2019年11月16日托福机经

机经（2）

TITLE:生态系统如何应对变化

1.

在继承过程中，某些物种在一个地区定居，其种群数量增加，而其他物种的种群数量下降甚至消失。

During succession some species colonize an area and their populations become more numerous, whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear.

2.

在土地上建立生产者，消费者和分解者社区之前，必须存在土壤：岩石颗粒，腐烂的有机物，空气，水和生物的复杂混合物，这些生物主要取决于气候，需要自然过程几百到几千年的历史。

Before a community of producers, consumers, and decomposers can become established on land, there must be soil: a complex mixture of rock particles, decaying organic matter, air, water, and living organisms that, depending mostly on the climate, takes natural processes several hundred to several thousand years to produce.

3.

这些早期演替植物物种生长在地面附近，可以在恶劣条件下迅速建立大量种群，并且寿命短。These early successional plant species grow close to the ground, can establish large populations quickly under harsh conditions, and have short lives.

4.

随着这些树种的生长并形成阴影，它们被可以容忍阴影的后期成功植物品种（主要是树木）所取代。

As these tree species grow and create shade, they are replaced by late-successional plant species (mostly trees) that can tolerate shade.

5.

水生候选物包括从严重污染中恢复的溪流以及已被筑坝或淹没的土地。

Aquatic candidates include streams recovering from heavy pollution and land that has been dammed or flooded.

TITLE:潮间带岩石社区

1.

海洋潮间带（最高潮位和最低潮位之间的区域）似乎是生物难以生存的地方。

Marine intertidal zones—those areas between the highest high-tide and lowest low-tide marks—appear to be difficult places for organisms to live.

2.

在多岩石的潮间带生物多样性和成功的原因之一是有大量可用的食物。

One reason for the great diversity and success of organisms in the rocky intertidal zone is the large quantity of food available.

3.

这里的生物成功的另一个原因是有大量的栖息地和生态位被占用。

Another reason for the success of organisms here is the large number of habitats and niches to be occupied.

4.

这些空间提供了躲藏处，安静的休息处，依恋地点，跳离点，裂缝，人们可以从那里窥视以获得惊喜的一餐，发起偷袭的立足点，隐蔽的交配角落以及遮蔽住处的黑暗环境。

These spaces provide hiding places, quiet places to rest, attachment sites, jumping-off spots, cracks from which to peer to obtain a surprise meal, footing from which to launch a sneak attack, secluded mating nooks, and darkness to shield a retreat.

5.

生活在高潮和低潮标记之间的生物所处的条件与低潮线之下的生物完全不同。Organisms living between the high-tide and low-tide marks experience very different conditions from those residing below the low-tide line.

机经（3）

TITLE:战后欧洲的阶级结构

1.

欧洲社会变得更加流动和更加民主。老阶级的障碍放松了，阶级区分变得更加模糊。European society became more mobile and more democratic. Old class barriers relaxed, and class distinctions became fuzzier.

2.

在19世纪和20世纪初，中产阶级的模式是独立的，个体经营的个体，他们拥有企业或从事过法律或医学等自由职业。

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the model for the middle class had been the independent, self-employed individual who owned a business or practiced a liberal profession such as law or medicine.

3.

他们务实而现实，主要关注效率和实际解决具体问题的方法。

Pragmatic and realistic, they were primarily concerned with efficiency and practical solutions to concrete problems.

4.

同时，工业工人阶级停止扩大，白领和服务业雇员的就业机会迅速增加。

Meanwhile, the industrial working class ceased to expand, and job opportunities for white-collar and service employees grew rapidly.

5.

例如，自1920年代以来，欧洲汽车工业在远远落后于美国之后迅速发展。

For example, the European automotive industry expanded phenomenally after lagging far behind the United States since the 1920s.