1998 Broadcast News Benchmark Test Results English and Non-English Word Error Rate Performa
2020 参考1998年考研英语真题答案及解析
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。
许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.见分析试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted 承认[B] believed 相信，认为[C] claimed 声称[D] predicted 预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
1998-2017年全国卷高考真题英语短文改错(含答案)
1998-2017年全国卷英语短文改错此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。
文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：把缺词处加一个漏符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
NMET 1998My Favorite SportMy favorite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team. We practise for three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. Play football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. We must keep mind that we play for the team instead ourselves. Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience (服从). Each player must obey captain, who is the leader of the team. And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game.NMET 1999The Problem with TelevisionNow I can’t watch much television but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night. I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort. Unfortunate, there are too many people among my family. Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot time arguing and there was no way of settle the matter except by selling the TV set. Now someone at home reads instead.2000 春季Dear Peter,Thanks very much on inviting me to your birthday party on Sunday. I’d like very much come but had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it. I’ll spend all the who le weekend reading and prepare for it. So I’m really sorry that I won’t be able to come in this time. Hope you can understand. I’ll take this chance wish you wonderful time on your birthday. Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day!Yours, Li MingNMET 2000The day before the speech contest (比赛) English teacher talked to me. She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success, but it didn’t matter that I would win or not. When I was in the stage the next day, I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. There were so many people present! Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. She was smiling but nodding at me. I remembered her words and calm down. I did a good job and won the first prize. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher.2001年（全国卷II）Like most of my schoolmates. I have either brothers nor sisters, in any other words, I am an only child. My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education. They did not want me to do any work at family; they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. We may be one family and live under a same roof, but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. Do they really understand their own daughter? What things are in other homes, I wonder.2002年（全国卷II）Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows. it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animal. The weather was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of themountain. The three of them were very excited. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. On the way I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was good.I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow.2003年（全国卷II）When I first learned write in English, I ran into many difficulties. The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. My teacher advised me to keep my diary. I followed her and should put down 100 words or so each day. Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. she liked it very much and reads it to the class .All said the story was a good one . Their word were a great encouragement to me.2004年（全国卷II）Dear Ralph,I’m a newcomer here of a small town. I would describe myself as shy an d quietly. Before my classmates, it seems always difficult for me to do things well as them. I'm sure they will laugh to me and see me as fool. So I feel unhappy every day. Besides, I have few friends. I don't know that they don't like to talk with me. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn’t seem to work. Can you tell me about what I should do?Yours, Xiao Wei2005 年（全国卷III）Dear Mr. Brown,I am writing to thank you with your kind help. Before you came to teach us, I had not interest in English. My pronunciation was terribly. I could only speak a few words. But one and a half year later, I now think English fun to learn. I got a lot of from your encouraging words. I will always remember what you said, “If you try to, you can be No. 1!” I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home and will come to China again sometimes in the future. I will writeagain and send you the photos we take together.Yours sincerely, Li Min2006年（全国卷III）An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784. High over the water, they discover a hole in the balloon. The hole became bigger and bigger. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quick and the balloon was coming up. The two men threw all their equipment into the water to make the balloon light. It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. Finally, the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised see this when the balloon landed in front of them.2006年（全国卷II）We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel ago. They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning. They came back lately and had some tea. I came in the living room and saw oneof them just go through the kitchen door but turn on the light. He was looking for a glass the cupboard. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests. I just smiled to me and thought, “What can I do? We are guests after all.”2007年（全国卷II）Dear Grandpa,Thank you for your letter. My school is organizing a basketball team and there’s just a chance which I can join it. I'm little of course, but terribly quick and bravely. While the others are jumping about in the air, I can run under my legs and get the ball. It will be lots of fun for practicing out in the playground in the afternoon with the tree around us all red and yellow and everybody laughing and shout. These are the happier girls I've ever seen and I' m the happiest in all! I meant to write long letter and tell you all the things I' m doing at school, but the bell was ringing, so I just have to stop here.Love, Judy2008年（全国卷I）Dear Alice,I have just got some good mews to tell to you. I win a national prize for painting last week. My father was so pleasing that he suggested I go to England for a hol iday. I’d like to staying there for half a month, visiting place of interest o r practicing my English as well. We’ve been writing to each for nearly a year now. I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you. I imagine you’ll be at vacation yourself by that time. Perhaps we could go out do some sightseeing together.Best, Lily2008年（全国卷II）If I have the honor to be chose to work for the 29th Olympic Games, I will at first improve my English so that I can talk easily about foreign visitors. Second, I will learn more about history of the Olympics as good as the 2008 Olympic Games. Third, since I was familiar with Beijing, I can help visitors find their ways in the city. Finally, I should be able to tell visitors about our history and culture or show them their great achievements. In short, I will do my best to help making the Games a success.2009年（全国卷II）Hi Susan,I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday. I mean to give it back to you before four in the afternoon, and I was hold up on my way back. Just before I turned corner of Park Street, I happened to see an accident. The little girl was hurt and her mother needed help. So I helped them going to the nearest hospital. I stayed here for one and a half hour and made sure that the girl was all right. When I got back, it were already 6 pm. I hope you understand.Thank you!Li Ling2010年（全国卷I）It was a chance of a lifetime to win the first prize on the Story Writing Show. All I had to do was to write a story or present it. My teachers have been telling me how great my writing was. So if they had said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. What were better, I had useful help. There was Uncle Chen, gentleman living near my house, who was a very much famous writer. He agreed to reading my story and give me some advices on how to write like a real writer.2010年（全国卷II）Christie was one of my best friend at high school. At that time, we often spend time together. Thank to her help, I made great progress in my study. Last year, she decided to study to abroad. In other words, we would be separated long time. Before her leaving off, I prepared a gift to show my best wishes to him. She said it was the best gift she has ever had. From then on, we’ve kept touch with each other through e-mails. I look forward to see her again in the near future.2011年（全国卷I）One of my unforgettable memory of my school in Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes. I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school. The smell from it was very good. Since the lunch bell finally rang, my friends and me met under a tall tree and had our lunches. My best friend Aigulie was used to share her Nang with me. Nang is a specially kind of cake in Xinjiang. I like them very much. Now Aigulie and I study at different colleges or we can only see each other during the summer vacation. I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together.2011年（全国卷II）Dear George,It's been a week after we left your family and we are now back home. Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. After we said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D.C. ,that we stayed for three days. My brother was so much fond of the museums there that he begged my parents tostaying another couple of day. However, my father had to return to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday afternoon. It was really a nice experience. If you'd like to make trip to our city some day, I will be better than happy to be your guide.Yours, Mike2012年（全国卷I）Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut off the use of energy in our country. To begin with, all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need. That won't easy, I know，but we have to start anywhere. What's more, we can go to work by bike once and twice a week, and we can also buy smaller cars that burn less oil. Other way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home. For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television when no one else was there?2012年（全国卷II）Dear Editor,I’m writing to tell you opinion about water saving. Water is important. We, as well as animal, cannot live without water and neither agriculture or industry can go without it. Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less. Many countries in the world find we don’t have enough water. To deal with a problem, I think, we should first go all out to plant trees though trees will help save water. Next, no drinking water should left running. Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water for which is quite a lot, and that will save much water.Sincerely, Li Hua2013年新课标1I hardly remember my grandmother. She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs. I was only four when she passes away. She is just a distant memory for me now. I remember my grandfather very much. He was tall, with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from black toward gray over the years. He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful. In a fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me. However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.2013年新课标2The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain．It is said to have started in the early 1800’s．Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night．This custom soon becomes another meal of day．Interesting, it had a connection by the British porcelain（瓷器）industry．Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles．When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits．This made for the grow in the porcelain industry．2013年(全国一卷）My father and I stayed at the South Lake Hotel for a week when we visit Beijing last month. It is in the downtown area, but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.We lived in a comfortably double-room with a big bath. What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room. I checked my email messages every day. I also shared for my friends many photos taking in Beijing. The food was wonderful with reasonable prices, and we enjoyed several local dish.It is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing.2013年(全国二卷）Two years before, I traveled to Brazil and I rented for a car. Unfortunate, I had an accident and hit another car, and I needed to stay in a hospital for at least two week. I called my parents, so I did not tell them what had happened. I knew that they will be worried about myself because I was so farther away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. Therefore, I told them interested stories and how I was enjoying Brazil. As a result, nobody knew truth. I still think that it was the right thing to do.2014年(全国一卷）Nearly five years before ,and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes（圣女果）in our back garden, since then---for all these year---we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please . As result, the plants are growing somewhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors .Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at on cost!2014年(全国二卷）My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m and ends at 3:30 p.m. They are three lesson in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so many homework. Therefore , we have more time with after-school activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sport for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom, buildings. We can lie on the grass for a rest, sat by the lake listening music. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.（2015全国一卷）第一节短文改错(共10小题; 每小题1分, 满分10分)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, we’ll live to regret it.（2015全国二卷）One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked intothe shop. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parentswere missing. Tony was scared and begun to cry. A woman saw him crying and telling him towait outside a shop. Five minutes later. Tony saw parents. Mom said, “How nice tosee you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this wouldnever happen again.（2016新课标I）My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncles tells me that the key to his success is honest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.（2016新课标II）The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.（2016新课标III）The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me . They were also the best and worse years in my life . At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. However, my parents didn’t seem to think such. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. At one time , I evenfelt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.（2017新课标I）In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank. I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turning left!”I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.（2017新课标II）Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden , that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. They have also bought for some gardening tools. Beside, they often get some useful informations from the internet. When summer came, they will invite their students pick the vegetables！（2017新课标III）When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically and also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music,and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.1998-2017年全国卷英语短文改错NMET 19981. was 改为am。
1998年社科院考博英语真题
1998年社科院考博英语真题1998年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试卷GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Each student has an answer sheet on which is to be written the student’s examination ID number. All answers to the multiple choice questions of parts Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳare to be written on this answer sheet. Circle the letter that is your answer.PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY ［15%］DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and the landscape.a. hidb. blurredc. relievedd. belittled2. this coming Thursday, it will be too late to enrol for the course.a. As ofb. As forc. As tod. As on3. Those who let uncertainty rarely achieve much.a . turn them down b. send them downc. weigh them downd. huddle down4. The speaker went on and on, to his listeners obvious boredom.a. obligatedb. obsessivec. obviousd. oblivious5. Such as self-respect and industriousness merit the full backing of an employer.a. advantagesb. traitsc. interestsd. shortcomings6. The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the or his enquiry.a. scope7. An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the argumentation in commercials.a. imperativeb. fallaciousc. persuasived. fabulous8. flees if one is constantly subjected to demeaning orders.a. Primeb. Harassmentc. Conceitd. Pride9. popularity of subject matter and frequency of use, the books on the two middle shelves will be the most helpful to you.a. As ofb. As regardsc. As fromd. As against10. I was in my reading, and didn’t at first hear the doorbell ring.a. immuredb. immersedc. busyd. infatuated11. Their chances of winning are slight, given that their opponents are so .a. well-knownb. vitalc. formidabled. distinguished12. When I reach home after an impossible day’s work, I feel a general to watch TV.a. inducement13. Fallen electric lines, rubble, ruins and the occasional house--such is the destruction wrought by the war.a. neglectedb. desolatec. tragicd. chopped14. Geographic illiteracy is widespread, and hardly a month passes without from some survey revealing new depths of ignorance.a. wordsb. a wordc. wordd. the word15. of course it is possible that the new policy may have some adverse effects, but it is our that these will be negligible.a. constitutionb. conditionc. convictiond. consideringDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. Serial murderers rarely deviate from a certain type of prey.a. attackerb. nourishmentc. victimd. enemy17. The new guppies I bought have just a tinge of yellow.a. dotb. markc. touchd. tingle18. He covered the fish lavishly with sauce.a. sparinglyb. completelyc. generouslyd. simply19. Machiavelli cautions the prince not to relinquish power under passing duress.d. abandon20. The play was hilarious!a. a merry oneb. a prudish onec. sedated. prodigious21. The Salk polio vaccine provides immunity from that disease.a. securityb. publicityc. liabilityd. help22. The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones ［bothprecious and common］, and so on.a. a heterogeneousb. an overwhelmingc. a unifiedd. a vast23. The jungles of the sub-Sahara, afflicted with tse-tse and mosquitos, is an unhealthy area.a. requiring inoculation againstb. heated byc. flooded byd. plagued by24. He is constantly late, and ill-prepared when he does finally arrive. He is jeopardizing his future.a. developingb. endangeringc. assuringd. destroying25.Chaos theory stresses the magnitude of the results produced by so small an event as the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings.a. sizeb. volume26.The ancillary data, however, did not substantiate his argument.a. necessaryb. involuntaryc. subsidiaryd. extraordinary27. Subsequent events vindicated her point of view.a. proved wrongb. indicatedc. proved rightd. invalidated28. Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat.a. dischargesb. resistsc. reducesd. opposes29. At 70, she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing.a. chosen forb. fond ofc. likely to enjoyd. fit for1. The elevated roadway collapsed. This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality allocated funds for infrastructure.a. consequenceb. eventc. disasterd. thingPART Ⅱ：GRAMMAR [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best completes the sentence.1. Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem can be addressed with some hope of resolution.a. andb. butc. asd. which2. Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks we use today.a. the theoretical geometry evolutionb. evolved the theoretical geometryc. the evolution of theoretical geometry camed. the theoretical geometry came3. We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it a holiday.a. beingb. wasc. to bed. is4. A good indication of he followed the teacher’s advice was that he failed.a. what littleb. however littlec. how littled. whatever little5. None of the day’s transactions,sales or delivery, came off well.a. fromb. it beingc. be itd. was it6. The traffic was very heavy, , and so we arrived after the start of the program.a. this was completely unexpectedb. which was completely unexpectedc. that was completely unexpectedd. it was completely unexpected7. , he finds the work interestinga. Though he is computer expertb. A computer expert he isc. As computer expertd. Computer expert as he is8. , he never alters a decision.a. What may comeb. May what comec. Come what mayd. May come whatever9. ‘The car ran out of gas!’‘That the cause, I filled the tank this morning. ’a. mustn’t beb. must have beenc. can bed. can’t have been10. Their proposal is better than ours, .a. all things consideringb. all things consideredc. all things are consideredd. all considered things11. Unless to bend somehow, perhaps with the helps of a mirror, light only travelsstraight ahead.a. you makeb. to be madec. is maded. made12. The sloth is so named for its inactivity, its greatest energy in the search for food.a. it expendsb. for expendingc. to expendd. and it expends13. Although most foodstuffs enter the bloodstream only after being subjected to the digestive process beginning in the stomach, alcohol is highly unusual at least one-fifth of the quantity ingested is directly absorbed.a. so thatb. in thatc. thatd. in which14. , we will leave without her.a. If she were to fail to come on timeb. She should fail to come on timec. Should she fail to come on timed. Would she fail to come on time15. My phone call to the electrician as I subsequently discovered my wife had phoned.My wife had phoned.a. needn’t be madeb. shouldn’t be madec. needn’t have been maded. didn’t have to beDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D is the INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form as your answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget isA so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a DutchmanD by birth.17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision Bbegan sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times the C seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is not B y objectivel true, there C are those who D object to it. 20.As Christmas approached, with peopleAcrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was, C , always as theD busiest. 21. A you, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to change D broken bulbs by himself.22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if they C do, I D shall help you set up the cable stations.23. TheAyear -f ive project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Af amily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD f aces had they resembling humans. 25.So far A is story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girls C in her officeD is moot. 28. A f or But the services provided by B eaters,-insect insects C will make D it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- A given be would theB necessarytraining for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Af easible it for far more people To B f ed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area. PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainlythrough his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ” of money: if the amount of [7] In circulation is doubled – other things [8] the same – then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it isimpossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known asGresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. toPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.1.There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limited geographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled ‘tied-stayers,’while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled ‘tied-movers’[Jacob Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being a tied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife’s wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed ‘differential overqualification. ’Frank [1978] and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA’s.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualificatio n, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of over qualification based on education.1. In the author’s opinion, the male-female wage gapa. is the most important difference.b. is justified.c. has important repercussions on family life.d. represents a sexist attitude toward women.e. is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.2.‘Geographic mobility,’as used in the text, refers toa. the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.b. the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.c. the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. In the author’s opinion, which of the following statements is true?a. The term ‘secondary earner’ does not depend on gender.b. If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if B agrees to relocate.c. If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.4.The difference between a ‘tied-stayer’and ‘tied- mover’is that.a. the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.b. the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.c. the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter not.d. the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.e. the latter’s salary is of secondary importance to the former’s salary.5. With which of the following statements would the author agree?a. The size of the labor market determines recompense.b. The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.c. The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills with appropriatewage level.d. The author would agree with all of the level.e. The author would agree with none of the above.6. The names and dates between parenthesesa. refer to bibliographical entries.b. explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.c. are references to what the author has read.d. may be described by all of the above.e. may be described by none of the above.2.] The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba was unrepentant about his tough policy convinced than the population must remain in a state of fear, ‘so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.’Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba’s hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter’s years abro ad in mid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba’s departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. It became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of them. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange’s links with protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba’s hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Hornes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only bytheir peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from the members of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom ‘‘I have always loved and esteemed as my own brother. ”According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: “I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment tha t has been carried out.” The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court. A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as “outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character.”1. ‘Bitter criticism’is criticism that isa. sour.b. major.c. angry.d. vinegary.e. none of the above.2. The repression in the Netherlands was wrought bya. minor European states.b. Alba.c. William of Oranged. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. We may assume thata. the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.b. the marriage was premised upon political consideration.c. some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were protestants.d. the counts of Egmont and Hornes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.e. all of the above are true.4. Philipa. travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.b. was the chief officer of the knights the Golden Fleece.c. was Alba’s superior.d. may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.e. may be described by all of the above.5. Which of the following is true?a. In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.b. Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip’s councilc. Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.6. The deaths of the two countsa. were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.b. did not destroy their reputations in Spain.c. were brought about by their brother, Alba.d. may be described by none of the above statements.e. may be described by [a] and [b].3.] Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently and repeatedly returned to violent and abusive partner. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as “battered woman syndrome,”a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women’s ne eds, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman’s stage of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become anoth er example of the tendency to label women’s normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women’s responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 women Together, in conjunction with the woman’s lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they hadexperienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, on founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:“[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said I can do better than these turkeys.”1. Battered woman syndrome isa. a psychological response.b. a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.c. similar to that experienced by a range of victims.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.2. Generally speaking, women who are beatena. address questions to feminists.b. return to their male partners.c. require an explanation for the beating.d. leave their partners.e. do none of the above.3. A debate arose as to whethera. feminists of mental health workers were correct.b. battered wives should return to their husbands.c. anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.d. focus should be shifted.e. all of they above.4. Responses to abuse by male partners includea. leaving them.b. killing them.c. other means.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.5. The use of expert testimonya. depends on the situation.b. is a way around legal restrictions.c. is required by state laws in women’s trials.d. is a way of ending abuse by other means.e. may not be defined by any of the above.6. We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defensea. applied to men only.b. posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.c. refers to expert testimony.d. includes all of the above.e. includes none of the above.7. The word “turkeys”a. refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.b. is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.c. is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.d. will be explained in the following paragraph.e. refers to none of the above.4.] The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge.And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privately educated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had been founded – no, started – between the wars, had survived the Depression (as the South of England middle classes in general had so signally managed to coast blithely through the Depression) and had offered over the years an alternative to the Grammar, Secondary Modern and Technical Schools of the town of Cullbridge. Which meant, in effect, that though some parents chose to send their children there rather than to the Grammar School, many more sent them there because they failed their eleven-plus, that Beecher’s Brook of English childhood. With the coming of comprehensive education three years before, even the faint whiff of privilege attached to the Grammar School had evaporated, a fact on which Burleigh had been able to capitalize, in a mild way.Foreigners are always apt to find charming the examples they come across of quaint anachronisms, of dated anomalies, in English life. One such charming and dated anomaly is that a school like Burleigh can be bought. A man – any man – can buy such a place, set himself up as headmaster, and run it as he likes. Indeed, that is precisely what Edward Crumwallis had done. He had bought it from its previous aging owner/ headmaster in 1969 and had been there ever since. This must not be taken to imply that Edward Crumwallis was unfit for his position. He was in fact a BA (3rd class, Geography), from the University of Hull (graduated 1948). Still, scholarship was not exactly his thing. He might take the odd class in Geography in a pinch, but he had never given the subject any particular prominence in the school, and most boys gave it up after two years. Nor was Crumwallis anxious to take over periods in other subjects when there was need--as in cases of sickness or (frequently) death. Since his graduation he had not cultivated Learning. He had cultivated Manner. He had bought Burieigh (which he invariably called The Burleigh School, in capitals) preciselty so that his manner might be given free reign and ample pasturage. A very good manner it was too, with parents – decidedly impressive. It certainly impressed those of limited intelligence, among whom may be numbered Crumwallis himself. He really believed in it: he not only thought that others should remain silent during his threadbare pontifications, but he actually believed they would benefit from them. Such a conspicuous lack of self-knowledge had its dangers.Not that the Manner –which he intended should be so admired later in the week on Parents’ Evening -- was particularly in evidence on the Monday, as he sat at his study desk and went over the plans for that event with his wife. The side of Edward Crumwallis that was most evidentduring such t·te-·-t·tes was the pretty-minded, niggling side that side of his psychological profile that was seldom turned in the parents’ direction.“The question is, shall we splurge on the coffee and scrimp on the tea, or vice versa,”he said.1. Orwell, Connolly, Benedictus, Antonia White, Waugh and Nicolas Blakea. are the names of different schools.b. taught at schoolsc. eulogized or anathematized their schools.d. are reflected in all of the above.e. are explained by none of the above.2. Burleigh Schoola. is relatively expensive.b. is an ineffective school.。
1998年6月大学英语四级考试试题及参考答案（2）
Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B) C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to “think and concentrate.” Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived（被剥夺）of cigarettes through a series of tests. In the first test, each subject（试验对象）sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well. The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine（尼古丁）, active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non- smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. “As our tests became more complex.” Sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins” He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs-until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.”21. The purpose of George Spilich’s experiments is ________.A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokersB) to show how smoking damages people’s mental capacityC) to prove that smoking affects people’s regular performanceD) to find out whether smoking helps people’s short-term memory22. George Spilich’s experiment was conducted in such a way as to __________.A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor detailsB) put the subjects through increasingly complex testsC) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokersD) register the prompt responses of the subjects23. The word “bested” (Line 3, Para.5) most probably means _________.A) beatB) enviedC) caught up withD) made the best of24. Which of the following statements is true?A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.25. We can infer from the last paragraph that ________.A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilotsB) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illnessC) no airline pilots smoke during flightsD) smokers may prove unequal to handing emergency casesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine（内燃机） has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons（活塞）being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer’s impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy（读写能⼒）; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art. Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repaid and violin-making. Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more “user-friendly”. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase “learning to use a computer” mean? It sounds like “learning to drive a car”, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. In fact, “learning to use a computer” is much more like “learning to play a game”, but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.26. To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should ________.A) try to lay a solid foundation in computer scienceB) be aware of how the things that they use do what they doC) learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skillsD) understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car.27. In the second paragraph “violin-making” is mentioned to show that _________.A) programming a computer is as interesting as making a violinB) our society needs experts in different fieldsC) violin-making requires as much skill as computer programmingD) people who can use a computer don’t necessarily have to know computer programming28. Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the time because _________.A) programs are becoming less complicatedB) programs are designed to be convenient to usersC) programming is becoming easier and easierD) programs are becoming readily available to computer users29. According to the author, the phrase “learning to use a computer” (Lines3-4, Para.3) means learning ___________.A) a set of rulesB) the fundamentals of computer scienceC) specific programsD) general principles of programming30. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is _________.A) to stress the impact of the computer on societyB) to explain the concept of the computer literacyC) to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrow.D) to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging jobPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness, if fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment（承担的义务）, self-improvement. Ask a bachelor（单⾝汉）why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filledwith fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.31. According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because ________.A) he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesB) he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains singleC) he finds more fun in dating than in marriageD) he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement32. Raising children, in the author’s opinion, is _________.A) a moral dutyB) a thankless jobC) a rewarding taskD) a source of inevitable pain33. From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from ________.A) hatredB) misunderstandingC) prejudiceD) ignorance34. To understand what true happiness is one must ____________.A) have as much run as possible during one’s lifetimeB) make every effort to liberate oneself from painC) put up with pain under all circumstancesD) be able to distinguish h a p p i n e s s f r o m f u n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 3 5 . W h a t i s t h e a u t h o r t r y i n g t o t e l l u s ? b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > A ) H a p p i n e s s o f t e n g o e s h a n d i n h a n d w i t h p a i n . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > B ) O n e m u s t k n o w h o w t o a t t a i n h a p p i n e s s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > C ) I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o m a k e c o m m i t m e n t s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > D ) I t i s p a i n t h a t l e a d s t o h a p p i n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > P a s s a g e F o u r b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > Q u e s t i o n s 3 6 t o 4 0 a r e b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e : / p >。
98年考研英语真题解析
1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。
33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。
许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.见分析试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认[B] believed相信，认为[C] claimed声称[D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
北京大学CAT英语翻译历年试卷
北京大学CAT英语翻译历年试卷北京大学计算机辅助翻译历年试卷（根据网络部分流出正版和网络回忆版整理汇总）目录2010专业科目一：翻译 (4)一、名词中译英（共15个，共15分） (4)二、名词英译中（共15个，共15分） (4)三、英译中文章（60分） (4)四、中译英文章（60分） (5)2011专业科目一：翻译 (6)一、词语翻译 (6)英译汉 (6)汉译英 (6)二、语篇翻译 (7)汉译英： (7)英译汉 (7)2012专业科目一：翻译 (9)一、词组翻译（12分） (9)中英 (9)英中 (9)二、文章翻译 (9)汉译英（18分） (9)英译汉（25分） (9)四、汉译英（25分） (11)六、英译汉（35分） (12)2013专业科目一：翻译 (15)一、词汇中译英10个选5个，5分 (15)二、词汇中译英10个选5个，5分 (15)三、英译中两篇20分 (15)中译英25分 (15)英译中 (15)四、给了段1000多字的文章 50分 (15)2附：2013北京大学MTI试卷真题 (17)I. Directions: (17)II. Directions: (18)2014 专业科目一：翻译 (19)一、翻译 (19)两道中翻英（50分） (19)两道英翻中（50分） (19)二、编译或缩译 (20)2015专业科目一：翻译 (25)一、英译汉 (25)二、汉译英： (25)三、编译： (26)2016专业科目一：翻译 (28)一、第一部分，英译汉 (28)二、第二部分汉译英（回忆版） (29)三、第三部分 (29)2017专业科目一：翻译 (31)一、编译题回忆： (31)32010专业科目一：翻译一、名词中译英（共15个，共15分）驾驶超速，Speeding或over speed新华社，Xinhua News Agency洛杉矶时报，LA Times/Los Angeles Times艾滋病毒，HIV, AIDS Virus田径项目，track and field events经济危机，Economic Crisis工程学士，Bachelor of Engineering爵士摇滚乐，jazz-rock应用语言学，Applied linguistics圣经旧约，Old Testament二、名词英译中（共15个，共15分）Briefing, 简报CBS, 哥伦比亚广播公司Federal Reserve Bank, （美国）联邦储备银行Plastic surgery, 整形外科Refreshment break, 茶歇、会议间歇CPU, 中央处理器HDTV, 高清电视Attorney general, 首席检察官三、英译中文章（60分）节选的一篇论贫穷的文章4四、中译英文章（60分）苏轼《论贫士》俗传书生入官库，见钱不识。
历年大学英语四级真题详解·精解1998年06月
1998年6月大学英语四级考试试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section A1. A) They are twins. B) They are classmates.C) They arc friends. D) They are colleagues.2. A) The man is planning a trip to Austin. B) The man has not been to Austin before.C) The man doesn't like Austin. D) The man has been to Austin before.3. A) The size of the room. B) Long working hours.C) The hot weather. D) The fan in the room.4. A) The man has changed his destination.B) The man is returning his ticket.C) The man is flying to New York tomorrow morning.D) The man can't manage to go to New York as planned.5. A) It is difficult to identify. B) It has been misplaced.C) It is missing. D) It has been borrowed by someone.6. A) Looking for a timetable. B) Buying some furniture.C) Reserving a table. D) Window shopping.7. A) Cold and windy. B) Snow will be replaced by strong winds.C) It will get better. D) Rainy and cold.8. A) It is no longer available.B) It has been reprinted four times.C) The store doesn't have it now, but will have it soon.D) The information in the book is out of date.9. A) Henry doesn't like the color. B) Someone else painted the house.C) There was no ladder in the house. D) Henry painted the house himself.10. A) In a cotton field. B) At a railway station.C) On a farm. D) On a train.Section BPassage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) They invited him to a party. B) They asked him to make a speech.C) They gave a special dinner for him. D) They invited his wife to attend the dinner.12. A) He was embarrassed. B) He felt greatly encouraged.C) He felt sad. D) He was deeply touched.13. A) Sam's wife did not think that the company was fair to Sam.B) Sam's wife was satisfied with the gold watch.C) Sam did not like the gold watch.D) The company had some financial problems.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A) The number of students they take in is limited.B) They receive little or no support from public taxes.C) They are only open to children from rich families.D) They have to pay more taxes.15. A) Private schools admit more students.B) Private schools charge less than religious schools.C) Private schools run a variety of programs.D) Private schools allow students to enjoy more freedom.16. A) The churches. B) The program designers.C) The local authorities. D) The state government.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A) She was found stealing in a bookstore.B) She caught someone in the act of stealing.C) She admitted having stolen something.D) She said she was wrongly accused of stealing.18. A) A book. B) $ 3,000. C) A handbag. D) A Christmas card.19. A) She was questioned by the police. B) She was shut in a small room for 20 minutes.C) She was insulted by the shopper around her. D) She was body-searched by the store manger.20. A) They refused to apologize for having followed her through the town.B) They regretted having wrongly accused her of stealing.C) They still suspected that she was a thief.D) They agreed to pay her $ 3,000 damages.Part ⅡReading Comprehension (35 minutes)Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well.The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details."As our tests became more complex, ' Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wi- der and wider margins." He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs -- until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but ff something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity. '21. The purpose of George Spilich's experiments is ______.A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokersB) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacityC) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performanceD) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory22. George Spilich's experiment was conducted in such a way as to ______.A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor detailsB) put the subjects through increasingly complex testsC) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokersD) register the prompt responses of the subjects23. The word "bested" ( Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ______.A) beat B) envied C) caught up with D) made the best of24. Which of the following statements is true?A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.25. We can infer from the last paragraph that __A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilotsB) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illnessC) no airline pilots smoke during flightsD) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency casesQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine (内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer's impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy (读写能力) it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art.Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that ail ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and violinmaking.Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more "user-friendly'. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase "learning to use a computer" mean? It sounds like "learning to drive a car", that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.In fact, "learning to use a computer" is much more like "learning to play a game", but learning the roles of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.26. To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should _____.A) try to lay a solid foundation in computer scienceB) be aware of how the things that they use do what they doC) learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skillsD) understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car27. In the second paragraph "violin-making" is mentioned to show that _____.A) programming a computer is as interesting as making a violinB) our society needs experts in different fieldsC) violin-making requires as much skill as computer programmingD) people who can use a computer don't necessarily have to know computer programming28. Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the time because _____.A) programs are becoming less complicatedB) programs are designed to be convenient to usersC) programming is becoming easier and easierD) programs are becoming readily available to computer users29. According to the author, the phrase "learning to usc a computer"( Lines 3-4, Para. 3) means learning_____.A) a set of rules B) the fundamentals of computer scienceC) specific programs D) general principles of programming30. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _____.A) to stress the impact of the computer on societyB) to explain the concept of computer literacyC) to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrowD) to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging jobQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to un- happiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承担的义务) , self-improvement.Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couple who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having 8o much fun actually may not be happy at all.31. According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because _____.A) he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesB) he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains singleC) he finds more fun in dating than in marriageD) he fears it will put an end to all his fun, adventure and excitement32. Raising children, in the author's opinion, is _____.A) a moral duty B) a thankless jobC) a rewarding task D) a source of inevitable pain33. From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from _____.A) hatred B) misunderstandingC) prejudice D) ignorance34. To understand what true happiness is one must _____.A) have as much fun as possible during one's lifetimeB) make every effort to liberate oneself from painC) put up with pain under all circumstancesD) be able to distinguish happiness from fun35. What is the author trying to tell us?A) Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.B) One must know how to attain happiness.C) It is important to make commitments.D) It is pain that leads to happiness.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It in taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) lead- ers; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in locking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying. "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)" ( which was never true -- we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a prefesset there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media-not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.36. The word "imperative"( Line 4, Para. 1) most probably refers to something _____.A) superficial B) remarkable C) debatable D) essential37. Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views on diversity?A) Minorities. B) Politicians. C) Professors. D) Managers.38. High corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to_____.A) lower the rate of unemploymentB) win equal political rights for minoritiesC) be competitive in the world marketD) satisfy the demands of a growing population39. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.A) meritocracy can never be realized without diversityB) American political circles will not accept diversityC) it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. mediaD) minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversity40. According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by _____.A) expanding the pool of potential employeesB) promoting policies that provide skills to employeesC) training more engineers, scientists lawyers and business managersD) providing education for all regardless of race or sexPart ⅢVocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)41. The last half of the nineteenth century _____ the steady improvement in the means of travelA) has witnessed B) was witnessed C) witnessed D) is witnessed42. The shy girl felt _____ and uncomfortable when she could not answer her teacher's questions.A) amazed B) awkward C) curious D) amused43. Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A) there being a chance B) there to be a chanceC) there be a chance D) being a chance44. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _____ it.A) mustn't have done B) wouldn't have doneC) mightn't have done D) didn't have to do45. Frequently single-parent children _____ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served,A) take off B) take after C) take in D) take on46. He gives people the impression ______ all his life abroad.A) of having spent B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spend47. A peculiarly pointed chin is his most memorable facial ______.A) mark B) feature C) trace D) appearance48. I'd rather you ______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A) don't B) wouldn't C) didn't D) shouldn't49. All things______, the planned trip will have to be called off.A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered50. John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life, that a person learns by doing, and that teaching must ______the curiosity and creativity of children.A) seek B) stimulate C) shape D) secure51. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ______ it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.A) by that B) at that C) on that D) in that52. However, at times this balance in nature is______, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects.A)troubled B)disturbed C)confused D)puzzled53. If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she______.A) does B) has done C) will do D) would do54. The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into ______ care.A) tense B) rigid C) intensive D) tight55. Does everyone on earth have an equal right ______ an equal share Of its resources?A) by B) at C) to D) over56. Americans eat______ as they actually need every day.A) twice as much protein B) twice protein as much twiceC) twice protein as much D) protein as twice much~57. In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe ______ Europe into a great War,A) inserted B) imposed C) pitched D) plunged58. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ______ is often the case in other countries.A) as B) what C) so D) that59. There are few electronic applications ______ to raise fears regarding future employment oppommities than robots.A) likely B) more likely C) most likely D) much likely60. We had to______ a lot of noise when the children were at home.A)go in for B) hold on to C) put up with D) keep pace with61. What he said just now had little to do with the question ______ discussion.A) on B) in C) under D) at62. We need a chairman______.A) for whom everyone has confidenceB) in whom everyone has confidenceC) who everyone has confidence ofD) whom everyone has confidence on63. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no______ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access64. Excuse me. If your call's not too urgent, do you mind______ mine first?A) I make B) if I make C) me to make D) that I make65. Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong ______ on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.A) motivation B) perspective C) impression D) impact66. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.A) being settled B) to be settled C) had settled D) as settled67. Hoods cause billions of dollars worth of property damageA) relatively B) actually C) annually D) comparatively68. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ______.A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off69. These goods are __ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.A) essentially B) completely C) necessarily D) remarkably70. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, __ up to half will be from overseas.A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whomPart ⅣCloze( 15 minutes)The task of being accepted and enrolled (招收) in a university begins early for some students. Long 71 they graduate from high school. These students take special 72 to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how 73 prepared they are for the university. In the final year of high school, they 74 applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to 75 . Some high school students may be 76 to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly 77 and usually very frightened, they are 78 to show that they have a good attitude and the 79 to succeed.When the new students are finally 80 , there may be one more step they have to 81 before registe- ring for classes and 82 to work. Many colleges and universities 83 an orientation (情况介绍) program for new students. 84 these programs, the young people get to know the 85 for registration and student advising, university rules, the 86 of the library and all the other 87 services of the college or university. Be- ginning a new life in a new place can be very 88 . The more knowledge students have 89 the school, the easier it will be for them to 90 to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.71. A) as B) after C) since D) before72. A) courses B) disciplines C) majors D) subjects73. A) deeply B) widely C) well D) much74. A) fulfill B) finish C) complete D) accomplish75. A) attend B) participate C) study D) belong76. A) acquired B) considered C) ordered D) required77. A) decorated B) dressed C) coated D) worn78. A) decided B) intended C) settled D) determined79. A) power B) ability C) possibility D) quality80. A) adopted B) accepted C) received D) permitted81. A) make B) undergo C) take D) pass82. A) getting B) putting C) falling D) sitting83. A) offer B) afford C) grant D) supply84. A) For B) Among C) In D) On85. A) processes B) procedures C) projects D) provisions86. A) application B) usage C) use D) utility87. A) major B) prominent C) key D) great88. A) amusing B) misleading C) alarming D) confusing89. A) before B) about C) on D) at90. A) fit B) suit C) yield D) adaptPart ⅤWriting( 30 minutes)Directions: For this part , you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least I00 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解-推荐下载
了；其次 believed 和 claimed 都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有 admitted 可
以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从
长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。"
2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人
二、试题具体解析
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线0产中不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资22负料，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置各试时类卷，管调需路控要习试在题验最到；大位对限。设度在备内管进来路行确敷调保设整机过使组程其高1在中正资，常料要工试加况卷强下安看2与全22过，22度并22工且22作尽2下可护1都能关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编5试技写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备4置管高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并3技试资件且、术卷料拒管中试试调绝路包验卷试动敷含方技作设线案术，技槽以来术、及避管系免架统不等启必多动要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
1998年考研英语真题解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题分析Section I Cloze Test 一、文章总体分析 本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。 二、试题具体解析 1.[A] admitted承认 [B] believed相信，认为 [C] claimed声称 [D] predicted预言 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度：0.54 文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。 四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。" 2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人 [B] average（man）平民，普通人 [C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的 [D] normal（man）正常人 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.53 本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。四个选项中，首先排除mean，它意为"平均的"时一般不能直接作定语修饰人，如：the mean temperature（平均气温），a mean motive（卑鄙的动机）而a mean man(自私的、刻薄的人)；A选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文没有关系；从文意来看，这里只是泛泛谈到工业革命对一般人的影响，并无正常和不正常人的区分，因此，D项也不正确；只有average man符合语意，意为：工业化提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。 3.[A] momentary瞬间的, 刹那间的 [B] prompt敏捷的，迅速的，即时的 [C] instant直接的，立即的 [D] immediate迅速的，直接的 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.22 空格处的形容词修饰results。从下文来看，考生需判断from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery 是怎样一种后果。四个选项中，momentary强调相当短促的一段时间，如：momentary joy（瞬息的喜悦）；prompt强调速度很快，如：Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.（迅速付款帮了我们公司大忙）；instant通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的，如：instant noodles（方便面）。根据下文可知，这种结果持续了一百年，因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C这三个选项都应加以排除。只有immediate除了表示"立刻的"，还有"直接的"之意，如：the immediate cause of death（死亡的直接原因），它和results搭配，意为"（工业革命的）直接结果"，符合文意。此外，它与上句中时间状语in the long run形成对照。 4.[A] bulk（of） [B] host（of） [C] gross（of） [D] magnitude（of） [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。难度：0.28 从结构上看，空格所在名词组成the4of短语，并修饰不可数名词population。首先排除host和gross，host组成的短语只能是a host of 或hosts of，意为"许多"，如：a host of students（许多学生）；gross作名词时，可表示"一罗（12打，144个）"，但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配，如：two grosses of bananas（两罗香蕉），它也可表示"总收入"，如：gross for the year（年收入），但我们不能说"对于英国人口总收入的广泛贫困"；magnitude意为"巨大"，如：The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.（这场水灾之大是无法想像的），但放入文中，表示"对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困"也不符合语意。正确选项是bulk，the bulk of是固定搭配，意为"大多数，大部分"，相当于"the majority of"，在文中，the bulk of English population意为"大多数英国人"。 5.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：0.48 contrast的常用短语是by contrast 和in contrast，选项中其它介词都不和contrast搭配。By contrast意为"对比起来，与之相比"，强调与另一事物进行比较，存在反差。它可单独使用，也可在后面接比较对象，从文意上讲，文中空格前提到，1750和1850年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难（widespread poverty and misery），空格后则提到1650到1750间英国的繁荣富足（great abundance and prosperity），两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。因此，选项D正确。 知识点补充：by contrast表示"对比之下"，可以和"with"连用，也可以单独使用，例如：His brother is very silent. By contrast, he is very outspoken.（他弟弟非常安静，相比之下，他非常健谈）；By contrast with his brother, he is very outspoken.（和弟弟相比，他非常健谈）。 in contrast必须与with或to连用，如：Her affected manner is in striking contrast with her sisters spontaneous gait.（她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成了鲜明的对比）。 6.[A] broadly大体上，概括地，广泛地 ［B］ thoroughly 彻底地 ［C］ generally 通常地,一般地,普遍地 ［D］ completely 完全地 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 副词词义辨析。难度：0.40 从结构上来说，所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。四个选项中，先排除A、C选项，它们一般不修饰形容词，而修饰动词。如：The question must be considered broadly.（这个问题必须被广泛地考虑）；The plan has been generally accepted.（这项计划被人们普遍接受）。thoroughly强调程度彻底；completely强调范围的广泛性。根据常识或上文的提示可知，工业革命发生在1750年～1850年间，1750年以前，英国还没有工业革命的迹象。也就是说，那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。这里主要强调的是广度不是深度，因此D是正确答案。 7.[A] however然而，表转折关系 [B] meanwhile同时，表时间关系 [C] therefore因此，所以，表因果关系 [D] moreover而且，表递进关系 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。难度：0.89 两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看，句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选however。 8.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：0.74 本题考查哪个介词与名词specialist搭配，表示"某方面的专家"。能表达这个含义的介词只有in，如：a specialist in linguistics（语言学专家）。类似的用法还有specialize in（擅长于，专攻）和expert in（„的专家），如：He specializes in math.（他专攻数学）；expert in teaching small children（幼儿教育专家）。 9.[A] manifested表现，证明 [B] approved同意，批准，赞同 [C] shown指出，显示，说明 [D] speculated推测, 思索 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。难度：0.39 本题要求考生判断"历史和经济学方面的专家"对两件事情作了什么动作。首先，需要知道这两件事是什么。从下文可知，一是1650年～1750年有显著的贫困（great poverty），二是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫困，而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。其中，第一件是客观事实，第二件是一种观点。接着，由上文可知，专家做这个动作的目的是为了证明"历史学家对工业革命持批判态度的观点是错误的"。 四个选项中，approve一般指"赞成，通过"，如：Congress approved the budget.（国会批准了国家预算），显然我们不能说专家赞成"显著的贫困"这个事实；speculate是一个不及物动词，一般与on搭配，如：Ive been speculating on my future.（我一直在思索我的未来），因此也可排出；余下两个选项，manifest可译为"证明"，show意为"指出，表明"，由于文中并未论述专家如何证明这两件事情，而只是把这些专家的观点和历史家的观点作了比较，因此have shown two things为正确答案，即：指出了两件事。 10.[A] （was）noted（for/as）因„而著名 [B] （was）impressed（by）被„留下深刻印象 [C] （was）labeled as被视为„，被称作„ [D] （was）marked（by）具有„的特征 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨
1998年6月英语六级真题
[真题] 1998年6月英语六级真题Part ⅠListening Comprehension Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A]、[B]、[C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.第1题：A.He thinks that there won't be enough seats for everybody.B.He thinks that the speaker won't show up.C.He thinks the seminar won't be open to the public.D.He thinks that there might not be any more tickets available.参考答案：D答案解析：W: Friday's speaker is supposed to be wonderful. Are you going to attend the seminar on that clay? M: Yes. But I haven't been able to get the ticket yet. Since the lecture is open to the public, I imagine that the tickets may have already been sold out. Q: Why is the man afraid he won't be able to attend the seminar?第2题：A.Their father is unable to keep his promise.B.Their father is going on a vacation without her.C.Their father isn't telling her the truth.D.Their father doesn't want to travel abroad.参考答案：A答案解析：M: I wonder what makes mother so upset these days. W: Father is canceling his vacation trip. He promised to take her abroad last year. But the company is asking father to postpone his vacation. Q: Why is their mother unhappy?第3题：A.John didn't pass, although he had tried his best.B.John did better than he thought he was able to.C.John got an excellent score, which was unexpected.D.John was disappointed at his math score.参考答案：B答案解析：W: How did you do on the maths exam, John? M: I barely made it. It was just a passing score but better than I had expected. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?第4题：A.The roof of the woman's house needs to be repaired.B.The roof of the man's house has several bad leaks.C.The woman's bathroom was badly damaged.D.The man works for a roofing company.参考答案：A答案解析：W: During the last thunderstorm I noticed several leaks in my bedroom ceiling and they really caused a mess. M: Maybe you have some broken tiles. I have the phone number of a good roofing company that could do a good repair job for you at a reasonable price. Q: What can we conclude from this conversation?第5题：A.Mr. Smith will be replaced if he makes another mistake.B.Mr. Smith is an admirable chief of the Asian Department.C.Mr. Smith's department is more successful than all the others.D.Mr. Smith is seldom in his office.参考答案：A答案解析：W: The report says all the departments are making a profit except the Asian Department. M: Well, Mr. Smith seems to be the wrong person to head that department. One more wrong step and he would be removed from that office. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?第6题：A.She doesn't have a fax machine.B.She may quit her present job soon.C.She is tired of her present job.D.Her phone number has changed.参考答案：B答案解析：M: Could you give me your office phone number or fax number so that we can contact each other more often? W: But I've been trying to find a new job in another company. You see, I've worked here for 3 years without a raise. That's unfair to me. Q: What does the woman mean?第7题：A.Someone has taken away her luggage.B.Her flight is 50 minutes late.C.Her luggage has been delayed.D.She can't find the man she's been waiting for.参考答案：C答案解析：W: Could you help me, Sir? My flight got in 15 minutes ago. Everyone else has picked up the luggage but mine hasn't come through. M: I'm sorry, Madam, I'll go and find out if there is any more to come. Q: What's the woman's problem?第8题：A.To do whatever the committee asks him to.B.To make decisions in agreement with the committee.C.To run the committee his way.D.To make himself the committee chairman.参考答案：C答案解析：W: Was Robert elected to the committee? M: Yes. In fact he was made chairman. But he only agreed to take the job if they let him have the final say. Q: What does Robert intend to do?第9题：A.The woman found the mail box empty.B.The man is waiting for some important mail.C.The man has just sent out his application.D.The woman will write a postcard to her daughter.参考答案：B答案解析：M: Has today's mail arrived? I'm anxious to know about the result of my application. W: I'll check the mailbox. There is nothing in it but a post-card from our daughter. Q: What do we learn from this conversation?第10题：A.Read the operation manual.B.Try the buttons one by one.C.Ask the shop assistant for advice.D.Make the machine run slowly.参考答案：A答案解析：M: This machine has so many buttons. I can't figure out which one makes it run. W: You'd better read the instructions first. Pressing the buttons randomly may cause the machine to break down. Q: According to the woman, what should the man do first?Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A]、[B]、[C]and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.[听力原文]It's 8 o'clock on Tuesday, May 1st. Here is the news: Between the hours of 7:00 and 8:00 P.M. last night, five thieves broke into the country house of Lord and Lady Chestfield on an island. They entered by a window at the rear of the house and surprised the owners who were watching television in the drawing room. After disconnecting the telephone and tying up Lord and Lady Chestfield, the thieves escaped with 16 precious paintings. The market value of such art works has been estimated at somewhere around 4 million pounds. Lord and Lady Chestfield were not seriously harmed but have been treated for shockin the hospital.Early this morning a woman with a Scottish accent telephoned the Thames in London to say that the Chestfield Organization for Freedom claimed responsibility for the theft. This is the third time this year that this organization has claimed responsibility for an act of this kind. The organization defends all the farmers on island. The farmers were forced to leave their lands when Lord Chestfield, their landlord, refused to renew their traditional lease last year in order to extend the reservation area for birds.第11题：A.They were drawing pictures.B.They were watching TV.C.They were making a telephone call.D.They were tidying up the drawing room.参考答案：B答案解析：What were lord and Lady Chestfield doing when the thieves broke into their house?第12题：A.They locked the couple up in the drawing room.B.They seriously injured the owners of the house.C.They smashed the TV set and the telephone.D.They took away sixteen valuable paintings.参考答案：D答案解析：What did the five thieves do?第13题：A.He accused them of the theft.B.He raised the rents.C.He refused to prolong their land lease.D.He forced them to abandon their traditions.参考答案：C答案解析：What did Lord Chestfield do to the farmers?第14题：A.They wanted to protect the farmers' interests.B.They wanted to extend the reservation area for birds.C.They wanted to steal his valuable paintings.D.They wanted to drive him away from the island.参考答案：A答案解析：What's the organization's purpose in breaking into lord Chestfield's house?[听力原文]A deadly infectious outbreak swept through a small city in Zaire, Africa last spring, killing more than one hundred people. The killer was a rare virus that caused most victims to bleed to death. As scientists rushed to control the outbreak, people in the U.S. wondered, "Could it attack here?""We are foolish if we think it couldn't come to our country," say doctors. The virus can be highly infectious. If you come in contact with a victim's blood or other body fluids, you can get sick, too. All it takes is one infected person to start such a disease. That's what scientists believe has happened in Zaire.The healthcare workers who treated the first victims there soon fell ill, too. The problem was that they had no protective equipment to prevent themselves from being infected. International rescue workers brought equipment to Zaire soon after the outbreak occurred. Now the disease appears to be under control.One big mystery is that no one knows where the virus comes from or where it will strike next. ome scientists say that the virus lies inactive in the cells of some kind of plant, insect or other animals. Then it somehow finds a way to infect humans. Scientists are now headed into the jungles of Africa to find out where the virus lives. Once they find the virus, they also hope to find ways to come at it.第15题：A.Through food.B.Through airC.Through insects.D.Through body fluids.参考答案：D答案解析：How does the disease mentioned in the passage spread?第16题：A.They ran a high fever.B.They died from excessive bleeding.C.Their nervous system was damaged.D.They suffered from heart attack.参考答案：B答案解析：What happened to most of the victims stricken with this disease?第17题：A.To see what happened to the survivors of the outbreak.B.To study animals that can also get infected with the disease.C.To find out where the virus originates.D.To look for the plants that could cure the disease.参考答案：C答案解析：Why are the scientists going to the African jungles?[听力原文]A team of scientists recently began a project to measure the effects of loud noises on sea animals. If the sounds don't harm the animals, then the researchers can go ahead with a plan to transmit sound waves through the Pacific Ocean to take the earth's temperature. Sound travels faster through warm water than cold water. By analyzing the speed of sound through the ocean over a time, the scientists will be able to determine if our planet is warming up.The experiment was nearly cancelled more than a year ago because environmental groups feared that the sound would confuse or harm the sea animals. So, scientists are conducting tests on the animals first. The researchers lowered a loud speaker that emits low frequency sound about 1000 meters beneath the ocean. Scientists at the site transmit sound waves into the ocean. Radio transmitters attached to some of the sea animals help the researches keep track of the animals' movements. If sea-animals are distressed by the sounds, they would swim away from the speakers. So far, there aren't any signs that the animals are being harmed. Researchers at the site noticed that large numbers of sea animals swim near the speaker whether it was turned on or off, but it is still too soon to know for sure, the scientists admit. The testwill continue through September. "If all goes well," they say, "we can begin measuring temperature changes on our planet."第18题：A.To determine whether the Earth's temperature is going up.B.To study the behavior of some sea animals.C.To measure the depths of the ocean.D.To measure the movement of waves on the ocean.参考答案：A答案解析：What is the purpose of analyzing the speed of sound through the Pacific-Ocean?第19题：A.They were frightened and distressed.B.They swam away when the speaker was turned on.C.They swam closer to "examine" the speaker when it was turned off.D.They didn't seem to be frightened and kept swimming near the speaker.参考答案：D答案解析：What was the reaction of the sea animals to the sound tests?第20题：A.To attract more sea animals to the testing site.B.To drive dangerous sea animals away from the testing site.C.To help trace the sea animals being tested.D.To determine how~ sea animals communicate with each other.参考答案：C答案解析：For what purpose were radio transmitters used?Part II Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or un- finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A]、[B]、[C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneCyberspace (网络空间) , data superhighways, multi-media -- forthose who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming techno- logical utopia (乌托邦) little attention has been' given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how", the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets -- with destructive impact on the have-nots.For-them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" (期货) are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves -- so-called "development communications" modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S. , Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit -- credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.第21题：From the passage we know that the development of high technology isin the interests of __________.A.the rich countriesB.scientific developmentC.the eliteD.the world economy参考答案：A答案解析：辨认事实题。
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1998 BROADCAST NEWS BENCHMARK TEST RESULTS: ENGLISH AND NON-ENGLISHWORD ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES
David S. Pallett, Jonathan G. Fiscus, John S. Garofolo, Alvin Martin, and Mark PrzybockiNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Information Technology Laboratory (ITL)Room A216 Building 225 (Technology)Gaithersburg, MD 20899E-mail: dpallett@nist.gov
ABSTRACTThis paper documents the use of Broadcast News test materialsin DARPA-sponsored Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)Benchmark Tests conducted late in 1998.
As in last year’s tests [1], statistical selection procedures wereused in selecting test materials. Two test epochs were used,each yielding (nominally) one and one-half hours of testmaterial. One of the test sets was drawn from the same testepoch as was used for last year’s tests, and the other was drawnfrom a more recent period.
Results are reported for two types of systems: one (the “Hub”,or “baseline” systems) for which there were no limits oncomputational resources, and another (the “less than 10X real-time spoke” systems) for systems that ran in less than 10 timesreal-time.
The lowest word error rate reported this year for the “Hub”systems was 13.5%, contrasting with last year’s lowest worderror rate of 16.2%. For the “less than 10X real-time spoke”systems, the lowest reported word error rate was 16.1%.
Results are also reported, for the second year, on non-Englishlanguage Broadcast News materials in Spanish and Mandarin.
1. TEST MATERIALS1.1. English Language MaterialsThis year's Hub-4E English test set is comprised of two test(sub)sets. Each was selected so as to provide opportunities foryear-to-year comparisons of system performance, using“statistically equivalent” test sets. Set 1 was selected from thelast year's test pool. The recording dates for Set 1 span from 15October, 1996 to 14 November, 1996. Set 2 was selected froma 10 hour test pool of broadcast news whose recording datesinclude June of 1998.
In general, the test materials were chosen using selectioncriteria documented in Fisher, et al. [2]. As noted in that paper,
NIST’s efforts toward “balancing of the test pool” from which arandom selection was to be made were based on preliminaryannotations of the test data by one annotator. In a subsequentreconciliation process that was intended to correct theannotations, the distributions changed, with the result being thatthe 1997 test set included a larger than expected fraction (largerthan in the training material) of the “baseline” (F0) and“spontaneous” (F1) condition speech. This had the effect thatthe 1997 test set was arguably or unexpectedly “too easy”.
Figure 1 shows the relative distribution of the 1997 and 1998test sets for the several focus conditions identified in previousyears. For the 1998 test materials (in comparison with the 1997test set materials) note the existence of: (1) slightly lesseramount of material in the baseline focus condition, (2) lesserproportion of materials in the telephone channel conditions, and(3) the substantially greater proportion of material in degradedacoustics condition, and (4) somewhat greater proportion ofmaterials in the “all other” condition.
Discussion of the relative “difficulty” of the 1997 and 1998 testsets is presented in another section of this paper.
Figure 1. Relative distribution across focus conditions forthe 1997 and 1998 test sets.
02000400060008000100001200014000Baseline (F0)Spont. (F1)Tel. (F2)Music (F3)Degraded (F4)Non-Native (F5)All
O
th
er (F
X)
#Words1998-Set21998-Set119971.2. Non-English Language MaterialThe test material was drawn from a set of potential testmaterials provided by the Linguistic Data Consortium thatincluded the following sources:
For the Spanish language, three sources were available: (1)VOA Programming – four original news programs a day, fivedays a week, (2) ECO – Mexican news show with two reportersin the studio, broadcast on the Galavision network, and (3)Noticiero Univision – half hour weekday news programoriginating in Miami.
For Mandarin language materials, another three sources wereavailable: (1) VOA Programming – five main programs plus 5-10 minute news slots, (2) CCTV International – evening newsbroadcast from Bejing, dominated by anchor reading news, and(3) KAZN 1030 AM - all news Los Angeles based Mandarinstation.
For each language, selection of test data followed the precedentestablished last year, involving random selection of stories froma potential test pool and smoothing the transition betweenstories.