕士研究生招生考试自命题试卷真题-英语教学论
安徽师范大学2019年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题2019年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题科目代码：893科目名称：英语教学论IV Sample analysis and activity design (40 points, 20 points each)(本题用英文作答) 1. Read the activities designed fbr "Asking the way” and answer the following questions.1)What theory about intelligence is behind the design?2)What is the theory about?3)What implication does the theory have fbr English teaching?Sing an action song aboutasking the wayDo a role playDraw a map of theneighbourhoodL Fill in the blanks (20 points, 2 points each)1.The term is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simpiy repeat.petence refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.3.questions are questions which are used to find out new information and since they often reflect real contexts, they are therefore more communicative.4.refer to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words.5.is a type of activity in which the teacher reads out a passage in normal speed fbr two or three times and students are to note down the words they could catch as they listen as much as possible.6.By moving from ____ to communicative activities, students' attention shifts stage by stage from form to meaning.7.Words that one is able to recognize immediately are often referred to as vocabulary.8.义务教育阶段英语课程的总目标是：通过英语学习使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力，促进心智发展，提高综合素养。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1-20题Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2. As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most8changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10.Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observeand12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weight-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I'm training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1、[单选题]第（1）题选A.ThereforeB.OtherwiseC.HoweverD.Besides正确答案：C参考解析：首段提出文章中心：定期称重是一种了解体重波动的好方法。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights— you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them a side to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its last survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Br itain’s new rule isa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term, but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.[A] enhance bankers’ sens e of responsibility[B] help corporations achieve larger profits[C] build a new system of financial regulation[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.[A]the conditions for generating quick profits[B]g overnments’ impatience in decision-making[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]“short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.[A]indirect[B]adverse[C]minimal[D]temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”[B]the significance of long-term thinking[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policy often buried deep in course catalog s called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without in curring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”Tha t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill —feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A] The change of course catalogs.[B] Students’ indif ference to GPAs.[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.[D] The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]To increase universities’ inco me from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.[A]obtain more financial support[B]boost their student enrollments[C]improve their teaching quality[D]meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A] To counterbalance each other.[B] To complement each other.[C] To be identical with each other.[D] To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.[A] assessing its feasibility[B] analyzing the causes behind it[C] comparing different views on it[D] listing its long-run effectsT ext 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial i ntelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or d eploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s high est values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.[A] helps explain artificial intelligence[B] can be misleading to robot making[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity[C] causes little public concern[D] has aroused much curiosity34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.[A] affirmation[B] skepticism[C] contempt[D] respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI.[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable.[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control.T ext 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.[A] deter business relations with states[B] put most online business in a dilemma[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D] force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years[C] were widely criticized by online purchases[D] were considered unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.[A] hindered economic development[B] brought prosperity to the country[C] harmed fair market competition[D] boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ________.[A] Internet entrepreneurs[B] Big-chain owners[C] Third-party sellers[D] Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments —from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding —then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.[C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument —and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. W e neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper thatpurports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science publ ished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university, write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019年真题答案速查Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5 CCBDA 6-10 BDCAD11-15 ABDCB 16-20 DAABCSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25 ADBCB 26-30 DAACB31-35 CDBAC 36-40 CDCBAPart B (10 points)41-45 EDGBAPart C (10 points)46.医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。