牛津高中英语模块3Unit2 Reading
牛津版高中英语模块3课文对照翻译
Unit 1FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly left work and stepped out into the fog .She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘ How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘ King Street.’ said Polly.‘ Sorry , Miss ’ replied the man, ‘ the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi. ’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be soon.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards ParkStreet. As she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man mo ved away. She could feel her heart beating with fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again-soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps se emed close now. Then a man’s voice came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost. ’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard.‘ Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ he asked.‘ I live at 86 King Street.’ Polly replied.‘ Just take my hand.’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand. ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’‘ Just twenty.’ answered Polly.‘ Ah, twenty ! A nice age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘ I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.’‘ Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious,’ He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘ Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped.‘ Thank you so much for coming to my aid.’ said Polly in relief. ‘Would you like to come in and rest for a while?’‘ It’s very nice of you.’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more peo ple lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road without help, except in a fog like this.’P18ProjectShark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, probably because they have seen the film Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark. Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of sharkattacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh it decides to give up and swims away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with its nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly. The last two types of attack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a long distance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of, colours and bright objects. Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: youare 3o times more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark.The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for theenemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked!Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to bekilled unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Beingattacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in public parks--the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and canalways find their way home.Unit 2English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland— the Angles and the Saxons— occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English and reply (from Old French. It is interesting to learn how the words for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳ became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changesin the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.ProjectThe development Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, ituses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formedbyputting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up aword. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking athow these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancientstory, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter daywhile he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow andobserved that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had theidea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. Thefirst Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some charactershave been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time.However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings intostandard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together.This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the characterused nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas,some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example,'rest' was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character 'prisoner' wasformed with a 'man' inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, thecharacters for 'up' and 'down', which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is thatthey do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developedto have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest thepronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and nowthey have widespread use in China's mainland.The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852. Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it. In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message. While the students found the soldier's idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter.'Braille', the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.Unit 3Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going to Loulan, which is known as China’s Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writing on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860, the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which were decorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that after the ash covered the people who failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces toproduce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can see them today in Pompeii , in the same place where the people feel. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It’s hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city!Day10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy and wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the west. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 to AD400. I am so excited to be here!Day11,25 JulyAn scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Seven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures, including coins, painted pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city from being buried by sand— what a pity!ProjectAncient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexa nder the Great’ s influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only 3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves. Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.The father of Western philosophyThe word 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of looking at the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'The father of Western philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC. Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Westernthought and science. To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him, so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions.This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.Appendix I: TranslationUnit 1Reading雾比尔·洛浓雾警报那天早晨波莉离家时, 整个城市已笼罩在灰色的薄雾中。
2020新牛津译林 高一英语 Book 3 Unit2 重点解析
Book3 Unit2 Natural disasters一、词汇派生1．injure vt.（尤指在事故中）伤害，使受伤→injury n. [C,U] 伤害，损害→injured adj. 受伤的，受损害的2．reaction n. [C, U] 反应，回应→react vi. 回应，（对……）做出反应3．confirm vt. 证实，证明，确认；使确信→confirmation n. [U, C] 证实；确认书，证明书4．occur vi. 发生，出现；（想法、主意在某人脑海中）突然出现→occurrence n. 发生，出现；发生的事，事件5．approach vt. & vi.（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近；vt. 处理，解决→approaching adj. 即将到来的6．relief n. 轻松，宽慰；减轻，消除→relieve vt. 减轻，缓和；解除（职务）→relieved adj. 感到欣慰的7．inform vt. 通知，使知晓→informed adj. 了解情况的；见多识广的→information n. [U] 信息二、重点词汇及短语1. hit vt. & vi. 打击，侵袭；对……产生不良影响，损害(教材P16) We cannot prevent natural disasters, but is there anything we can do when they hit? 我们不能阻止自然灾害的发生，但是当它们袭来时，我们可以做什么呢？分析下列各句中hit的词性及含义：1.The area was hit by the floods. v. 袭击，侵袭2.The airline industry took a hit last year. n. 打击3.They played a lot of old hits from the 80s and 90s. n.风行一时的流行歌曲（或唱片）4.She hit him on the head with her umbrella. vt.（用手或器具）击，打；5.It hit me that I had a choice. vt. 使突然想起2. injure vt.（尤指在事故中）伤害，使受伤；损害，伤害（名誉、自尊等）(教材P16) Only 5 students suffered slight injuries, despite the current figures of 7killed and over 200 injured in the disaster area at large整个，全部. 尽管目前灾区总体的伤亡情况是7人死亡，200多人受伤，但（在这所学校）只有5名学生受了轻伤。
牛津高中英语模块三Unit2
命题思路 答案选 B 项。 本题考查短语辨析。 far from 离…… 远；远非；instead of 代替，而不是；regardless of 不管怎样； apart from＝aside from 除……之外。
基础梳理·授之以渔
Unit 2
变式训练 here.
Quite
C
the fact that he has no
基础梳理·授之以渔
Unit 2
C 语境助记法 The latest version of typewriter is very practical.Its simplified appearance is very beautiful.It represents the most advanced progress in this field.It differs from the traditional ones.It will make our work and life more convenient.
Unit 2
Ⅲ .经典课文原句 1． That is why English has so many difficult rules (为什么 英语有那么多很难的规则)that confuse people. 2． In fact， we would not be able to understand it if we heard
many words from French (英语确实从法语中借用了很
多单词 )． 6 ． After the Norman Conquest， highclass people spoke French while common people spoke English ( 而普通人 说英语 )．
2020牛津译林版高一英语必修三unit 2reading同步练习(含答案)
2020牛津译林版高一英语必修三unit 2同步练习一、单词拼写1. More than one passenger was injured in the air c_____________.2. I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would have been _____________(使受伤).3. Since COVID-19 has largely been brought under control, people In that country return to their work in an ______________(有条理的) manner.4. The researchers say they will carry out more studies to ______________(确认) the results.5. In the past, there was often an automatic ______________(反应) to increased traffic: just widen the roads.6. They left the building through an emergency ______________(出口) and escaped the fire.7. There is a great sense of _____________(宽慰) that nobody was killed or seriously injured in the car accident.8. All the athletes got ready, waiting for the _______________(信号) to start running.9. Once the book you've requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will ______________(通知) you by email, so you can pick it up.10. If such a _____________(灾难) should _____________(发生), the damage would be incalculable.二、单句语法填空1. ____________ reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly!2. Ralph W. Emerson would always set down new ideas that occurred _____________ him.3. A small plane crashed ____________ a hillside five miles east of the city, killing all four people on board.4. His remarks confirmed me _____________ my opinion that he was a very considerate boy.5. He has warned you _______________ the possible danger, and I think you should take his words into account.三、完成句子1. We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash, but three days later he showed up __________________________________________(安然无恙的).2. ________________________________________(尽管杰克是美国人), he can speak Chinese fluently.3. If you ________________________________________(坚持吃这么多的甜食), you'll have to suffer the consequences.4. ______________________________(使我们宽慰的是), the new method finally proved to be a success.5. When Jim heard the fire alarm, he _______________________________(保持冷静) and looked for the nearest exit.6. The old castle requires to be restored__________________________________(被暴风雨袭击过后).7. —How do you know so much about what's going on in the countryside?—I’ve got a friend there who _____________________________________(让我随时了解最新消息).8. I was pulled onto the shore _______________________________________(我一浮上水面).9. You should inform him of the change of the meeting time _______________________________(以防他迟到).10. They like living in the village ________________________________________(远离人群和喧嚣).四、课文语法填空AIn spite of 7 killed and over200 injured in an earthquake, 476 students and 36 teachers at Falmont Primary School 1_________________(escape) the disaster. Only 5 students suffered slight injuries.The head teacher 2______________(name) Alice Brown was teaching when the floor began to shake. Her students' 3______________(react ) was quick and correct. Miss Brown 4_______________ (quick) opened the classroom door 5_______________ might be damaged 6______________ case it could not open. The moment7______________ shaking stopped, Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the class to make their escape. She signalled to her students to exit the classroom in an 8_____________(order)line. After a roll call confirmed that all were safe and sound, they relaxed, 9______________(laugh), crying and hugging each other.The earthquake safety procedures 10_______________ (practise) twice a year, so the kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake.BAlthough a series of huge waves ______________(cause) by an undersea earthquake left thousands 2_____________(die), a 10-year-old girl named Sabrina Andron helped around 100 people escape danger with her basic knowledge of tsunamis.While people 3________________(enjoy) the warm sea air and the soft wind on the sandy beach, Sabrina noticed something odd. She said that the water looked like the bubbles on the top of a beer. She had just learnt about tsunamis in 4______________ Geography lesson, and it immediately occurred 5____________ her that these were signs of an 6________________(approach) tsunami. Although frightened, she kept her head 7_____________ warned her parents of the danger, insisting that they talk to a safety officer. Much to her 8____________(relieve), the officer realized the coming danger 9_______________(immediate) and the beach 10_____________(clear)of people soon, just before the huge waves crashed into the coast.。
高中英语牛津译林版(2020)必修第三册全册课文及翻译
Unit 1ReadingThe Amazon rainforest: a natural treasure亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem.欢迎来到丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，处处可闻各种动物的声音。
这里是亚马孙雨林。
作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas region of France, all on the South American continent. With an area of around 6 million square kilometres , the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length-roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth: one in ten known species in the world can be found here.亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西、秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。
江苏省徐州市王杰中学高一英语课件：Unit2 Reading2(牛津译林版必修3)
3. Three groups of people came to Britain from the E__u_r_o_p__e_a_n__.
10th century French
beef
mutton
pi g
pork / bacon
Tick the German way of making plurals.
ox- oxen
child—children
man- men shoe--shoes
foot– feet
tooth---teeth
shoe- shoen house- housen
7. By the 1_0__t_h__c_e_n__t_u_r_y_, Old English was the official language of English.
Reading strategy: reading a history article
What should you notice? Why?
You must learn to control your temper. 你必须学会克制着不发脾气。
2. n. 支配;控制;调节;抑制[(+of/over)] They have no control over him. 他们控制不了他。
There must be someone who can
and cooked by English servants.
4. English was used for all official
occasions after tHheenNryorⅣmabnecame
最新牛津高中英语模块3 unit2课文复习进程
English and its historyAll trough history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic .Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the Angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consist of a mixture of their languages. Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings ,people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words or phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and Saxons, while ill come from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name give to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entre 250 years they ruled the England, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply(from Old French). It is interesting to learn how words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said hosen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, ModernEnglish includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end he changes in the English language. The question of weather English will keep on changing in the future is easy answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.。
2022新牛津译林版高中英语选修三unit2课文原文(word可编辑)
牛津新教材选修三Unit 2ReadingThought experiments:the laboratory of the mindWhat would we observe if we travelled at the speed of light? This is a question Albert Einstein asked himself at the age of16. Imagining himself pursuing a beam of light,he reasoned that he should observe such a beam of light as an electromagnetic field at rest. This intuitive thinking later played an important role in the development of his special theory of relativity, as Einstein acknowledged in his 1949 Autobiographical Notes. It came to be known as one of Einstein's most famous thought experiments.So,what are thought experiments? Put simply, they are experiments carried out in the laboratory of the mind; in other words, they take place in the imagination. We set up some hypothetical situation, carry out an operation,see what happens,and draw a conclusion from our analysis. As we explore the world in greater depth, we may reach a point where it is impossible to run an experimental scenario in the real world due to physical, ethical or financial limitations. In the circumstances, we move into the area of thought experiments, which function as a valuable means to test the limits of our knowledge and advance our understanding of the world.While the term "thought experiment" originated in the 19th century, the use of thought experiments can be traced much further back, when ancient philosophers used them to explore difficult questions. About 2,500 years ago, Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi recorded one of the earliest thought experiments: if you cut along stick in half and then cut the remaining part in two each following day,you will never finish cutting it. With the birth of modern science, thought experiments became an important tool for scientists,especially in physics. Today thought experiments are regularly used in the areas of philosophy, economics and the sciences.Throughout history, thought experiments have contributed to the development of scientific theories.With logical reasoning, thought experiments are capable of putting forward a new theory and supporting or disproving an existing theory. A classic example of this is Galileo Galilei's thought experiment with two falling balls.In Galileo's day, Aristotle's belief that a heavier ball should fall faster than a lighter one was well accepted. Doubtful, Galileo asked what would happen if the two balls were tied together. He then figured out two contradictory outcomes: because the two balls fell at different speeds,the lighter ball would slow down the fall of the heavier one;but if the two balls were considered as a whole, together they weighed more and should fall faster than each individual ball. Using the power of the mind,Galileo was able to expose the paradox and prove Aristotle wrong.However, thought experiments are not always about proving something right or wrong with a definite answer. Instead, by making abstract, complex ideas more concrete and accessible, thought experiments can stimulate debate and lead to a more thorough understanding of the topic in question. A famous example is the Ship of Theseus, which was first written down by the ancient Greek philosopher and biographer Plutarch in the 1st century. He mentioned that for many centuries, the people of Athens kept the old ship of the ancient Greek hero Theseus. Over the years, all the original wooden parts of the ship damaged and replaced by the local people. Plutarch questioned whether this ship was still Theseus’s old ship, or whether it was an entirely new one. Many centuries later, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes took the thought experiment one step further: what if someone collected all the original parts and rebuilt another ship? Which of the ships would then be the ship of Theseus? Even today, the ship of Theseus still sparks intense debate and continues to raise many questions about the nature of identity.With hypothetical situations, thought experiments allow us to explore the outcome of a given hypothesis which has real-life significance. They also help us stretch our minds by confronting and considering difficult questions. Why not ask our own "What if…" questions? By adopting new and innovative ways of thinking, we may arrive at surprising conclusions.Extended readingHow the world got eyeglassesWhat are the greatest breakthroughs humans have made since the invention of the wheel? When a magazine posed this question to a panel of experts, including scientists, entrepreneurs, engineers and historians, eyeglasses came in behind only modern electronics, penicillin, electricity and the printing press.If you disagree with this ranking,try this quick experiment: rub some soap on a piece of glass and hold it in front of your eyes. Or, if you wear glasses or contact lenses, remove them and try to keep reading. Oh, wait—you can't, because you can't see clearly enough. As anyone who needs corrective lenses will tell you, being able to see clearly is hugely important, whether you're trying to put together a set of building blocks or read your favourite book.Considering that many people in the world suffer from poor vision, you may think that the great minds of history would have quickly come together to tackle the problem. However, this isn't at all what happened. Long before anything like spectacles existed, people had noticed that a piece of curved glass could magnify animage.Consequently, about 2,000 years ago, people began making magnifying glasses this way. These were probably the first simple corrective lenses.No one knows who came up with the technology of shaping glass to bring images into better focus, or mounting lenses in frames that could go in front of your face. Most likely, many anonymous glassmakers tried to improve the technology by trial and error. Although we don't know exactly whom to thank,it is pretty much agreed that corrective lenses first appeared in Italy in the 1280s.Once the technology was available, spectacles caught on quickly. Just like so many popular accessories today,spectacles soon became fashionable. People thought glasses made them look more intelligent or sophisticated. They were given away as gifts and were popular among people who didn't even need them. In the 15th century, the printing press was invented, making books plentiful and relatively inexpensive. This drove the demand for reading glasses. There was, however, a practical problem to overcome. While the quality of the lenses was improving rapidly, getting them to stay comfortably on the face was a great challenge. Indeed, reading while eating often meant spectacles in the soup!People made many attempts to overcome this problem, some stranger than others. Spectacles were held on the face by tying threads to the frames and looping them over the ears. Weights were sometimes tied to the ends of the threads to counterbalance the weight of the glasses to keep them from slipping off. Some people used threads or wires to hook their glasses to their hats so that they dangled just in front of the eyes. Others attached them to straps tied around the forehead or threaded them into their hair.Still other designs simply perched uneasily on the bridge of the nose. Later models worked a bit better by having the frames slightly pinch the nose. These stayed on the face longer, but they must have been quite uncomfortable.It's hard to imagine why it took so long to design spectacles with arm pieces that could clip behind the ears, but these weren't invented until the 18th century. Even then, the side stems were short and designed to clamp tightly against the temples(Ouch!). Like inventing the lenses themselves, coming up with designs that were easy to use was mostly a matter of trial and error. These days, technology has made spectacles comfortable.Unfortunately, now that we've tackled the technological problem of helping people see clearly, we face an ethical dilemma posed by the development of smart glasses, which are wearable computers in essence. Looking like a pair of ordinary glasses, smart glasses make it possible for the wearer to use the Web and make videos of everything they see. However, opponents of smart glasses believe that a device that allows its wearer to record people without their knowledge, almost anywhere and anytime,is disturbing. Even though we have become used to the marvels of modern technology, we still need to pause and think about the potential negative impact of thisnew invention.We'll have to wait and see if smart glasses would follow the same path as regular glasses, or in other words, if their usefulness would outweigh potential problems. Meanwhile, those of us who need corrective lenses to read about the controversy should be grateful to that anonymous Italian glassmaker who first invented ordinary old spectacles.。
牛津译林版高中英语必修第三册 Unit2 知识点
Unit 2 Nature disastersExtended reading and Project 知识点1.erupt /t'rApt/ vi. &cvt. (火山)爆发;突然发生eruption n. [U,C](火山的)爆发;突发(战争、疾病等)例：Violence erupted outside the embassy gates.大使馆门外突然发生了暴乱。
2.preserve /pri'z3:v/ vt.保存;保护3.systematically /isista'maetrkli/ adv.系统化地,有条理地4.unearth /An'3:0/ vt.使出土,挖掘,发掘；发现，找到unearth buried treasures挖掘地下埋藏的珍宝5.destination /destr'nerjn/ n. [C]目的地,终点6.destruction /dr'strAkjn/ n. [U]毁灭,破坏7.wine/wain/ n. [U,C]葡萄酒；果酒bar/ba:(r)/n. [C]酒吧；小馆子;条, 块；栏杆;障碍wine bar n.酒吧a bar of chocolate/soap一条巧克力/ 肥皂8.import /'impo:t/ n. [ C,usually pl.]进口产品,输入的产品;[U]输入/rm'po:t/ vt.进口,引进9.export /'ekspo:t/ n. [C, usually pl.]出口产品,输出的产品; [U]出口,输出/ik'spo:t/vt.出口,输出10.overseas /auva'si:z/adv.向(在)海外, 向(在)国外adj.海外的,国外的11.along with..与……一起⑥port /po:t/ n. [C, U]港口,避风港; [C]港口城市12.in all directions向四面八方13.cloud-capped /'klaud kaept/ adj.高耸入云的,耸入云霄的14.pass by经过15.roll /raul/ vi. & vt. 翻滚,滚动;翻身; 卷起n.[C]卷；一管；[sing. ]翻滚Wallpaper is sold in rolls.壁纸论卷销售。
译林牛津版高一英语模块三Unit-2-Language语言点及练习(含答案)
模块3 Unit 2 LanguagePart 1 教材中的基础考点Ⅰ.高考单词→识记·思考·运用1．核心词汇①________ v t.替换，代替，取代；把……放回原处②________ v t.区分，辨别；使具有某种特征③occupy v t.占领；占用(时间、空间等)→________ n．占领；占用；工作，职业④________ n．贡献，促成因素；捐赠→contribute v t.&v i.捐献，捐赠，捐助；贡献；促成，导致⑤entire adj.完全的，整个的→________ ad v.完全地，整个地⑥________ n．区别，差别；优秀；辨别→distinct adj.不同的；清晰的；明显的⑦concern n．关心；忧虑v t.涉及；使担忧；对……感兴趣→________ adj.担心的，忧虑的→________ prep.关于，涉及⑧access v t.进入；使用n．通道；(使用的)机会，权利→________ adj.可使用的；可接触到的；可到达的；易理解的⑨represent v t.代表；展示，描绘→________ n．代表⑩convenient adj.方便的，便利的→________ n．方便，便利；便利的设施或用具→________ adj.不方便的答案①replace②distinguish③occupation④contribution ⑤entirely ⑥distinction⑦concerned；concerning⑧accessible⑨representative ⑩convenience；inconvenient2．常考词汇①defeat v t.________②process n．________③ban v t.&n.________④unique adj.________⑤mixture n．________⑥custom n．________⑦interrupt v i.&v t.________⑧combine v t.&v i.________⑨indicate v t.________答案①击败，战胜②过程；进程③禁止；取缔④独特的；独一无二的⑤混合，混合体⑥风俗，习俗⑦插嘴，打断，暂停⑧组合；(使)联合⑨显示，表示；象征，暗示用所给单词的适当形式填空1．They feel that they can be ________(represent) of not only black students but all black people.2．When asked what he did in his spare time，George told me that it was reading that ________(occupy) most of his free time.3．When the chain broke，it ________(replace) with an old piece of rope until something more suitable could be found.4．Medicine should not be put where it is ________(access) to children.5．The title will be ________(official) given to meat a ceremony in London.(2016·全国Ⅰ，语法填空)6．He was ________ to hear that two of his essays ________ agriculture could n’t be published.(concern)7．My most ________ moment was trying to introduce a woman whose name I could n’t remember and it also made the woman ________．(embarrass)8．My house is ________ located just off the High Street.I t’s ________ for you to drop in.Please come at your ________．(convenient)9．There are ________ differences between formal and informal language.Sometimes i t’s difficult to ________ them.Could you tell me the ________ between them？(distinction)10．The young generation should be encouraged to ________ new things，as ________ makes great sense in the 21st century.(creation)答案 1.representatives 2.occupied 3．was replaced 4.accessible 5.officially 6.concerned；concerning 7．embarrassing；embarrassed8.conveniently；convenient；convenience9.distinguishing；distinguish；distinction10.create；creativity 【联想·积累】❶“代替”短语集中营①substitute...for...②take the place of③take on e’s place④in place of⑤instead of⑥replace sb/sth❷盘点含前缀“re -”的单词①replace 放回；代替②reappear 重新出现③repay 报答；偿还④reproduce 再现；复制⑤reunite 重逢；再次相聚⑥recycle 回收利用⑦rebuild 重建；修复⑧renew 更新⑨rearrange 重新排列⑩recover 康复；恢复健康❸-fy结尾动词大全①simplify 简化②satisfy 满足③beautify 美化④clarify 澄清；阐明⑤classify 分类⑥purify 净化；提纯❹“如今”表达法一览①nowadays现在，如今②now 现在③at the moment 目前，此刻④at the current time 当前⑤at present 现在，目前⑥at the present time 目前⑦these days 如今开心词场→核心单词串记As far as I am concerned，the process of inventing typewriter was not long.The latest version is very practical.Its simplified appearance is very beautiful.It represents the most advanced progress in this field.It differs from the traditional ones.It will make our work and life more convenient.Therefore，I suggest you buy one from its official website.Ⅱ.重点短语→识记·思考·运用1．动词＋介词/副词①be made up________/consist ________由……组成(构成)②lead ________导致；通向③add...________．..把……加到……上④stand ________代表，象征；支持，主张⑤take________ 占据(时间，空间)；从事⑥differ ________与……不同答案①of；of②to③to④for ⑤up⑥from2．介词短语①as a result ________作为……的结果，由于②________ a whole作为整体，总体上③aside________除……之外④________ the point中肯，切题⑤________ conclusion总之答案①of②as③from④to ⑤in3．其他①play a part ________在……中起作用②come ________ use运用；开始使用③make fun ________嘲笑④be used ________被用于……答案①in②into③of④for用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空1．The more acid you ________ the bottle of water，the cloudier it becomes.Why not do an experiment to prove it?2．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage ________．3．________ being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill.4．The UN，________ about 190 member countries，is the most important international organization in the world today.5．I’m afraid these changes will ________ a large number of people losing their jobs. 6．During the Mid-Autumn Festival people often eat mooncakes，which ________ a happy family reunion(团聚)．答案 1.add to 2.as a whole 3．Aside from 4.consisting of 5.lead to 6.stand for【联想·积累】❶go短语全接触①go through 通过；浏览②go by 过去；经过③go down 下沉；下降④go over 复习；检查⑤go for 去参加，去从事⑥go out 出去；熄灭⑦go along 继续；进展❷stand短语随手包①stand up 起立，站起②stand out 显眼；突出③stand by 袖手旁观；无动于衷④stand for 代表；象征⑤stand aside 让开；置身事外❸“动词＋名词＋of”短语大集会①catch sight of 看见②take control of 控制③take charge of 主管，负责④make fun of取笑；嘲弄⑤make use of 利用⑥take notice of注意到⑦take the place of 取代Ⅲ.经典句式→识记·思考·运用原句背诵感悟1．The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.英语将来会不会继续变化的问题是很容易回答的。