工程造价毕业设计英文资料,全过程工程造价管理The whole process of construction project cost managemen
浅议工程造价的全过程控制
浅议工程造价的全过程控制摘要：本文主要从工程造价的定义、计价特点入手，阐述了建设项目全过程工程造价控制的方法及有关问题。
关键词：工程造价；全过程控制；abstract: in view of the definition, valuation characteristics of engineering cost, this paper expounds the methods and relevant problems of engineering cost control of the construction project whole process.keywords: engineering cost; the whole process control中图分类号：tu723.3文献标识码：a 文章编号：工程造价是指建设项目预期开支或实际开支的全部固定资产投资费用。
由于建设项目具有建设周期长、投资大、协作部门多的特点，因此，在计价方面，表现为具有单件性、多次性（投资估算、设计概算、工程预算、竣工结算）、方法的多样性及依据的复杂性等特征。
因此在工程造价的控制方面，应全过程、全方位的加强工程造价的控制。
就是在投资决策阶段、设计阶段、工程发包阶段、合同实施阶段把建设工程造价的发生额控制在批准的工程造价限额以内，随时纠正发生的偏差，保证项目投资目标的实现，以求在各个建设项目中能够合理地使用人力、物力、财力取得较好的投资效益，最终实现工程造价的有效控制。
一、决策阶段工程造价的控制建筑工程造价的控制贯穿于项目建设全过程，但决策阶段各项技术经济决策，对该项目的工程造价有得大影响，特别是建设标准水平的确定、建设地点的选择、工艺的评选、设备选用等，直接关系到工程造价的高低。
据有关资料统计，在项目建设各大阶段中，投资决策阶段影响工程造价的程度最高，即达到80-90%。
因此，决策阶段项目决策的内容是决定工程造价的基础，直接影响着决策阶段之后的各个建设阶段工程造价的确定与控制是否科学、合理。
工程项目全过程造价管理(终稿)
75%
35% 10%
施工阶段
1/4
1/2
3/4
各阶段对投资影响程度分析图
一
决策阶段工程造价控制
——关键控制点的研究
在建设项目投资决策阶段，项目的各项技术经济决策， 对建设工程造价以及项目建成投产后的经济效益，有 着决定性的影响，是建设工程造价控制的重要阶段。 作为工程造价管理人员在决策阶段应编制可行性研究 报告，并对拟建项目进行经济评价，选择技术上可行、 经济上合理的建设方案，并在优化建设方案的基础上， 编制高质量的项目投资估算，使其在项目建设中真正 起到控制项目总投资的作用。
工程项目全面造价管理包括以下内容：
工程项目全过程造价管理 工程项目全要素造价管理 工程项目全风险造价管理 工程项目全团队造价管理 全过程、全要素、全风险造价管理是从技术层面上开展全 面造价管理的工作。全团队造价管理是从组织层面上对所 有项目的全团队成员进行管理的方法，为技术方面的实施 提供了组织保障。
航空货运量
12,000吨
224,200吨
9,454吨
机场收入
2.8亿人 民币
10.16亿人 民币
1.084亿人民币
该项目可行性研究报告中预期收入与实际收入对比图
原设计
施工中
机场跑道 候机楼
3,000米 20,000~25,000 m2
4,000米
92,800 m2
由此可以看出，珠海机场的教训在于前期的可研调查不够充分。 主要问题有： 1.建设地点不合理，珠海周边的香港、澳门、广州、佛山都有机 场，所以建成的珠海机场面临的竞争是相当大的。 2.投资估算决策失误。珠海机场最初总造价为69亿元人民币， 而在建设过程中不断扩大投资规模，最终导致严重超支。
工程项目造价管理英文
Engineering project cost management is a crucial aspect of the construction industry. It involves the planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling of costs involved in the construction of a project. Effective cost management ensures that projects are completed within the allocated budget and within the scheduled time. This article aims to provide an overview of the key aspects of engineering project cost management.1. Project Cost EstimationThe first step in cost management is to estimate the total cost of the project. This involves analyzing the project requirements, identifying the necessary resources, and determining the cost of these resources. Cost estimation can be done using various methods, such as:- Unit cost method: Estimating the cost per unit of work and multiplying it by the total quantity of work.-类比法: Comparing the project with similar completed projects to determine the cost.- Parametric estimation: Using mathematical models to estimate the cost based on project parameters.1. Project Cost BudgetingOnce the cost estimation is completed, the next step is to create a cost budget. The cost budget provides a detailed breakdown of the expected costs for each stage of the project. This includes direct costs (labor, materials, equipment) and indirect costs (overhead, contingency, profit). Budgeting helps in identifying potential cost overruns and taking necessary measures to prevent them.1. Cost ControlCost control is the process of monitoring and managing the actual costs incurred during the project execution. This involves comparing theactual costs with the budgeted costs and identifying any variances. Cost control measures include:- Cost tracking: Keeping a record of all costs incurred during the project.- Variance analysis: Analyzing the reasons for cost variances and taking corrective actions.- Change management: Managing any changes in the project scope, schedule, or resources that may affect the cost.1. Cost Reduction StrategiesCost reduction is an essential aspect of cost management. Somestrategies to reduce costs include:- Value engineering: Identifying and eliminating unnecessary features or components from the project design.- Efficient scheduling: Optimizing the project schedule to minimize idle time and reduce labor and equipment costs.- Vendor management: Selecting the most cost-effective suppliers and negotiating favorable terms.1. Role of TechnologyTechnology plays a significant role in engineering project cost management. Some technological tools and software used for cost management include:- Cost estimation software: Tools that help in estimating project costs based on historical data and industry benchmarks.- Project management software: Software that helps in tracking project progress, managing resources, and controlling costs.- BIM (Building Information Modeling): A digital representation of the project that helps in visualizing the project and identifying cost-saving opportunities.1. ConclusionIn conclusion, engineering project cost management is a comprehensive process that involves several key aspects, including cost estimation, budgeting, control, and reduction strategies. Effective cost management ensures that projects are completed within the allocated budget and within the scheduled time, leading to successful project delivery. By leveraging technology and adopting best practices, organizations can enhance their cost management capabilities and achieve greater profitability in the construction industry.。
工程造价管理论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献工程造价管理前沿摘要：工程造价管理的基本内容,确定合理和有效控制工程造价。
描述现阶段的工程造价管理的情况,加强了各阶段的工程造价管理工作的重要性,并提出了若干关键性举措。
关键词：建设成本；建设工程造价管理的地位；市场经济条件下管理投资的决策阶段；设计阶段；实施阶段；1前言即使在世贸组织和中国加入世界大家庭, 是中国建筑业如何有效地控制工程造价的建设和管理的一个重要组成部分。
然而,目前的年度预算为建设项目-概算,预算,超预算的"三超"现象仍然普遍存在,最终导致了严重失控项目投资。
工程造价管理的基本内容,就是合理确定和有效控制工程造价。
作为这项工程的费用,以项目贯穿整个过程中, 按阶段可分为:投资决策阶段,设计和实施阶段。
所谓工程造价的有效控制, 在优化建设方案,设计方案的基础上,在建设过程的所有阶段使用某些方法和措施,以降低工程成本有一个合理控制的范围和成本的核定限额。
2 工程造价管理工作的现状工程造价管理制度形成于50年代, 80年代成熟起来，表现为国家直接参与管理经济活动。
规定在设计阶段,以不同的概算或预算的编制以及政府，没有有关部门制订财政预算案、内容、方法和审批, 这份预算案将提供固定费用、设备和材料,采用固定价格的预算编制、审批、管理权限,等等。
随着历史进程经过恢复、改革和发展,形成了比较完备的概预算定额管理制度。
但是,随着社会主义市场经济的发展,制度的许多问题也暴露出来。
一般来说,预算是基于直接参与管理国家的经济活动作为先决条件，企业并不是实际的经济实体，由于特征的计划经济体制,并在当时的条件下,生产力必将成为短缺经济。
严重的商品短缺的情况下,只要有一定程度的投资将产品产出。
在这种环境下,项目的规划和技术论证就不可能有经济分析。
国家控制的项目成本构成要素的设备和材料价格。
在这种相对稳定的经济环境,财政预算的制度,核定工程造价, 帮助政府进行投资计划方面发挥了重大作用。
工程造价管理专业英语
重庆大学出版社高等职业技术教育工程造价管理专业系列教材工程造价管理专业英语张宜松晏生宏主编内容简介本书是根据工程造价管理专业的培养目标、教学计划及课程的教学基本要求编写的,系高等职业技术教育工程造价管理专业系列教材之一。
本书针对工程造价管理专业的学生及从事建筑、房地产行业的相关人员,循序渐进,逐层展开,注重学习的实用性和趣味性。
每个单元有一篇课文,一篇会话,一篇阅读,内容涉及建筑管理的基础知识、招标投标管理、合同管理、现场管理、项目管理、索陪、FIDIC条款中有关工程造价的内容、WTO与工程造价等方面。
书后附有投标书、协议书、投标保函、履约保函等中英文格式。
本书适合作为工程造价管理专业的教材使用,也可以作为其他建筑管理专业的教材参考书,还可以供建筑企业在职人员学习参考。
图书在版编目(CIP)数据工程造价管理专业英语/张宜松,晏生宏主编.—重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002.11高等职业技术教育工程造价管理专业系列教材ISBN7-5624-2758-5Ⅰ.工...Ⅱ.①张...②晏...Ⅲ.专业英语—高等学校:技术学校—教材Ⅳ.H31中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2002)第092866号高等职业技术教育工程造价管理专业系列教材工程造价管理专业英语张宜松晏生宏主编责任编辑:王海琼林青山李青版式设计:王海琼责任校对:廖应碧责任印制:张永洋*重庆大学出版社出版发行出版人:张鸽盛社址:重庆市沙坪坝正街174号重庆大学(A区)内邮编:400044电话:(023)65102378 65105781传真:(023)65103686 65105565网址:邮箱:fxk@(市场营销部)全国新华书店经销重庆铜梁正兴印务有限公司印刷*开本:787×1092 1/16 印张:9.5 字数:237千2002年11月第1版2002年11月第1次印刷印数:1—3000ISBN7-5624-2758-5/H・286定价:13.00元本书如有印刷、装订等质量问题,本社负责调换版权所有翻印必究系列教材编写委员会名誉主任赵月望张健主任武育秦副主任杨树清张鸽盛廖天平编委(以姓氏笔画为序)刘仁松吴心伦李景云余江但霞何永萍武育秦杨树清杨宾张宜松秦树和陶燕瑜廖天平盛文俊序国家教育部教高[2000]2号文《关于加强高职高专教育人才培养工作的意见》中指出:“高职高专教育要全面贯彻第三次全国教育工作会议和《中共中央国务院关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》的精神,抓住机遇,开拓进取。
全过程造价管理流程及五算编制方法用英文
全过程造价管理流程及五算编制方法用英文The process of cost management includes several steps, which are as follows:1. Project Cost EstimationProject cost estimation involves predicting the cost of a project based on its scope. The cost estimate should include all the resources required to complete the project, including labor, materials, and equipment. The estimate should also take into account any contingencies or risks that may affect the project.五算编制方法 (The Five Calculation Method):- Quantity Survey (QS) Method- The Unit Price Method- The Cost Index Method- The Parametric Method- The Analogy Method2. BudgetingBudgeting involves allocating resources to various activities in the project plan. This step involves setting the cost baseline, which is the budgeted cost for the project. The budget should be realistic, and the costs should be allocated to the appropriate activities.3. Cost ControlCost control involves monitoring the project's actual cost performance against the budgeted cost. The goal is to identify any variances and take corrective action to keep the project on track. This step involves tracking the actual costs of the project and comparing them to the budgeted costs. Any deviations from the budget should be analyzed and addressed promptly.4. Cost ReportingCost reporting involves communicating project costs to stakeholders. This step involves generating reports that provide information on the project's actual cost performance. The reports should be timely, accurate, and easy to understand.5. Cost AnalysisCost analysis involves analyzing the project's cost performance to identify areas for improvement. This step involves reviewing the project's cost performance and identifying any trends or patterns. The goal is to identify areas where costs can be reduced or efficiencies can be improved.全过程造价管理流程 (The Process of Cost Management):1. 项目造价预算 (Project Cost Estimation)项目造价预算是根据项目的范围预测项目的成本。
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照中文翻译：工程造价专业毕业外文文献工程造价专业是一种重要的工程技术专业，主要负责工程投资的评估、选择和控制工程项目成本，以及项目质量、进度和安全。
因此，工程造价专业需要具备丰富的知识和技能，包括工程建设、经济学、管理学、数学、统计学等方面。
为了提高工程造价专业学生的综合能力，学习外文文献是不可或缺的步骤。
本文将介绍几篇与工程造价专业相关的外文文献，并提供中英文对照。
1）《The Role of Quantity Surveyors in Sustainable Construction》该文研究了数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用，并深入探讨了数量调查师在项目的可持续性评估、营建阶段和运营阶段的角色和责任。
该文指出，数量调查师可以通过成本控制、资源利用、和材料选择等方面促进可持续建筑的发展，为未来可持续发展提供支持。
中文翻译：数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用2）《Cost engineering》该文研究了造价工程的理论和实践，并提供了一系列工具和方法用于项目成本的控制和评估。
该文还深入探讨了工程造价和项目管理之间的关系，并提供了一些实用的案例研究来说明造价工程的实际应用。
中文翻译：造价工程3）《Construction cost management: learning from case studies》该文通过案例分析的方式来探讨建筑项目成本管理的实践。
该文提供了多个案例研究，旨在向读者展示如何运用不同的方法来控制和评估项目成本，并阐述了思考成本问题时需要考虑的多个因素。
中文翻译：建筑项目成本管理：案例学习4）《Project Cost Estimation and Control: A Practical Guide to Construction Management》该书是一本实用指南，详细介绍了在工程起始阶段进行项目成本估算的方法和技巧，以及如何在项目执行阶段进行成本控制。
工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性
工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性一、工程造价管理全过程控制的必要性谈到工程造价的管理和控制，我们便习惯地想到是工程预决算。
确实，就目前的体制和现实而言，工程造价的管理和控制工作就是预决算。
即预决算人员根据已经确定的施工图计算工程量、套用定额、计取费用，或在施工结束后根据图纸和施工组织设计以及现场施工签证记录等资料编制竣工决算。
这固然是必要的，有用的。
但我们也要看到，当预决算人员编制施工图预算或竣工决算时，建设方案和设计图纸都已经确定了的。
而施工是以按图施工为原则，那么这时预决算人员所做的工作只是计算设计变更所产生的费用变化以及防止高估冒算。
而假如项目在经济上是不合理的，决策存在失误；假如设计方案在技术上不可行或者不是最优，则预决算人员无能为力。
也就是说现行体制下，预决算人员的工作只是事后算帐，只能消极地反映已完工程量，只能被动地反映设计和施工。
这显然是片面的，不够的，我们必须对建设项目工程造价进行全过程监控。
结合我国的具体情况，造价管理存在的问题如下：1、不够重视投资决策阶段工程造价的确控投资决策是产生工程造价源头，这一阶段耗资约占总投资额的0.5%～3%，但能有效提高项目的投资效益。
对建设项目进行合理的选择是对经济资源进行优化配置的最直接、最重要的手段，项目投资效益影响到整个国民经济的效率和效益。
发达国家对投资决策阶段工程造价的确控十分重视，不惜花大本钱、大力气进行投资决策阶段的工程造价研究，作出相对比较准确的工程造价，进行控制。
长期以来，我国的工程建设存在投资膨胀严重的现象，造成工期越拖越长，工程造价越来越高。
原因是缺乏建设前期确定工程造价的有效依据，只能依据专家、决策者们借鉴已完成的项目工程造价进行估算，但又往往因为诸多因素影响，三超”现象相当普遍，究其原因，主要有：(1) 人为因素造成概算降低。
(2) 设备和材料价格的不按市场行情制定。
(3) 在项目实施过程中，建设单位提出超过设计标准的过高要求2、设计阶段的工程造价控制不严设计阶段是建设项目工程造价控制的龙头。
(完整版)外文翻译--工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性
The significance of control construction costs manages on entireprocessFirst, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed. This is necessary , useful no doubt. But we must see that when pre-final accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being completed, the construction plan and the design paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decision-making; suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology; the final account personnel can do nothing for sbthen in advance. Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect, after the event , can only reflect already complete project amounts inactively , can only reflect design and be under construction passively. This evidently is single-faceted , insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project.Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows:1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed.Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0.5%～3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs,and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically, make relatively comparatively accurate construction costs , go along the controlFor a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision-makers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three surpass " phenomenon very common, there are main cause as follows:(1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening(2) equipment composes in reply material price's not working out according to market quotations.(3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion 2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strictThe design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our country also puts move bidding system , fair competition into practice , cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of the standard choosing main part being hit by the bid unit , cost of construction carries out the administration controlling on the entire proceeding .Our country major part design that the unit carries out thorough analysis lack on construction project technology and economy , big multiple technologies make light of economy in design but at present , design that the personnel is responsible seemingly only to design project mass , are concerned with the construction costs height not very. Optimize a design plan to suchan extent as having no way to pass, the first step designs , the rough estimate gets to the effect controlling general cost of construction's establishment. Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc. is also insufficient , amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates , misses and not calculating, can't arouse increasing by estimating a project momentary, the mass making a tender work is difficult to ensure that , have no way to have an effect to control construction costs asa result also.3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used universally on the international all roundAdopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international , is that our country construction costs system reforms and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to perfect construction market operating mechanism in construction field. After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country, the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a time limit for a project , ensuring a project , reducing construction costs , boycotting an unhealthy tendency. Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's lawful rights and interests also effectively. With the socialist market economy uninterrupted growth,the original tender stage puts the budget quota valuation pattern into practice already doing not adapting , adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international to carry out a tender is an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction has issued amounts project detailed list valuation method , amounts project detailed list valuation has been in construction project tender job , person has provided project quantity from invitation to bid according to national unification project amounts calculation regulation , quoted price, and classics have judged the reason bidder autonomously trying the at a low price middle bid construction costs valuation pattern.That carrying out amounts project detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform, is standard tender behavior effective measure. This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "amounts" ", "price" are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only; Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength; Project mass beneficial to ensuring that, reduces construction costs; May cut down the physical labour complicated and overloaded repeating the amounts calculating a project; Facilitate the tender quoted price job; Argue with the dispute back and forth in cutting down project settlement; Receive a track step by step with the convention "controlling amounts , guiding price , competing for a fee's on" the international, deepen the reformation that project valuation manages mainly according to the marketplace changes development, taking one's place on the international market for our country contracts business creates condition.4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costsWant to have strict control design alteration too in the stage being underconstruction. Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems, but call for to design a branch in the process of construction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity, the situation changing after avoiding doing first, is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate , effective control engineering of construction costs cost of construction plays with a link. At the same time, the sharpening contract manages , ensures equality and mutual benefit issuing contract of method and contracting method.5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage's controls a project inefficientlyThat the final account being completed is that entire construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly , have also reflected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration , have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a data , pursuing , designing the certificate material changing notice , various warning including that the project is completed and so on being completed. These data collecting must pay attention to whose validity with obtaining evidence, specimen seal impression having designing personnel's signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ. Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc. having construction site person in charge of first party. Great majority our country construction projects are completed in the project being under construction when the final account, during the period of the final account being completed contracting method , are are under construction contracting method calculating commonly much in the book being completed winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes , are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave , project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly, affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs.A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing completion and commissioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being completed estimate that.Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment in the project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract, price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract; Project amounts putting stage into practice being going to be completed according to contracting reality inproject, takes contract price as basis , considers cost of construction rise aroused by inflation of prices at the same time , considers the project and cost being difficult to estimate that to designing middle but happening in putting stage reality into practice , the example is ascertained estimating price; All-in cost costing in the reality being completed checking and accepting a stage , assembling into engineering construction process middle all round, weaves the final account being completed , embodies the actual cost of construction that a construction project according to the facts."Four guess that two-valence "is interrelated , the former restricts the latter , the latter supplements the former.What is called, build the construction costs administration and control, it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage , design stage , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O. K. , correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the project manages the target realization , get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an attempt being able to use manpower and material resources, financial resources rationally in building a project one by one.Second, the importance of the investment decision-making stage of project cost controlConstruction projects in the investment decision-making stage, the project of the techno-economic decision-making, as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the project cost-effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared, and economic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible and economically the construction of example programs and to optimize the construction program on the basis of the preparation of high-quality items investment is estimated that the project construction so that the real control of the project has played the role of total investment.The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors: a, the determine level of construction standards; b, the choice of built-up areas; c, building location (site) selection; d, project the economic scale; e, technology selection f, equipment selection .Such as the choice of built-up areas, there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials, fuel and consumer principles. This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials, fuels, and finished the long-haul transport, reduce costs, lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time, speed up cash flow and is conducive to business. If the project's economic size, economies of scale, product standard is a reasonable means of production volume, a number of products under certain conditions, was "increasing returns" of economic phenomena, that is, with the expansion of production volume, unit cost reduction, revenue increase.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas:(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds.(2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to construction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability(3) Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document, investment funds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval. Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize the interest burden and repayment pressure.(4) Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology, as well as land, water, electricity, transport, environmental protection projects such as the work of the depth of the external conditions, so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment. At the same time, extensive research should be to compare similar projects, a serious functional analysis, comparison and choice of multi-program, a full-scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation, the finalization of technologically advanced, reliable, economical and rational project construction program in order to estimate more accurate and realistic estimate of the amount of investment in order to make the project cost from the start position in a more reasonable level.Third, the design phase of the importance of project cost controlMake investment decisions in the project, the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrangement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced, economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period, savings investment, to improve efficiency. According to expert analysis, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life-cycle cost of less than 1%, which costs less than 1% of project cost accounts for the impact of degrees above 75%. Because of the general construction projects, selection of materials and equipment accounted for more than 50% of the cost of the project, and in the design phase of architectural forms, structural type, the selection of equipment and materials have been identified in the construction of post-implementation phase, the impact of the project cost a small (10 % or less). This shows that the design quality is crucial to the entire projectThe same construction project, the same single unit of work can have different programs, which have different costs, it is therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options, through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application of economic and rational design, that is, the process of design optimization. Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as thevalue of value engineering analysis, that is, as far as possible in meeting the functionality or improve the function of the premise, as far as possible to reduce costs.Occurred in the cost of all parts of the application of value engineering, construction investment will require a lot of people, financial, and material, and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management methods, value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction.In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of opposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts, engineering Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design, in order to ensure effective control over investment.At the design stage to project cost control should focus on the following aspects.(1) to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approachThe assessment team of experts using scientific methods, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced, well-structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comprehensive assessment of the merits of design, selection of the best in determining the successful program. Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects. The design of these two methods both contract design choice and competition, to ensure selection of the design of technologically advanced, innovative and unique, adaptable, and help control project cost. Design units should strive to improve their own quality, clever engineering design ideas, great care, in order to reduce the project cost more than their brains in order to improve design quality, and strive to put at the design stage in the approval of project cost control within the investment limits.(2) actively pursuing the design limitThe so-called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is estimated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction design. Through the ceiling design, every professional, every designer has a target investment limit. During the design process, designers should be more into the program to compare and optimize the design, Not only to ensure that technically advanced and reasonable design, innovative aesthetics, but also the investment limit is not exceeded the target in order to put an end to the design of the project to raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the feasibility of technical solutions, rather than the phenomenon of economic rationality to ensure effective cost control.(3) the implementation of the design of reward and punishment systemIn order to limit the design of the implementation into practice, the limit should be set up and sound system designed to reward and punishment. To limit the design isdone well, cost savings and control of investment there is the effectiveness of the project legal person should be given appropriate incentives and design units. Design to limit the development of the internal design of assessment and incentive methods to limit attention to the design, made to save investment and effective cost control offices and the significant achievements of individuals, should be rewarding. Do not attach importance to limit the design, do not take measures to save the investment, resulting in more than a design limit investment offices and individuals should be given to economic penalties. Do reward and encourage designers to design deep potential economic importance to design the control of a reasonable project cost will be a major breakthrough.Fourth、the cost control of the implementation phase of construction project1, the bidding process stageThe implementation of construction project bidding is effective means of construction projects to control the implementation phase of the project cost. If we want To do a good job for bidding, the first we should make sure that qualification is clearance, and resolutely put an end to bribery, such as all the Phenomenon about destruction of all bidding discipline; Secondly, we should strengthen the bid management, to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of bid preparation; Third, make sure the method of Evaluation and Calibration are Scientific .when select the successful projects as a standard we should concern about the reasonable, short period, reputable companies, construction considerations such as experience. when we evaluation, the first is technical standard assessment, the follow is business assessment,this can ensure open, fair and just.2, the construction phaseIn the construction phase construction ,the goles based on project budget or contract price of Civil works and installation works and project cost control of Civil works and installation works. At this stage the scope for savings has been small, but it is likely to lead to waste,this make us give them adequate attention for the control of project cost.(1) strengthen the technical and economic comparison of construction programConstruction is an important work of the design of constructing orgnization. Reasonable constructing program can shorten the period of constructing, ensure the quality of the project and enhance economic efficiency. Comparing and analysing the constructing program from technical and economic view and comparing the three techno-economic index of the quality, duration and cost through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis can take good use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieving better economic benefits. Consequently, good construction management is an important way of all-round cost management.(2) a sound system design change Examination and approval systemIf design subject need to be change, we should take action as far as possible in advance, because the sooner the change, the smaller loss; Second, before each design ofchanges we must analysis the quality of project and cost, and this should receive the consent of the original design. If it breakthrough the total project cost estimates after the change, this must be approved by the review of the relevant departments, weshould prevent these things happened such as increasing design elements ,improving the design standards, increasing the project cost.(3) check strictly with visa procedures of the project site we should Construct project management system , establish the specialized departments,and through the use of specialized management of professionals for the project, to avoid the phenomenon that project management staff just care visa only, take no concern about the economic accounts, resulting the serious consequences such as investment is out of control.For Seriously changes of visa procedures we should make the building side, supervision side, the construction site together representatives signed a manner to ensure that the authenticity of the visa, the rationality of the economy of changes and to avoid the disputes caused by the phenomenon of fraud.(4) do a good job in the completion of the audit settlement priceClearing refers to the completion of construction enterprises in accordance with the terms of the contract completed by the contractor within the engineering, land quality experience, and in accordance with the contract, the construction units to carry out the final project settlement price. Completion of the project audited settlement is approved in accordance with the construction of the project cost. Therefore, the completion of settlement of the audit is a very important work, should focus on the following:① check the accuracy of the project quantity.the check of project Quantity is the most important and most complicated, the most detailed work in process of the settle of completed project, this must be based on completion of the project plan, changed design and construction of the scene .it strictly in accordance with the provisions of the rules one by one in terms of project review to prevent the units of construction to increase the volume of inflated project cost in the settlement on completion of the project.② examine whether the additional apply is right . check the sub-projects listed in the price in line with the fixed unit price, check whether the name, specification, measurement units and the content consistent with the units of the valuation table; for the unit price of conversion, the first step is to check if the conversion price was fixed allowed, followed check if the conversion price is correct.③ check if the standards for the admission fee In line with the cost of the fixed and the cost of policies and regulations of the project during the construction.Fifth, the thinking and outlook of project cost management system From a long time, we generally ignore the the project cost control of preparatory work for the construction phase, and control projects often focus on the cost of the construction phase - the budget review working drawings and reasonable settlement price Civil project and installation project,little count, although there do , but, after all, is "never too late to mend", achieve very little.In order to control construction costs effectively, it is necessary for us to shifted the focus of control to the early stages, the first thing we shoulf do is that to attach importance to this and strengthen the work of estimated investment of decision-making phase of the project. in an effort to increase the accuracy of control。
工程造价的全过程管理
工程造价的全过程管理工程造价的全过程管理是指从工程设计、招投标阶段开始，到施工、验收、竣工以及后期维护和评估的整个过程中，统筹协调、科学合理地进行工程造价管理，掌握工程造价风险，保证工程质量和结算精准的管理方式。
一、工程预算管理在工程造价管理中，工程预算是整个流程的开端。
在设计阶段，必须制定详细的工程预算。
通过对项目的规模、质量、用途等各种因素的综合考虑，确定合理的预算。
二、招投标管理在工程建设中，招投标是非常关键的环节。
工程造价管理中，要按照国家法律法规和规范要求进行招标程序，制定招标文件，明确投标人的资格条件和评标标准，以确保公平、公正、公开的原则。
三、合同管理合同管理是工程造价管理的重要环节，它是施工方和业主之间的桥梁，直接影响到工程质量、进度和费用等方面。
在合同签约前，应仔细审查合同的条款和条件，严格遵守合同文件的约定，防止出现任何违规行为。
在施工过程中，工程造价管理需要跟进工程进度，并及时监控各项费用，特别是劳务费、材料费等，控制施工成本，保证预算的准确性。
此外，还要积极应对各种变化、调整和改变，及时做出合理的预算调整。
五、竣工验收管理竣工验收是工程质量的最后一道关卡，在竣工验收过程中，要严格按照设计图纸、合同要求进行验收，确保工程质量符合相关标准和规范。
同时，也要充分发挥工程造价管理的作用，对工程造价总量进行全面审查，保证结算工程量和费用的精准性和真实性。
六、后期评估管理在工程项目建设之后，还要对工程项目的后期维护、评估工作进行管理。
通过对工程项目进一步评估，可以为以后的工程项目提供有力的参考，保持工程项目在长时间内的稳定运行和使用。
综上所述，工程造价的全过程管理，是共同负责的责任，要求各企业严守相关法律法规、合同约定和规范要求，同时要求有良好的协调、沟通和配合能力。
只有加强工程造价全过程管理，才能切实控制工程建设成本，保证工程质量，并提升工程项目的整体竞争力和经济效益。
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The whole process of construction project cost management Abstract: From the decision-making stage of the Cost management, Cost Management in the design phase and construction phase of the whole process of tracking management and completion of the settlement of audit checks, etc. discussed the reasonable control of project cost to enhance whole project cost management. Keywords: decision-making stage management; design stage management; the construction phase management; completion of Stage Management The magnitude of value due to construction projects large and long construction period, the price a relatively complicated, and is a typical price of the project construction process, so the price in project identification, control and management of the existence of a number of complex procedures, and even unpredictability factor. In order to avoid the loss of control cost and the "three excesses" phenomenon, it is necessary to establish a scientific and effective cost control measures and to control wear in the whole process of project construction. A decision-making stage of the Cost Management A reasonable estimate is that the scientific preparation of Investment projects in the process of priority, the investment estimate is a project investment decision-making stage of the content, it is also the project proposal and feasibility study part of the report. Investment Estimate 1 is approved, will serve as the project construction cost ceiling. Clearly, the investment estimate for the project decision-making and the success or failure is of great significance. Therefore, investment estimation should be considered adequate, and reasonable estimates of as much as possible to be perfectly reasonable and accurate. Investment estimation must be a true reflection of the design. At present the project proposal stage, is usually made by the construction unit investment estimation. As the construction unit and cost estimates are generally not investment professionals, as well as a lack of serious study of process and programs, so investment estimation is very simple and often results in Louxiang. Moreover, the construction unit in order to be reported by the project approval, to design units in the investment estimate, deliberately underestimated, engage in "fishing projects", so that a lack of investment in the accuracy of estimates. Therefore, the investment estimates should be realistic and reflect the design elements, designers should project size and project content, a true reflection of design intent. To conduct the program comparison and selection, program optimization. Is not only technically feasible but also economically more reasonable. Therefore, project cost personnel should be preferred from the building program began to infiltrate the building projects. In accordance with the principles of project management, reasonable forecast investment estimation of various dynamic factors change, as comprehensive as possible to fully play the full investment, without leaving any gaps. 2 design phase Cost Management The design stage is the key to effective control of costs. Advanced technology, Economic rationality is designed to save investment projects and shorten the construction period and an important guarantee for improving efficiency. As the design of the project cost is usually about 70% can be achieved, therefore, seize the design stage of cost control, it would seize control phase core. At the design stage, we must first carry out detailed Engineering design demonstrated excellent selection, and invited experts to a comprehensive review to ensure that the design of which a full-featured, advanced technology, reasonable Structure and conducive to effective control of an excellent investment in the program successful. Design has been selected, in the design implementation phase should be actively pursued the "ceiling design", the limit is designed to estimate the control of the approved investments in the preliminary design. The preliminary design of the approved total budget for the control of construction design will soon be on the stage design validation investment costs into the various professional, and then broken down into various units of engineering and construction division. Function in ensuring the professional use of the premise, according to the allocation of the threshold control design, strict control design changes to the unreasonable, especially for the works would cost a significant design changes to ensure that the total investment limit is not a breakthrough. 3 the construction phase of the whole process of tracking management Construction Phase Cost Management's main task is strictly according to the drawings, not a breakthrough price, reduce the costs incurred due to various reasons, adjustments and claims, through the supervision and management, to control investments. In the project implementation phase, in order to take the initiative to control, focus on the following four aspects: One is actively involved in construction project bidding. The implementation of the bidding system is China's construction of a major reform of management system is also identified in the current construction market, the main form of construction tasks. Based on the work of construction is the core of the bidding project cost, the project cost management must be actively involved in the activities of the entire bidding process, and play their own role. Practice has proved that only by building an open, fair bidding, in order to effectively introduce a competition mechanism will be implementation of the project, the construction unit to the final selection of strength, advanced technical equipment, past performance is very good and tender closest to the building construction enterprises of Bidding , which essentially avoid the formation of the long-counted result after the first stem the serious financial situation out of control, in order to obtain a more reasonable project cost control and laid a good foundation. Second, pay attention to construction methods, strict control of design changes. The project before the construction, cost management personnel should be familiar with the construction drawings in advance of the content and design intent drawings to achieve a thorough understanding and mastery for early detection of problems, drawing on the errors and deficiencies corrected prior to construction. At the same time efforts should be made to overcome or even avoid the rush hastily drawing joint trials and the construction process and the resulting frequent design changes, modification and so on. During the construction phase, with the cost management is closely related to the specific site to another visa fees, should be ready to make a detailed record and organize them. To try to make it branches or sub-unit project, individual project visa, number, and in accordance with the principle of the division of fees to grasp the scope of on-site visa, so that a visa as possible detailed and accurate. Removal of many barriers and measures of work should pay attention to waste recycling, recovery of costs in this house or deducted from the settlement project. In addition to the above, attention must also be shown on the visa the content and design drawings, fixed content is contained in the overlap of duplicate items must be removed. In raising the awareness of project cost at the same time, we must also know how to effectively control the engineering change and on-site economic visas. In project construction, engineering change and on-site visa is inevitable, but reasonable control. As a rule, design changes and design units issued by the changes to drawings and validated by the supervisory engineer construction units reported the approval of change orders issued. In reviewing the design changes, therefore, should review the changes to the procedures and whether there is legal basis for compliance with