生物工程专业英语四
生物工程专业英语ppt课件
acetic 【 ə‘sitɪk 】酸的，醋酸的
acetic acid 乙酸
butanol 【 ‘bjutə,nol 】丁醇
acetone【 ‘æsə,ton 】丙酮 contaminate【 kən‘tæmə,net 】污染、毒害
我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于 偶然还是主观实验，但其进一步不断发展的早期 实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满 足自己的需要。
reliant 【 rɪ‘laɪənt 】依赖、依靠 proportion 【 prə‘porʃən 】比例、比率
humble 【‘hʌmb! 】低下的、卑微的 origin【‘ɔrədʒɪn】起源
其他的微生物过程，如奶酪和酸奶等发酵 乳制品的生产，以及酱油和豆豉等各种东 方食品的生产，都同样有悠久的历史。
Of more rencent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
formulate 【‘fɔ:mjuleit 】确切地阐述，
用公式表示
Anton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼·列文虎
克，荷兰博物学家，显微镜创造者
The recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms, yeasts, was not formulated until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
生物工程专业英语
Abstract:Biological engineering, a relatively young yet rapidly growing field, combines principles from biology, engineering, and computer science to solve complex problems in healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. This interdisciplinary field is at the forefront of technological advancements, offering innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges faced by humanity. This paper provides an overview of the field of biological engineering, its history, key areas of research, applications, and future prospects.1. IntroductionThe field of biological engineering emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the increasing need for interdisciplinary approaches to address complex problems in various sectors. By integrating knowledge from biology, engineering, and computer science, biological engineers strive to develop innovative solutions that can improve human health, enhance agricultural productivity, and protect the environment. This field has gained significant attention in recent years, thanks to advancements in biotechnology, genetics, and computational tools.2. History of Biological EngineeringThe roots of biological engineering can be traced back to the early 20th century when scientists began to explore the application of engineering principles to biological systems. The field gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of recombinant DNA technology and the establishment of biotechnology companies. Over the years, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of applications, including medical devices, biofuels, and environmental remediation.3. Key Areas of Research in Biological Engineering3.1 Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical engineering is a major subfield of biological engineeringthat focuses on the application of engineering principles to improve human health. This includes the development of medical devices,diagnostic tools, and therapeutic agents. Some key areas of research in biomedical engineering include:- Tissue engineering: Developing bioartificial tissues and organs for transplantation.- Nanomedicine: Using nanotechnology to deliver drugs and imaging agents directly to diseased cells.- Biocompatibility: Ensuring that medical devices and implants are compatible with the human body.3.2 Biochemical EngineeringBiochemical engineering involves the design and optimization of processes that use biological systems to produce valuable products. This includes the development of industrial fermentation processes, enzyme engineering, and bioreactors. Some key areas of research in biochemical engineering include:- Bioprocessing: Developing efficient and sustainable methods for producing biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals.- Enzyme engineering: Improving the properties of enzymes for industrial applications.- Bioreactor design: Optimizing the design of reactors to maximize the production of desired products.3.3 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering in biological engineering focuses on the development of technologies to protect and restore the environment. This includes the treatment of wastewater, air pollution control, and bioremediation. Some key areas of research in environmental engineering include:- Bioremediation: Using biological agents to clean up contaminated sites.- Wastewater treatment: Developing efficient methods for treating and recycling wastewater.- Air pollution control: Using biological systems to remove pollutants from industrial emissions.4. Applications of Biological Engineering4.1 HealthcareBiological engineering has revolutionized healthcare by developing new treatments, diagnostics, and medical devices. Some notable applications include:- Gene therapy: Using genetic engineering to treat genetic disorders.- Artificial organs: Developing bioartificial organs for transplantation.- Drug delivery systems: Using nanotechnology to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells.4.2 AgricultureBiological engineering has contributed to the development of sustainable agricultural practices that enhance crop yield and reduce environmental impact. Some key applications include:- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Developing crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases.- Precision agriculture: Using sensors and data analytics to optimize crop management.- Biopesticides: Developing environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.4.3 Environmental ProtectionBiological engineering plays a crucial role in protecting the environment by developing technologies to remediate pollution and reduce waste. Some applications include:- Bioremediation: Using biological agents to clean up oil spills and contaminated sites.- Wastewater treatment: Developing sustainable methods for treating and recycling wastewater.- Air pollution control: Using biological systems to remove pollutants from industrial emissions.5. Future ProspectsThe field of biological engineering is expected to continue growing rapidly in the coming years, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for sustainable solutions. Some future prospects include:- Development of personalized medicine: Tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.- Advancements in biofuels: Developing more efficient and sustainable methods for producing biofuels.- Addressing global challenges: Using biological engineering to address issues such as climate change, food security, and water scarcity.6. ConclusionBiological engineering is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that offers immense potential for solving complex problems in healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. By integrating knowledge from various disciplines, biological engineers are at the forefront of technological innovation, developing innovative solutions that can improve the quality of life for people around the world. As the field continues to grow, it is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of humanity.。
生物工程专业英语
acid酸acidify酸性actinomycete放线菌adapability适应性adjunct辅助剂adjunctive therapy辅助治疗adsorbeacid酸acidify酸性actinomycete放线菌adapability适应性adjunct辅助剂adjunctive therapy辅助治疗adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附aeration通气，通风agar琼脂agarose gel琼脂糖凝胶agitation搅动alcohol醇，乙醇alga海藻algae（复）藻类alkalinity碱性amio氨基的ammonium铵amply扩增amylase淀粉酶anaerobe厌氧的analog类似物analogue类似物antibiotic抗生素antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性antibody抗体antifoam消泡剂antigen抗原apparatus仪器，器械archeologist考古学家aseptic无菌的bacterial细菌的bacteriophage噬菌体base pair碱基对batch一次生产量biodegredable可降解的bioinformatics生物信息学biomolecule生物分子biosensor生物传感器botany植物学brew酿造broth肉汤，发酵液bubble column bioreacter鼓泡塔式反应器buffer缓冲液，缓冲calcium钙carbohydrate碳水化合物carbonate碳酸盐catabolic分解代谢的cellulase纤维素酶cellulose纤维素centrfugal离心的，离心机centrifugation离心法，离心centrifuge离心机chemostat恒化器chitin几丁质chloroplast叶绿体chromatography色谱chromosome染色体citric acid柠檬酸clarification澄清clone克隆clone library克隆文库cloning vector克隆载体coefficient系数colony菌落colorimeter比色计comparison比较，对照complementrary互补的component成分，组分composition组成compound化合物concentration浓缩，浓度conformation构象contamination污染，污染物crystallisation结晶化decomposition分解，腐烂decontaminate净化deficient缺乏的degrade降解，降级deplete使衰竭，耗尽deposite沉淀物，沉淀detoxification解毒devoid缺乏的dextran葡萄糖diameter直径digest消化，酶切diluent稀释的，稀释液dilute稀释dilution稀释disintegrant崩解剂disintegration瓦解dissociate解里，游离dissolve溶解double helix双螺旋double stranded双链的downcomer下流管，溢流管，液降duplicate使重复，复制electrophoresis电泳enzyme酶eradication根除eukaryote真核细胞exaggerate使增大，使夸大exceed超过，胜过expertise专门技术expression vector表达载体extracellular细胞外的fabricate虚构，制作，伪造feedback反馈fermentation发酵fermenter发酵罐filter过滤，过滤器filtration过滤flask烧瓶。
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
生物工程专业英语单词(精品范文).doc
plasmid
白灵药
panacea
常染色体
autosomal chromosomes
性染色体
sex chromosome
红细胞
red blood cell
生殖细胞
germ cell
端粒
telomere
转化
transformation
插入
adding
精子
sperm
提取
extract
敲除
removing
Tip
链球菌
streptoccus
原生质体
cytoplasm
微生物
Microbe(s)
杆菌
bacillus
细胞壁
cell wall
Microorganism
弧菌
vibrio
染色体
chromosome
肉眼
Unaided eye
螺旋杆菌
spirillum
核糖体
ribosome
生态系统
ecosystem
新陈代谢
遗传
inheritance
密码子
codon
固氮
fix nitrogen
相互作用
interaction
三联密码子
triplet
酿
brewing
核苷酸碱基
nucleotidebases
内质网
endoplasmic reticulum
A
Adenine
氨基酸
amino acid
杂种
mule
T
Thymine
简并性
metabolism
叶绿体
chloroplast
生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译精修订
生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
生物医学工程专业英语
III. Product Manual -----Medical Devices Manual
Structur e Information
n
for the User 用户须知 Technical Description and Features Specifications Modes of Operation Operating Instructions Cleaning and Disinfecting 清洗和消毒 Maintenance Warranty
Informative function advertisement
Language feature
Definition
The product manual (commodity specification) is a text description of the commodity structure , performance , specifications , use, repair and maintenance, etc. . Its main content includes an objective description of the safe use of the product , working principle, technical parameters , structure , installation, operation and maintenance. Its main language form is generally explanation, rule, recommendations . commodity [kə’mɔditi] n.商品，货物 specification [,spesifi’keiʃən] n.[ pl.]规范；明 确说明；说明书
生物工程专业英语整理
单词整理a- 不，非aseptic 无菌的；apolar 非极性的；asymmetercal 不对称的ab- 去，离开，脱离abnormal 反常的；abuse 滥用；abduct 外展神经aceto- 乙酰acetolactate 乙酰乳酸；acetyl 乙酰（基）；acetyl phosphate 乙酰磷酸actino- 光线，射线，放线菌acrinomycin 放线菌；actinometer 化学光度计acyl- 酰基acyltransferase 转酰基酶aden(o)- 腺adenovirus 腺病毒aer(o)- 空气的aerobic 需氧的；aeration 通气agro- 土壤；农业agrochemical 农用化学品；agronomical 农艺学的amidino- 脒基amidinotransferase 转脒基酶amylo- 淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉；amylose 直链淀粉；amyloplastid 造粉粒an- 不，非anaerobic 厌氧的；analgesic 止痛的；anapepsia 胃蛋白酶缺乏ane- 烷methane 甲烷anti- 反对，对抗，取消，抑制，解除antagonistic 对抗的；antibody 抗体；antigen 抗原angio- 血管angiogenin 血管生成素；angioma 血管瘤aut(o)- 自己的，自动的autotroptic 自养的；autonomous 自发的；autosensitization 自身致敏bio- 生物的biochemistry 生物化学；bioamine 生物胺；biocatalyst 生物催化剂bromo- 溴的5-bromouracil 5-溴尿嘧啶bis- 双，二bisexualism 雌雄异体；bisphenols 双酚类brady- 缓慢hradycardia 心动过缓；bradykinin 缓激肽carb(o)- 碳的carbodiimide 碳二亚胺；carbohydrate 碳水化合物carboxy(l) 羧基carboxy methylcellulose 羧甲基纤维素carcin(o)- 癌carcinogen 致癌物cardio- 心脏cardiotonic 强心的cent(i)- 一百的，百分之一的，厘century 世纪；centimeter 厘米；centimorgan 厘摩chemo- 化学chemoautotrophy 化能自养；chemosynthesis 化能合成；chemoattractant 化学引诱物chlor- 氯，绿chloramphenicol 氯霉素；chlorobenzene 氯苯；chloroplast 叶绿体chrom(o)- (chromat(o)-) 颜色chromatid 染色单体；chromosome 染色体；chromatography 色谱法cis- 顺cistrion 顺反子；cis regulation 顺式调节；cis-isomer 顺式异构体co- 一起，共同cooperate 合作；coincide 重合；cognate 同源的con- (col-,com-,cor-)连同，一起complexant 络合剂；concentrate 集中；combine 结合contra- 反对，相反contrast 对照；contrary 相反的；contrasuppression 反抑制counter- 反，逆couner-circulation 逆向循环；counter-ecolution 逆进化；counter receptor 反受体cryo- 寒冷，冷冻cryopreservation 冷冻保藏；cryogen 冷冻剂；cryophile 适寒性cyano- 青，蓝，氰cyanobacteria 蓝细菌；cyanocobalamin 氰钴胺素；cyanogen bromide 溴化氰de- 否定，除去，离开，降低，脱debug 排除故障；deceleration 降速；degeneration 退化deca- 十，葵decahedron 十面体；decane 葵烷；decamer 十聚体deoxy- 脱氧deoxycytosine 脱氧胞嘧啶di- 二，二倍，二重diploid 二倍体；dimer 二聚体；divinylbenzene 二乙烯苯dia- 横穿diameter 直径；dialysis 透析；diaphragm 隔膜dis- 否定，分离disintegration 破碎；disagree 不同意；dissemination 散播dodeca- 十二dodecahedron十二面体；dodecane 十二烷；dodecamer 十二聚体eco- 生态，居处，宿主ecogentics 生态遗传学；ecology 生态学；ecomone 生态信息素ectoblast 外胚层；ectohormone 外激素；ectodomain 胞外结构electr(o)- 电electrodialysis 电渗析en-(em-) 使成为，置于……中enable 能够；encode 编码；embed 包埋end(o)- 内endergonic 吸能的；endospore 内生孢子enol 烯醇phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸enter(o)- 肠enteroacteria 肠细菌；enterobactin 肠杆菌素；enterocyte 肠细胞epi- 表；变化epichlorohydrin 表氯醇；epimerase 差向异构体酶；epithelial cell 上皮细胞erythr(o)- 红，赤erythrose 赤藓糖；erythromycin 红霉素；erythrocyte 红细胞eu- 真正eukaryote 真核生物；eukaryocyte 真核细胞；eubacteria 真细菌e(x)- 向外，超出，完全，彻底explant 外植体；elongate 拉长；evaluate 评价ex(o)- 外，在外，产生exothermic 放热的；exergonic 放能的；exogenous gene 外源基因extra- 超出extracellular 胞外的；extract 抽提物；extracellular virus 胞外病毒ferri- 高铁ferricytochrome 高铁细胞色素；ferritin 铁蛋白；ferridoxin 铁氧还原蛋白ferro- 亚铁ferrocytochrome 亚铁细胞色素；ferroheme 血红素；ferrochelatase 亚铁螯合酶flavanol 黄烷酮；flavin 黄素；flavone 黄酮fluoro- 氟基，氟代，荧光fluorochrome 荧光染料；fluoroacetate 氟乙酸；fluorometer 荧光剂formyl- 甲酰formyltetrahydrofolate 甲酰四氢叶酸；formyl 甲酰基；formylation 甲酰化geo 土地geographical barrier 地理障碍；geographical isolation 地理隔离；geosmin 土腥味素glyc(o)- 糖glycoprotein 糖蛋白hem(o,a)-,haem(o,a)-,haemat(o)-血的hemoglobin 血红蛋白；haemagglutinin 血凝素；haem 血红素hemi- 半hemicellulase 半纤维素；hemizygote 半合子；hemiacetal 半缩醛heter(o)- 异，杂，异种heterogeneous 异质的，不均一的；heterotrophic 异养的；heteroantigen 异种抗原hepato- 肝hepatocarcinoma 肝癌；hepatocyte 肝细胞；hepatotoxin 肝脏毒素homeo- 同源，同祖homeotic gene 同源异形基因hom(o)- 相同homogeneous 同质的，均一的；homologous 同源的；homoeosis 同源异形hydr(o)- 水，液体，氢hydrocarbon 烃；hydrocolloid 水胶体；hydrobios 水生生物hydroxy(l) 羟基hydroxyapatite 羟磷灰石；hydroxylase 羟化酶hyper- 超出，过度hyperfiltration 反渗透；hypertension 高血压hypo- 低，（过）少sodium hypochlorite 次氯酸钠；hypoblast 下胚层；hypoimmunity 低免疫性imino- 亚胺基iminodiacetic acid 亚胺基二乙酸immuno- 免疫immunogenic 致免疫的；immunoassay 免疫分析in-(il-,im-,ir-)不，无；在内，入内insoluble 不能溶解的；insuperable 不能克服的；impermeable 不能渗透的infra- 下面，内部infrastructure 基础结构；infrared 红外线的inter- 相互，在……之间interact 相互作用；intergeneric 属间的；inter-particle 颗粒间的intra- 在内，向内intraspecific 种内的；intra-particle 颗粒内的；intravenous 进入静脉的iodo- 碘基，碘代iodometry 碘量法；iodouracil 碘尿嘧啶；iodoacetic acid 碘乙酸iso- 同，等，异isomer 同分异构体；isomerase 异构酶；isobutyl 异丁基kary(o)- 核，细胞核karyology 胞核学keto- 酮基ketohexulose 酮己酮糖；keto acid 酮酸；ketoamin 酮胺lacto- 乳lactobacillus 乳杆菌属；lactogen 催乳素；lactoglobulin 乳球蛋白leuco- 白，无色的leucocyte 白细胞lipo- 脂lipoprotein 脂蛋白；lipoxygenase 脂氧合酶lympho- 淋巴lymphocyte 淋巴细胞macro- 大的，宏观的macromolecule 大分子；macroporous 大孔的mal- 不当，不良malabsorption 吸收不良；malassimulation 同化不全；malnutrition 营养不良megal(o)- 巨大cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒mercapto- 巯基β-mercaptoethylamine β-巯基乙胺meso- 内消旋；中（间）meso inositol 内消旋肌醇；mesophilic 嗜温的meth- 甲基methacrylate 甲基丙烯酸methyl 甲基methyltroph 甲基营养菌micro- 微，微小的microscope 显微镜；microcarrier 微载体；microbe 微生物mono- 一，单，单一monoclonal 单克隆的；monolayer 单层multi- 多，多方面multistage 多级；multicellularity 多细胞性；myco- 真菌mycolytic 溶真菌的；mycotoxin 真菌毒素；mycoprotein 真菌蛋白myelo- 髓鞘，髓myeloblast 成髓细胞；myelocyte 髓细胞；myeloma 骨髓瘤myo- 肌myoalbumin 肌白蛋白；myoblast 成肌细胞；myocyte 肌细胞nano- 纳nanobacteria 微小细菌；nanosecond 纳秒；nanotechnology 纳米技术neo- 新neocarcinostatin 新制癌菌素；neocerebellum 新小脑；neomycin 新霉素neur(o)- 神经neural 神经的；neurotoxin 神经毒素nitro- 硝基nitrofuran 硝基呋喃；nitroalkane 硝基烷；nitrobacteria 硝化细菌nucle(o)- 核nucleoside 核苷；nucleophilic 亲核的non- 非，无，不non-newtonian fluid 非牛顿型流体；non-aqueous solution 非水溶液nor- 去甲，正noradrenalin 去甲肾上腺素；normal 正常，正交；normocyte 正红细胞over- 在上面，超过，过overshooting 过调节；overview 简明概述；overcooled 过冷的oligo- 寡oligosaccharide 寡糖，低聚糖onco- 肿瘤oncogene 致癌基因ovo- 卵ovocenter 卵中心体；ovorubin 卵红蛋白；ovum 卵细胞oxalo- 草酰，乙二酸-酰基oxalo acetate 草酰乙酸oxy- 氧；羟基deoxyguanosine 脱氧鸟苷；oxytetracycline 土霉素；oxyproline 羟脯氨酸path(o)- 病pathogen 病原菌para- 旁（位），对（位），副parabronchus 复支气管；parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺；paraoxon 对氧磷peri- 周，周围perimeter 周长；periplasmic space 周质间隙；periblast 胚周区per- 过peroxisome 过氧化质体phenyl 苯基phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸phospho- 磷酸基phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶phosphoryl- 磷酰基phosphorylation 磷酸化作用phyto- 植物phytoalexin 植物抗毒素；phytology 植物学；phytoplankton 浮游植物plasm(o)- 原生质，血浆plasmolemma 质膜pleio- 多pleiotropic 多效的；pleioxeny 多主寄生；pleiotropy 多效性poly- 多，聚polysaccharide 多糖；polystyrene 聚苯乙烯；polyacid 多酸post- 后post-transcriptional modification 转录后修饰作用；post-exponential growth phase 后对数生长期pre- 前，在前premature 过早的；precursor 前体；premise 前提pro- 原，前prokaryote 原核生物；prostate 前列腺proteo- 蛋白proteolipid 蛋白脂质；proteome 蛋白质组；proteolysis 蛋白酶解proto- 原始，初prototype 原型；protoplast 原生质体pseud(o)- 假的pseudo-plastic fluid 假塑性流体；psudodominance 假显性；pseudohypha 假菌丝pyro- 焦，火，热pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶；pyrogen 热源；progenic exotoxin 热源性外毒素quasi- 类似，准quasi-homogeneous 准均匀的radio- 辐射，放射autoradiography 放射自显影；radiotracer 放射性示踪物；radiology 放射学re- 再，重新，反复recirculation 循环；reversion 回复；reactivity 反应性retro- 后，向后，回复retrovirus 逆转录病毒ribo- 核糖riboflavin 核黄素；ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸；ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸self- 自身的self-fertilization 自体受精semi- 半，部分semi-permeable membrane 半透膜；semi-synthetic 半合成的；semiconservative replication 半保留复制sero- 血清serological 血清学；seroconversion 血清转变soma- 体soma 体质，胞体；somatic cell 体细胞；somatization 体部分化somato- 生长somatocrinin 生长素释放肽；somatotroph 促生长素细胞；somatotropin 促生长素，生长激素sub- 下面，次于，近于subcellular 亚细胞的；subunit 亚基；subdivide 再分super- 上，上面，超，超级superior 上面的；supernatant 上清液的syn-(sym-) 共同，合synchronize 同步；symbiosis 共生现象；synergistic 协同作用的techn(o)- 技术，工艺technology 技术（学），工艺学；technique 技术therm(o)- 热thermistor 热敏电阻；themometer 温度计thi(o)- 硫，硫代thiamine 硫胺素；thioacylation 硫代酰化；thiokinase 硫激酶thym(o)- 胸腺thymosin 胸腺素toti- 全，全部，整个totipotency 全能性trans- 横穿，通过，转移transformation 转化；transcribe 转录；transposen 转位子tri- 三，三次，三级triplet 三联体；triangle 三角形；triacylglycerol 三酰甘油ultra- 超，极端，过分ultrasonic 超声波；ultracentrifugation 超离心un- 不，相反，出去unfold 展开under- 下面，低于，不足undergraduate 大学本科生；underpin 加固……的基础uni- 单，一，同一uninucleate 单核的；unique 独一无二的up- 向上，在上upstream 上游；upright 直立的uro- 尿urokinase 尿激酶vinyl- 乙烯基polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯后缀:-able(-ible) 可能的practicable 可行的；responsible 负责的-ability 能力acceptability 可接受性；permeability 渗透性-age 表示动作过程、量spillage 溢出；percentage 百分比-al 接在名词后形成形容词，接在动词后形成名词personal 个人的；exceptional 例外的；refusal 拒绝-aldehyde 醛glutaraldehyde 戊二醛-amin 胺methylamine 甲胺-ane 烷methane 甲烷-ant 动作者inactivant 失活剂；bioprotectant 生物保护剂-ase 酶protease 蛋白酶；polymerase 聚合酶-ate 盐，酯phosphate 磷酸盐；sebacate 奎二酸酯-cide 杀害，消灭suicide 自杀；bactericide 杀菌剂；amoebicide 抗阿米巴药-cyte 细胞leucocyte 白细胞-derm 皮，皮层blastoderm 胚层；dermadrone 内病性皮疹-ene 烯ethylene 乙烯-(e)ry 场所；一类事物bakery 面包房；circuitry 电路系统；poultry 家禽-fold 倍twofold 两倍-(i)fy 接名词或形容词后构成动词solidify 固化；simplify 简化-gen 原，剂antigen 抗原；mutagen 诱变剂；carcinogenic 致癌的-gram 图形；记录的东西chromatogram 色谱图；polarograph 极谱图-graphy 描绘、记录的方式、学科chromatography 色层分离法；autoradiography 放射自显影术-ic anhydride 酸酐sodium chloride 氯化钠-imine 亚胺iminodiacetic acid 亚胺基二乙胺-ish 略带一点的greyish 浅灰色的-ist ……的实行者，……专业人员（专家）scientist 科学家；geneticist 遗传学家-itis 炎，发炎hepatitis 肝炎；encephalitis 脑炎-ize(-ise) 使成为atomize 雾化；oxidize 使氧化-lactone 内酯β-propiolactone β-丙醇酸内酯-lemma 皮，壳，鞘膜basilemma 基底膜；lemmatoxin 鞘毒素-less 无，不，不能stainless 不锈的-like 如……样的sponge-like 海绵状的-(o)logy(-ological,形容词)学科biology 生物学；technology 技术学，工艺学；toxicology 毒理学的-lysis 分解作用，过程glycolysis 糖酵解作用；hydrolysis 水解作用；analysis 分析-lytic（形容词，分解的）-lyze(-lise)（动词，分解）-lysate（名词，分解液）hydrolytic 水解的；hydrolyze 水解；hydro-lysate 水解液-ment 在动词后构成名词development 发展；entrainment 夹带-meter 计，表spectormeter 发光剂；viscometer 粘度计-metric 测量的gravimetric （测定）重量的；volumetric （测定）体积的；potentiometric （测量）电位的-mycete 霉菌streptomycete 链霉菌-mycin 霉素，菌素mitomycin 丝裂霉素；actinomycin 放线菌素-nema 丝，线amphinema 偶线；chromonema 染色体；nemacicide 杀线虫剂-oid 类，似，……样、状的acidoid 似酸的；amyloid 淀粉样的；carotenoid 类胡萝卜素-ol 醇butanol 丁醇；inositol 肌醇-oma 瘤myeloma 骨髓瘤；hybridoma 杂交瘤-one 酮phenoxazinone 吩噁嗪酮-ory 构成形容词transitory 短暂的；respiratory 呼吸的；构成名词，表场所depository 储藏所-ose 糖heptose 庚糖；lactose 乳糖-oside 糖苷galactoside 半乳糖苷；cardiac glycoside 强心苷-osis 病，症；acalcicosis 缺钙症；hepatitis 肝炎-ous 构成形容词extraneous 外来的；rigorous 严格的-philic 亲……的lipophilic 亲脂性的；hydrophilic 亲水的-phobic 疏……的hydrophobic 疏水的-phoresis 移动electrophoresis 电泳-phil 亲，嗜，喜acidopil 嗜酸的；aerophil 好气的-plasm 血浆，原生质protoplasm 原生质-plast 原始细胞，（质）体，血浆centroplast 中心质体；hematoplast 成血细胞；plasmolemma 质膜-proof 耐……的flame-proof 耐火的；explosion-proof 防爆的-side 苷nucleside 核苷；glycoside 糖苷-sis 构成名词，表示作用，过程mutagenesis 诱变作用；mitosis 有丝分裂；meiosis 减速分裂-some 体，粒chromosome 染色体；idiosome 核旁体；ribosome 核糖体-stat 稳定装置chemostat 恒化器-taxis，tropism 趋向性aerotaxis 趋氧性；chemiotaxis 趋化性；lipotropism 亲脂性-tion(-ation,-ition,-sion) 构成名词instrumentation 仪表化；trypsinization 胰蛋白消化酶；adhesion 粘着-tide 甘酸，肽deoxyribotide 脱氧核苷酸；propeptide 前肽-troph ……营养生物，……营养型（-trophic 构成形容词）methanotroph 甲烷营养型；autotroph 自养生物；autotrophic 自养的-wise 接名词或形容词后构成副词batchwise 分批的；likewise 同样的。
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Punnett square:庞纳特方格
A method used to determine the probabilities of combination in a zygote(受精卵)
Text 1. Early theories of inheritance early ideas of inheritance included Hippocrates’ theory of pangenesis and August Weismann’s germ plasm theory.
3.Mendel’s classic experiments
Mendel studied genetics through plantbreeding experiments with the garden pea, a plant species that is self-fertilizing(自受精) and breeds true(each offspring is identical to the parent in the trait of interest). 孟德尔通过豌豆实验研究遗传学，豌豆是 自花授粉植物和纯品系。
Breed true(to type):生出后代酷似其双亲 breed in and in: 近亲交配繁殖
breed out and out: (动物的)异种繁殖
breed out:在人工繁殖过程中消除(品种的特
Having been exposed to theories of the particulate nature of matter while a university student and having a background in mathematics, Mendel carried out a series of carefully planned experiments that demonstrated the particulate nature of heredity. 当他还是大学生时就提出了物质的粒子 属性理论，同时他学习数学。孟德尔进 行了一系列周密安排的实验来证实遗传 的颗粒性。
遗传学的早期理论包括Hippocrates的泛 生说和A.Weismann的种质学说。
希波克拉底(希腊文Ἱπποκράτης 英文Hippocrates of Cos II 或者
Hippokrates of Kos，约前460——前377)
被西方尊为“医学之父”的古希腊著名医生，欧洲医学奠基人，古希 腊医师，西方医学奠基人。提出“体液(humours)学说”，认为人体由血
Incomplete dominance:不完全显性 The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of them have in the homozygous state. Codominance:共显性 杂合体中一对等位基因的作用都表现
基于小鼠实验，维丝曼提出遗传信息储存 在配子中并将遗传信息传递给后代。
Both of these views incorporated the blending theory: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct characteristics of each are lost in offspring.
Law of independent assortment: 独立分配定律 Members of one gene pair will separate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs.
Law of segregation:分离定律 When gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the alleles that control a trait(特征) separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality(个性,个 体状态)
Pangenesis:泛生论，泛生说 The theory of heredity postulating(假设) that germs, humours(体液), or essences migrate from individual body cells to the sex organs and contribute to the gametes.
这两个早期观点合起来形成融合理论： 子代拥有父母本混合的遗传特征，而不 完全象亲代。
2. Gregor Mendel and the birth of Genetics
Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk in the monastery at Brunn, Austria, is known as the “father of genetics”. 孟德尔（公元1822～公元1884 ），一名奥 地利修道士，众所周知的遗传学之父.
His revolutionary ideas were neither understood nor accepted until many years after Mendel died. 直到他去世后，他的创新性理论才被理 解和接受。
孟德尔于1822年出生在海因珍多弗镇，1843年他进入奥地利布鲁 恩一家奥古斯都修道院。1847年他被任命为牧师。从1851年到1853年 在维也纳大学学习数学和自然科学。从1854年到1868年在布鲁恩现代学
和进化问题的理论探讨。他讲授达尔文进化论多年 ，直至1912年退休。
Based on experiments with mice, Weismann proposed that hereditary information in gametes transmitted traits to progeny.
Nondisjunction:不分离 The failure of separation of paired chromosomes at metaphase, resulting in one daughter receiving both and the other daughter cell none of the chromosomes in question. Nondisjunction can occur during a meiotic or mitotic division.
dihybrid cross: 双因子杂种杂交 AaBb*AaBb test cross：测交 F1*aa 确定F1是纯合 子还是杂合子 A cross between a heterozygote(异质 结合体) of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous(同型的) for the recessive genes in question.
液(blood)、粘液(phlegm)、黄胆(yellow bile)和黑胆(black bile)四种体液
组成，这四种体液的不同配合使人们有不同的体质。他把疾病看作是发展 着的现象，认为医师所应医治的不仅是病而是病人；从而改变了当时医学 中以巫术和宗教为根据的观念。主张在治疗上注意病人的个性特征、环境 因素和生活方式对患病的影响。重视卫生饮食疗法，但也不忽视药物治疗， 尤其注意对症治疗和预后。他对骨骼、关节、肌肉等都很有研究。他的医 学观点对以后西方医学的发展有巨大影响。
Homozygous:纯合的 A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
heterozygous:杂合的 A diploid organism that has two different allelic forms of a particular gene.
校担任自然科学代课教师。
与此同时，孟德尔从1856年起开始进行他的著名的植物育种实验。 1865年他推导出了著名的遗传学定律，他将定律用一篇论文表述出来， 并将论文呈交给布鲁恩自然历史学会。1866年他的成果被发表在该学会 学报上，题目是“植物杂交实验”。三年后又在同一杂志上发表了第二 篇论文。 1868年孟德尔被任命为牧师会会长，专职行政事务。 1900年，孟德尔的研究成果被发现。
Germ(种子,胚) plasm theory:种质学说 A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes 配子(germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
Lesson Four Foundations of Genetics （遗传学的建立）
Allele:等位基因 Alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic (e.g. attached earlobe(耳垂) genes and free earlobe genes are alternative alleles for ear shape) nonallelic genes:非等位基因