微观经济学整理

稀缺性（scarcity）是指社会拥有的资源是有限的，因此不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品与劳务。

Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.

经济学（economics）研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.

效率（efficiency）是指社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益。

Efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources.

平等（equality）是指将这些资源的成果平均地分配给社会成员。

Equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members.

（效率是指经济蛋糕的大小，而平等则是指如何分割这块蛋糕。

efficiency refers to the size of the economic pie, and equality refers to how the pie is divided into individual slices.

机会成本（opportunity cost）是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。

The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item.

理性人（rational people）系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现目标。

Rational people systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.

经济学家用边际变动（marginal change）这个术语来描述对现有行动计划的微小增量调整。Economists use the term marginal change to describe a small incremental adjustment to an existing plan of action.

激励（incentive）是引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西，诸如惩罚或奖励的预期。

An incentive is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward.

在一个市场经济（market economy）中，中央计划着的决策被千百万企业和家庭的决策所取代。In a market economy, the decisions of a central planner are replaced by the decisions of millions of firms and households.

市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.

产权：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources

市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

Externality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander

市场势力：单个经济活动者（或一小群经济活动者）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。

market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices

生产率：每一单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量。

Productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input

通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。

Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动。

business cycle fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms

生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。

Production possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。

Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

Macroeconomics the study of economywide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment,and economic growth

实政表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。

Positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is

规范表述：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。

Normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

绝对优势：用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。

Absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

机会成本：为了得到某种东西而必须放弃的东西。

Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item

比较优势：一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的行为。

Comparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer 进口品：在国外生产而在国内销售的物品。

Imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically

出口品：在国内生产而在国外销售的物品。

Exports goods produced domestically and sold abroad

市场：有某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。

Market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service

竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。

competitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price

需求量：买者愿意并且能够购买的一种物品的数量。

quantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase

需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点。

law of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises

需求表：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格。

demand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity