ch06-04-课程项目
2024年度(完整版)普通话教案
问候与介绍
学习日常见面时的问候用语，如“你好”、“早上好”等，并介 绍自己的姓名、职业等基本信息。
购物与餐饮
模拟在商场、超市或餐厅等场所的购物和用餐过程，练习询问价 格、点餐、结账等常用表达。
交通出行
学习乘坐公交、地铁、出租车等交通工具时的常用语句，如“请 问去火车站怎么走”、“我要打车”等。
在阅读过程中，保持批判性思维，对文章内 容进行客观分析和评价，提出个人见解和观 点。
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写作规范指导
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标题与主题
文章标题应简明扼要地概括主题，同时吸引读者注意。主题应明确、 集中，贯穿全文。
结构与布局
遵循“总-分-总”或“列出主题-找几个并列的观点来论述主题”等结 构布局，使文章内容条理清晰，易于理解。
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06 课程总结与评估
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学习成果回顾
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语音知识掌握
学生能够准确掌握普通话的声 母、韵母、声调和语音变化规
律。
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词汇积累
学生能够熟练掌握一定数量的 常用词汇，并能够正确运用。
语法知识理解
学生能够理解普通话的基本语 法规则，并能够正确运用。
表达能力提升
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角色扮演与互动练习
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家庭角色扮演
分组进行家庭角色扮演，如父母、孩子、祖父母等，模拟家庭生 活中的各种场景进行对话练习。
社会角色扮演
分组进行社会角色扮演，如警察、医生、教师等，模拟相关职业的 工作场景进行对话练习。
互动游戏
设计有趣的互动游戏，如“你画我猜”、“传话游戏”等，通过游 戏的方式提高学习者的口语表达能力和听力理解能力。
《半导体物理学》【ch06】pn 结 教学课件
pn 结及其能带图
05 pn 结的载流子分布
6.1.5 pn 结的载流子分布
可见，在势垒区中势能比n区导带底高0.1eV 处，价带空穴浓度为p 区多数载流子浓度的10 -¹°倍， 而该处的导带电子浓度为n 区多数载流子浓度的1/50 。一般室温附近，对于绝大部分势垒区，其 中杂质虽然都已电离，但载流子浓度比起且区和p 区的多数载流子浓度小得多，好像已经耗尽了。 所以通常也称势垒区为耗尽层，即认为其中的载流子浓度很小，可以忽略，空间电荷密度就等于 电离杂质浓度。
pn 结及其能带图
01 归结的形成和杂质分布
6.1.1 归结的形成和杂质分布
1. 合金法 用合金法制造pn 结的过程，把一小粒铝 放在一块a 型单晶硅片上，加热到一定的 温度，形成铝硅的熔融体，然后降低温度， 熔融体开始凝固，在口型硅片上形成一含 有高浓度铝的p 型硅薄层，它与n 型硅衬 底的交界面处即为pn 结（这时称为铝硅 合金结〉。
pn 结及其能带图
01 归结的形成和杂质分布
6.1.1 归结的形成和杂质分布 合金结的杂质分布如图6-3 所示，其特点是：n 型区中施主杂质浓度为ND ，而且均匀分布；p 型 区中受主杂质浓度为NA ，也均匀分布。在交界面处，杂质浓度由NA(p 型）突变为ND(n 型〉， 具有这种杂质分布的pn 结称为突变结。设pn 结的位置在x =xi ，则突变结的杂质分布可以表示为
根据式（3 56 ）、式（ 3 57 ），令阳、均分别表示n 区和p 区的平衡电子浓度，则对非简并半 导体可得
pn 结及其能带图
04 pn 结接触电势差
6. 1. 4 pn 结接触电势差
上式表明，Vo 和pn结两边的掺杂浓度、温度、材料的禁带宽度有关。在一定的温度下，突变结 两边的掺杂浓度越高，接触电势差Vo越大；禁带宽度越大,m越小,Vo也越大，所以硅pn结的Vo 比锗pn 结的Vo 大。若NA =10¹7cm-³， No = 10¹5cm-³，在室温下可以算得硅的Vo=0. 70V ， 锗的VD=0. 32V 。
GD32E230开发标准教程【ch06】串口通信 PPT课件
实验原理
异常和中断 GD32E23x系列微控制器的内核是Cortex-M23，GD32E23x系列微控制器的 异常和中断继承了Cortex-M23的异常响应系统。要理解GD32E23x系列微控 制器的异常和中断，除了要知道什么是异常和中断，还要知道什么是线程模 式和处理模式，以及什么是Cortex-M23的异常和中断。
实验原理
CH340G芯片可以实现USB通信协议和标准UART串行通信协议的转换 ，因此，还需将CH340G芯片的一对串口连接到GD32E230C8T6芯片的 串口，这样即可实现GD32E2杏仁派开发板通过Type-C型接口与计算机 进行数据通信。这里将CH340G芯片的TXD引脚通过CH340_TX网络连 接到GD32E230C8T6芯片的PA10引脚（USART0_RX），将CH340G芯 片的RXD引脚通过CH340_RX网络连接到GD32E230C8T6芯片的PA9引 脚（USART0_TX）。此外，两芯片还应共地。
实验原理
队列是一种先入先出（FIFO）的线性表，它只允许在表的一端插入元素，在另 一端取出元素，即最先进入队列的元素最先离开。在队列中，允许插入的一端 称为队尾（rear），允许取出的一端称为队头（front）。
有时为了方便，将顺序队列臆造为一个环状的空间，称之为循环队列。
本实验用到Queue模块，该模块有6个API函数，即InitQueue、ClearQueue、 QueueEmpty、QueueLength、EnQueue和DeQueue。
实验原理
二者的区别是USART既可以进行同步通信，也可以进行异步通信，而UART 只能进行异步通信。简单区分同步和异步通信的方式是根据通信过程中是 否使用时钟信号，在同步通信中，收发设备之间会通过一条信号线表示时 钟信号，在时钟信号的驱动下同步数据，而异步通信不需要时钟信号进行 数据同步。
小班六月简单课程设计
小班六月简单课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能掌握课程核心概念，如基本数学运算、形状识别等，并能运用到实际问题中。
2. 学生能够通过本课程学习，认识并描述六月主题相关的基本知识，如季节变化、动植物特征等。
技能目标：1. 学生通过互动活动和实际操作，提高观察、分析、解决问题的能力。
2. 培养学生的团队协作和沟通能力，能够积极参与小组讨论和分享。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生培养对学习的兴趣和好奇心，对周围世界保持积极探索的态度。
2. 学生通过学习六月主题内容，增强对自然环境的关爱和保护意识。
3. 学生在学习过程中，树立正确的价值观，培养尊重他人、友善合作的品质。
课程性质：本课程注重学科整合，以六月主题为背景，结合数学、科学、语言等学科，设计丰富多样的教学活动。
学生特点：小班学生具有好奇心强、活泼好动的特点，需要通过互动、游戏等形式激发学习兴趣。
教学要求：教师应关注学生个体差异，提供个性化指导，确保课程目标的有效达成。
同时，注重培养学生的动手操作能力和实际应用能力，将课程目标分解为具体的学习成果，便于教学设计和评估。
二、教学内容本课程依据课程目标，结合教材内容，组织以下教学活动：1. 数学领域：- 教材章节：基础数学运算- 内容：加法和减法运算、比较大小、形状识别等。
2. 科学领域：- 教材章节：季节变化与动植物特征- 内容：六月季节特点、动植物的生长变化、自然现象等。
3. 语言领域：- 教材章节：日常用语与表达- 内容：学习与六月主题相关的词汇、句型，提高学生的语言表达能力。
教学大纲安排如下：第一周：数学运算启蒙，学习加法和减法运算，运用教具进行实际操作。
第二周：认识形状，通过观察和动手操作，学会识别常见形状。
第三周：探索季节变化，观察动植物在六月的生长特征，了解自然现象。
第四周：语言表达训练，学习描述六月主题的词汇和句型，进行小组讨论和分享。
教学内容具有科学性和系统性，注重学科整合，确保学生在课程学习过程中获得全面、系统的知识体系。
原子物理与量子力学
原子物理与量子力学Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics哈尔滨理工大学应用科学学院应用物理系相关说明一、课程名称原子物理与量子力学二、计划学时108（每周3次6学时）三、课程性质技术基础课四、适用专业应用物理学、材料物理学、光信息科学与技术、电子科学与技术五、主要内容本课程内容主要可分为两大部分：1、原子物理学；2、量子力学。
原子物理学主要介绍原子物理学的发展。
从光谱学、X射线等方面的实验事实总结出能级规律，进一步分析原子结构的特点。
量子力学是二十世纪初建立起来的一门崭新的学科。
通过五个基本原理的引入，逐步构筑了量子力学的理论框架。
教学过程中，尽可能将两部分的相关内容结合讲授，利于学生理解和吸收。
原子物理学与量子力学是物理类学生的理论基础。
通过该课程的学习，学生应掌握有关原子等微观粒子的基本物理概念及反映其物理性质的基本规律，使学生了解和掌握现代一些重要的物理观念，并为应用技术准备理论基础。
六、教材与参考书《原子物理学》，褚圣麟，高教出版社《量子力学教程》，周世勋，高教出版社七、备注本课程采用多媒体教学，重点难点等采用特定的文字表现方式或动画声音等形式体现，可在“《原子物理与量子力学》课件”的相关章节观察效果。
目录绪论 (1)本章小结 (1)第一章原子的基本状况 (2)§1.1 原子的质量和大小 (2)§1.2 原子的核式结构 (2)本章小结 (3)第二章原子的能级和辐射 (4)§2.1 原子光谱的一般情况与氢原子光谱 (4)§2.2 经典理论的困难和光的波粒二象性 (4)§2.3 玻尔氢原子理论 (5)§2.4 类氢体系光谱 (5)§2.5 夫兰克-赫兹实验 (5)§2.6 量子化通则 (6)§2.7 电子的椭圆轨道 (6)§2.8 史特恩-盖拉赫实验与原子空间取向的量子化 (7)§2.9 量子理论与经典理论的对应关系对应原理 (7)本章小结 (7)第三章量子力学的运动方程—Schrödinger方程 (8)§3.1 物质的波粒二象性 (8)§3.2 波函数的统计解释 (8)§3.3 态叠加原理 (9)§3.4 薛定谔方程 (9)§3.5 几率守恒定律与定态薛定谔方程 (9)§3.6 一维无限深势阱 (10)§3.7 势垒贯穿 (10)§3.8 线性谐振子 (10)§3.9 电子在库仑场中的运动 (11)§3.10 氢原子 (11)本章小结 (12)第四章量子力学中的力学量 (13)§4.1 力学量算符 (13)§4.2 动量算符与角动量算符 (13)§4.3 厄密算符的本征函数 (14)§4.4 力学量的取值分布 (14)§4.5 算符的对易关系 (14)§4.6 测不准关系 (15)§4.7 守恒定律 (15)本章小结 (16)第五章碱金属原子的光谱和能级 (17)§5.1 碱金属原子的光谱和结构特点 (17)§5.2 碱金属原子光谱的精细结构 (17)§5.3 电子自旋与轨道运动的相互作用 (18)§5.4 单电子跃迁的选择定则 (18)*§5.5 氢原子光谱的精细结构与蓝姆移动 (18)本章小结 (19)第六章多电子原子 (20)§6.1 氦与第二族元素的光谱和能级 (20)§6.2 具有两个价电子的原子态 (20)§6.3 泡利原理与同科电子 (21)§6.4 复杂原子光谱的一般规律 (21)§6.5 辐射跃迁的普适选择定则 (21)§6.6 He-Ne激光器 (22)本章小结 (22)第七章磁场中的原子 (23)§7.1 原子的磁矩 (23)§7.2 外磁场对原子的作用 (23)§7.3 史特恩-盖拉赫实验的结果 (23)§7.4 顺磁共振 (24)*§7.5 物质的磁性 (24)§7.6 塞曼效应 (25)本章小结 (25)第八章原子的壳层结构 (26)§8.1 元素性质的周期性 (26)§8.2 原子的电子壳层结构 (26)§8.3 原子基态的电子组态 (26)本章小结 (27)第九章X射线 (28)§9.1 X射线的产生及测量 (28)§9.2 X射线的发射谱及相关能级 (28)*§9.3 X射线的吸收和散射 (28)*§9.4 X射线在晶体中的衍射 (29)本章小结 (29)第十章态和力学量的表象 (30)§10.1 态的表象 (30)§10.2 算符的矩阵表示 (30)§10.3 量子力学公式的矩阵表述 (31)§10.4 幺正变换 (31)§10.5 狄拉克符号 (31)§10.6 占有数表象 (32)本章小结 (32)第十一章微扰理论 (33)§11.1 非简并定态微扰理论及其应用 (33)§11.2 简并情况下的微扰理论及其应用 (33)§11.3 变分法与氦原子基态 (34)§11.4 与时间有关的微扰理论 (34)§11.5 跃迁几率 (34)§11.6 光的发射与吸收 (35)*§11.7 选择定则 (35)本章小结 (36)第十二章散射 (37)§12.1 碰撞过程与散射截面 (37)§12.2 中心力场中的弹性散射（分波法） (37)本章小结 (37)第十三章自旋与全同粒子 (39)§13.1 电子的自旋 (39)§13.2 电子自旋的描述 (39)§13.3 简单塞曼效应 (40)§13.4 角动量的耦合及应用 (40)§13.5 光谱的精细结构 (41)§13.6 全同粒子体系 (41)§13.7 全同粒子体系的波函数 (41)§13.8 两个电子的自旋函数 (42)本章小结 (42)绪论绪论本章主要介绍原子物理与量子力学的发展过程，并指出学习新理论应注意的问题。
ch04 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)
*CHAPTER 4(Core Chapter)THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN AND OTHER TRADE THEORIESOUTLINE4.1 Introduction4.2 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory4.3 The Formal Heckscher-Ohlin ModelCase Study 4-1 The Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries and Regions4.4 Factor-Price Equalization and Income DistributionCase Study 4-2 Has International Trade Increased U.S. Wage Inequalities?4.5 Empirical Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory4.6 Economies of Scale and International TradeCase Study 4-3 The New International Economies of Scale4.7 Trade Based on Product DifferentiationCase Study 4-4 Growth of Intra-Industry Trade4.8 Technological Gap and Product Cycle ModelsCase Study 4-5: The United States as the Most Competitive Economy in the World4.9 Transportation Costs and International Trade4.10 Environmental Standards and International TradeAppendix The Specific-Factors Model and Intra-Industry Trade ModelsA4.1 The Specific-Factors ModelA4.2 A Model of Intra-Industry TradeKey TermsInternationalofscaleeconomies pricesRelativefactorproducts Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) theory DifferentiatedtradeIntra-industryHeckscher–Ohlintheorem(H–O)Factor-proportions or factor-endowment theory Technological gap modelcyclemodelProductFactor–price equalization theoremcostsTransportationStolper-Samuelsontheoremmodel Nontraded goods and services Specific-factorsparadox Environmental standardsLeontiefMonopolisticcompetitionscalereturnsIncreasingtoLecture Guide1. This is one of the most important and difficult chapters in the book. It is also a long chapter andrequires four lectures to cover adequately.2. In the first lecture, I would cover sections 1-3. Section 3 is one of the most important sections inthe book because it presents the H-O model. I would proceed slowly and carefully in explaining Figure 4.1 and compare it to the standard trade model of Figure 3.4.3. In the second lecture, I would cover sections 4 and 5. Section 4 on the factor-price equalizationtheorem and income distribution is a difficult section. Case Study 4-2 should be of great interest to the students and give rise to a great deal of class discussion.4. In third lecture, I would cover sections sections 6-7, paying a great deal of attention to section 7on trade in differentiated products.5. In fourth lecture, I would cover the rest of the chapter.Answers to Review Questions and Problems1. a. The Heckscher–Ohlin (H-0) theorem postulates that a nation will export those commodi- ties whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodities whose production requires the intensive useof the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor. In short, the relatively labor-richnation exports relatively labor-intensive commodities and imports the relativelycapital-intensive commodities.b. Heckscher and Ohlin identify the relative difference in factor endowments amongnations as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.c. The H-O Theory represent an extension of the standard trade model because it explains the basis for comparative advantage (classical economists, such as Ricardo had assumed it) and examines the effect of international trade on factor prices and income distribution (which classical economists had left unanswered).2. See Figure 1 on the next page.3. a. The factor–price equalization theorem postulates that international trade will bring about the equalization of the returns to homogeneous or identical factors across nations.b. The Stopler-Samuelson theorem postulates that free international trade reduces the realincome of the nation’s relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor.Fig 4.1Fig 4.2XXb. The specific-factors model postulates that the opening of trade (1) benefits the specific factorused in the production of the nation’s export commodity, (2) harms the specific factor used in the production of the nation’s import-competing industry, and (3) leads to an ambiguouseffect (i.e., it may benefit or harm) the mobile factor.c. Trade acts as a substitute for the international mobility of factors of production in itseffect on factor prices. With perfect mobility, labor would migrate from the low-wagenation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations are equalized. Similarly,capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate ofinterest was equalized in the two nations.4. a. The Leontief paradox refers to the original Leontief’s finding that U.S. import substituteswere more K-intensive than U.S. exports. This was the opposite of what the H-O theorempostulated.b. The Leontief paradox was resolved by including human capital into the calculations andexcluding industries based on natural resources. Recent research using data on many sectors, for many countries, over many years, and considering that countries could specialize in aparticular subset or group of commodities that were best suited to their specific factorendowments, provides strong support for the H-O theorem.c. The Hecksher-Olhin theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaininginternational trade today. To be sure, there are other forces (such as economies of scale,product differentiation, and technological differences across countries) that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.These other trade theories complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern ofinternational trade in the world today.5. International trade with developing economies, especially newly industrializing economies (NIEs), contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades. Directly, by reducing the demand for unskilledworkers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly, byspeeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations, which further reduced the U.S.demand for unskilled workers. International trade, however, was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States. The most important cause was technological change.6. a. Economies of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionatelymore than the increase in inputs or factors of production. For example, output may morethan double with a doubling of inputs.b. Even if two nations were identical in every respect, there is still a basis for mutually bene-ficial trade based on economies of scale. When each nation specializes in the production of one commodity, the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater thanthan without specialization when economies of scale are present. With trade, each nationthen shares in these gains.c. The new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resultingfrom firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaperand better, and by establishing production facilities abroad-26-7. a. Product differentiation refers to products that are similar, but not identical. Intra-industrytrade refers to trade in differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade incompletely different products.b. Intra-industry trade arises in order to take advantage of important economies of scale inproduction. That is, with intra-industry trade each firm or plant in industrial countries canspecialize in the production of only one, or at most a few, varieties and styles of the sameproduct rather than many different varieties and styles of a product and achieve economies of scale.c. With few varieties and styles, more specialized and faster machinery can be developedfor a continuous operation and a longer production run. The nation then imports othervarieties and styles from other nations. Intra-industry trade benefits consumers because ofthe wider range of choices (i.e., the greater variety of differentiated products) available atthe lower prices made possible by economies of scale in production.8. a. According to the technological gap model, a firm exports a new product until imitators incountries take away its market. In the meantime, the innovating firm will have introduced a new product or process.b. The criticism of the technological gap model are that it does not explain the size of techno- logical gaps and does not explore the reason for technological gaps arising in the first place, or exactly how they are eliminated over time.c. The five stages of the product cycle model are: the introduction of the product, expansion of production for export, standardization and beginning of production abroad through imitation, foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets, and foreigners underselling theinnovating firms in their home market as well.9. See Figure 2 on page 25.10. A nation with lower environmental standards can use the environment as a resource endow-ment or as a factor of production in attracting polluting firms from abroad and achieving acomparative advantage in the production of polluting goods and services. This can lead totrade disputes with nations with more stringent environmental standards.-27-Multiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:a. explaining the basis for comparative advantageb. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*c. both a and bd. neither a nor b2. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:a. greater absolute amount of Kb. smaller absolute amount of Lc. higher L/K ratio*d. lower price of K in relation to the price of L3. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a difference in:a. technologyb. factor endowmentsc. tastes*d. all of the above4. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:a. technology*b. factor endowmentsc. economies of scaled. tastes5. According to the H-O theory, trade reduces international differences in:a. commodity pricesb. in factor prices*c. both commodity and factor pricesd. neither relative nor absolute factor prices6. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, international trade leads toa. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor*b. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factorc. increase in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factord. none of the above7. Which of the following is false with regard to the specific factors theorem, international trade *a. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s export commodities or sectorsb. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s import-competing commoditiesc. has an ambiguous effect on the nation’s mobile factorsd. may benefit or harm the nation’s mobile factors8. Perfect international mobility of factors of productiona. leads to a reduction in international differences in the returns to homogenous factorsb. acts as a substitute for international trade in its effects on factor pricesc. operates on the supply of factors in affecting factor prices*d. all of the above9. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*a. import substitutes were more K-intensive than exportsb. exports were more L-intensive than importsc. exports were more K-intensive than import substitutesd. all of the above10. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:a. must be rejectedb. must be accepted without reservations*c. can generally be acceptedd. explains all international trade11. International trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have identical:a. factor endowmentsb. tastesc. technology*d. all of the above12. A great deal of international trade:a. is intra-industry tradeb. involves differentiated productsc. is based on monopolistic competition*d. all of the above13. Intra-industry trade takes place:a. because products are homogeneous*b. in order to take advantage of economies of scalec. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationd. all of the above14. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theory?a. it depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesb. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesc. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to lessadvanced countries*d. all of the above15. Transport costs:a. increase the price in the importing countryb. reduces the price in the exporting countryc. falls less heavily on the nation with the more elastic demand and supply curves of the traded commodity*d. all of the above-30-ADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1. Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chips with the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2(a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?(b) In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?What about Germany?(c) What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germanyfor each computer chip traded?(b) How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef is exchangedfor 3 chips?Answ. (a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.(b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany,while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.(c) The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany foreach unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4C(d) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded.2. Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but different factor costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade.Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)Ans.: See the figure below.Fig 4.3Fig 4.4Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky, while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A', Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization in production proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B =P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import.Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve.Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B =P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B =P B' is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3. (a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations. (b) What aresome of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based? (c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factor prices?Ans. (a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastesbetween two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unlessneutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a differencein relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into adifference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.(b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a givenpercentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relativecommodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the internationaldifference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for internationaltrade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.(c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodityintensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodityintensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, itadds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate thepretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors amongnations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute factor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful onhow trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.-33-4. Suppose that tastes change in Nation 1 (the L-abundant and L-cheap nation) so that consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less of commodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodi- ty Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlinmodel, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's (a) relative commodity prices anddemand for food and textiles, (b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade. (d) Do you expect international trade to leadto the complete equalization of relative commodity and factor prices between India and theUnited States? Why?Ans. (a) The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India'sindifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangent to the steepersegment of India's production frontier (because of increasing opportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will cause the pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.(b) The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domestic producers in India toshift labor and capital from the production of food to the production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food, the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At the same time, as the demand for food falls, thedemand for and thus the price of capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive, producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of both textiles and food.(c) Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles, India stillremains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to a nation such as theUnited States. However, the pretrade difference in the relative price of textilesbetween India and the United States is now somewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result the volume of trade required to equalize relativecommodity prices and hence factor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export a smaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for therelative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized. Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the United States is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., with a smaller volume of trade).(d) Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization of relativecommodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, great differences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages in India and the United States.Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce these differences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must be considered to analyze the effect of trade on thedifferences in the relative and absolute commodity and factor prices between Indiaand the United States.-34-5. (a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended. (b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can be extended. (c) Explain what ismeant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generallycorrect, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b) The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade model canbe explained by (1) economies of scale, (2) intra-industry trade, and (3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c) Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broadproduct group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.-35-。
早教夏季课程安排方案模板
一、课程背景随着夏季的到来，气温逐渐升高，孩子们的户外活动增多，同时也会面临高温、紫外线等挑战。
为了确保孩子们在炎热的夏季能够健康、快乐地成长，特制定本夏季早教课程安排方案。
二、课程目标1. 培养孩子适应夏季气候的能力，增强体质。
2. 通过丰富多样的活动，提升孩子的感官体验和认知能力。
3. 培养孩子的团队协作精神和沟通能力。
4. 增强亲子关系，让家长参与孩子的成长过程。
三、课程时间每周一至周五，上午9:00-11:30四、课程内容1. 上午课程安排- 9:00-9:30：晨间活动（户外运动）- 内容：简单的跑步、跳绳、拍球等，增强体质，适应夏季气候。
- 9:30-10:00：主题课程- 内容：根据不同年龄段设计不同的主题课程，如：- 0-2岁：感官探索、亲子游戏- 2-4岁：艺术创作、音乐启蒙- 4-6岁：科学探索、阅读启蒙- 10:00-10:30：休息时间- 内容：提供清凉饮品和小点心，让孩子充分休息。
- 10:30-11:00：户外活动- 内容：根据天气情况选择合适的户外活动，如：沙坑、水池、滑梯等。
- 11:00-11:30：总结分享- 内容：让孩子分享一天的感受，家长参与其中，增进亲子关系。
2. 下午课程安排- 14:00-14:30：午睡时间- 内容：保证孩子有充足的休息时间，为下午的活动储备能量。
- 14:30-15:00：下午课程- 内容：与上午课程相似，根据孩子的兴趣和需求进行调整。
- 15:00-15:30：休息时间- 内容：提供清凉饮品和小点心，让孩子充分休息。
- 15:30-16:00：户外活动- 内容：根据天气情况选择合适的户外活动。
- 16:00-16:30：总结分享- 内容：让孩子分享一天的感受，家长参与其中，增进亲子关系。
五、课程特色1. 结合夏季特点，设计富有创意的课程内容。
2. 注重亲子互动，让家长参与孩子的成长过程。
3. 提供清凉饮品和小点心，确保孩子舒适度过夏季。
CH06 用例图
• • • • •
用例和用例驱动开发 如何阅读用例图
如何绘制用例图
用例图应用说明 本章小结
用例模型的运用方法
•
•
用例
预订房间
增量开发的用例模型
模型的无缝转换
用例实现 类
确定：系统范围 标识：关键用例 描述：基本描述 标识：大部分用例 详细描述：关键用例 简单描述：其它用例 开发：关键用例 详细描述：重要用例 确定：优先级
用例驱动开发过程
•
•
知名的“用例驱动”的开发过程有两个，一个就是重型 的RUP，另一个则是“离地1000公尺”的ICONIX
•
在这些开发过程中，开发人员首先捕获客户的需求，并 以用例的形式组织成用例模型。然后分析并设计系统来 满足这些用例，因此在用例模型之后就是分析模型，接 着是设计模型和实施模型。在实现了整个系统之后，还 将根据用例模型设计出测试模型来对系统进行验证
…… 3.事件流： 3.1 基本事件流 1）图书管理员向系统发出“新增书籍信息”请求； 2）系统要求图书管理员选择要新增的书籍是计算机类还 是非计算机类； 3）图书管理员做出选择后，显示相应界面，让图书管理 员输入信息，并自动根据书号规则生成书号； 4）图书管理员输入书籍的相关信息，包括：书名、作者、 出版社、ISBN号、开本、页数、定价、是否有CDROM； 5）系统确认输入的信息中书名未有重名； 6）系统将所输入的信息存储建档。 3.2 扩展事件流 5a）如果输入的书名有重名现象，则显示出重名 的书籍，并要求图书管理选择修改书名或取消输入； 5a1）图书管理员选择取消输入，则结束用例，不做存储建档工作 ； 5a2）图书管理员选择修改书名后，转到5） 4.非功能需求：无特殊要求
UC02.修改书籍信息 UC0.查询外借信息
年度培训参考课程目录.doc
MM09TQM全面质量管理
MM03项目管理
MM10TPM全面牛产维护
MM04精益牛产管理(LPS)
MM11企业物流与供应链(SCM)管理
MM055S/6S推行实务
MM12供应商评估与管理
MM06IE工业工程
MM13采购管理与谈判技巧
MM07生产计划与物料控制
个人发展
PD01商务礼仪与职业形象塑造
ES03蓝海战略
ES06企业发展战略设计与实施耍务
企业文化
EC01导入初期企业文化建设与管理
EC04金业价值观训练
EC02导入前期如何提炼企业文化
EC05跨文化管理
EC03导入后企业文化诊断与落地（重塑卓越的企业文化）
领导力
LT01规模领导力开发
LT04转换型领导
LT02领导力提升训练实务
LT05情境领导
PF04团队职业化塑造训练
项目管理
PM01中高层项目管理培训
PM08新产品创新与规划
PM02轻松项目管理
PM09制造业研发项目管理
PM03新任项目经理的训练
PM10制造业产品实现能力
PM04丄程项0管理
PM11制造业营销订单项日管理
PM05IT研发项目管理
PM12制造业经营改善项目管理
PM06房地产项kl管理
TT01第一阶段：培训师入门基础训练
TT03第三阶段：活动组织与点评能力专题训练
TT02第二阶段：课程设计与开发
TT04第四阶段：培训需求与评估管理
营销管理
SM01营销策略规划
SM06终端管理与业绩提升
SM02销售团队管理与激励
SM07店铺经营管理
UML面向对象的分析与设计
定义设计类图（OOD）
定义用例
定义领域模型
定义交互图
定义设计类图
• 设计类图(design class diagram)是用来表示类 定义的静态视图，可以描述类的属性和方法。
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OOAD :DiceGame
play()
roll()
die1 : Die die2 : Die
fv1 := getFaceValue()
大家好
OOAD
UML面向对象的分析与设计
Object Oriented Analysis and Design with UML
2
OOAD
课程大纲
1. 课程绪论 (ch01-03) 2. 初始阶段 (ch04-07) 3. 细化迭代1-分析 (ch08-11) 4. 细化迭代1-设计 (ch12-16) 5. 细化迭代1-GRASP1 (ch17-18) 6. 细化迭代1-实现与测试 (ch19-22) 7. 细化迭代2-GRASP2&GOF (ch23-26) 8. 细化迭代3 (ch27,29,30,38)
• 培养OO开发的重要能力：识别领域对象，设 计软件对象(为软件对象分配职责)
7
OOAD
资源: 教材及参考书
8
OOAD
教材结构安排
•教材编排特色： •不像传统教材按主题编排 •而是遵循UP（统一过程）中”Iterative”(迭代)思 想。
初始阶段
细化迭代1
细化迭代2
细化迭代3
但是，教材迭代与实际项目迭代有差别： • 教材：学习驱动，即由易至难 • 项目：风险驱动，即先解决高风险的问题
• OOA的结果可以表示为领域模型（domain model)
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任务
任务
使用面向对象描述计算机输出图像的过程使用面向对象的方式描述计算的 Nhomakorabea口和驱动
训练的技能点
1、能理解并会使用面向对象的特性 -- 封装、继承、多态
2、会使用接口设计、编写程序
3、会使用Java的异常处理机制进行异常处理
2
阶段1
需求说明：
编写类描述计算机的主机 主机类 属性 硬盘类
4
阶段3
需求说明：
编写Java接口和类：模拟计算机的接口及驱动
接口 输入输出接口，输入输出方法 USB接口，继承输入输出接口 ，增加常量——针脚数（4个 ） 实现USB接口，打印针脚 数、输入输出等信息 驱动
VGA接口，继承输入输出接口 实现VGA接口，打印针脚
，增加常量——针脚数（15个 数、输入输出等信息 ）
5
总结
总结
类似问题的解决思路 代码编写的共性问题强调
6
计算机的主机包括主板 数据（整形数组 、CPU、内存、硬盘 ）
从硬盘读取数据 方法 向硬盘写入数据
编写类描述计算机的输入输出设备
使用接口和实现类
构造方法 读、写硬盘的方 法
3
阶段2
需求说明：
编写计算机类输出图像
计算机类 属性 主机、显示器、键盘
构造方法（初始化） 方法 显示图形方法（通过主机读取数据，通过显示器 显示）