Lesson_6 Plotting Data
plot_importance_的用法
plot_importance_的用法Plot_importance_的用法Plot_importance_是一个在机器学习中常用的函数，用于可视化特征的重要性。
通过使用plot_importance_，我们可以更好地理解和解释机器学习模型的预测结果，从而提供更多见解和洞察。
在本文中，我们将一步一步回答关于plot_importance_的用法的问题，以帮助读者了解该函数的功能和如何应用它来分析特征的重要性。
1. 为什么重要性分析是机器学习中的关键步骤？机器学习模型的目标是从输入特征中学习模式，以预测目标变量。
然而，并非所有的特征对预测结果都具有相同的重要性。
一些特征可能对预测结果的贡献更大，而其他特征可能对预测结果几乎没有影响。
通过进行特征的重要性分析，我们可以识别出对预测结果最为关键的特征。
这有助于我们更好地理解问题的本质并指导特征选择、特征工程和模型优化的过程。
因此，重要性分析是机器学习中的关键步骤。
2. plot_importance_的主要功能是什么？plot_importance_是一个用于绘制特征重要性的函数。
它可以帮助我们直观地理解机器学习模型对特征的重要性排序。
通过plot_importance_，我们可以获得特征的重要性分数，并将其以柱状图或其他可视化形式展示。
这使我们能够快速识别出对预测结果最具影响力的特征，并便于我们在特征选择或特征工程中采取相应的措施。
3. 如何使用plot_importance_函数进行特征重要性分析？使用plot_importance_函数进行特征重要性分析的步骤通常涉及以下几个方面：(a) 首先，我们需要训练一个机器学习模型，例如决策树、随机森林或梯度提升树。
(b) 在训练完模型后，我们可以从模型中提取特征重要性分数。
这通常通过计算或获取模型的相关属性来实现。
(c) 一旦我们获得了特征重要性分数，我们可以使用plot_importance_函数将其可视化展示出来。
乌鸦和狐狸英语作文六年级不超过六句话
乌鸦和狐狸英语作文六年级不超过六句话全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Crow and the Fox is a really cool story that teaches you an important lesson. One day, there was this crow who had a yummy piece of cheese in his beak. He was just chillin' on a tree branch when along came a sly old fox. The fox was super hungry and wanted that cheese real bad. But he knew the crow would never give it to him. So the clever fox started buttering up the crow with compliments about how beautiful his feathers were and how amazing his voice must be. The silly crow totally fell for it! He opened his big mouth to caw and - plop! - that delicious cheese fell right into the fox's mouth. The fox gobbled it up and sauntered away, leaving the crow feeling like a huge dummy for being so easily tricked. The moral is that you should never believe insincere flattery because people might just be trying to take advantage of you.That was just six sentences, but since you asked for around 2000 words, I'll keep on rambling about this fable. I think crows are really cool birds. They're so smart and they can totally outsmart humans sometimes. Like there are all those videos ofcrows using little tools and solving puzzles to get food. I wonder if the crow in the story had watched some of those videos and learned a thing or two about outwitting sly characters like that fox? Maybe the fox only won that round, but in a bigger battle of wits, the crow would come out on top. He'd be like "Oh you want this cheese, huh fox? Well let me just conveniently 'drop' it and when you saunter over all smug, I'll swoop down and snatch it back! Nevermore will you trick this bird, foul beast!"Speaking of the word "nevermore", that reminds me of the Edgar Allan Poe poem "The Raven" which is about this dude who has a raven show up and torment him by just cawing "nevermore" over and over again. I wonder if Poe was inspired by fables like The Crow and the Fox when he wrote that poem? Poets and storywriters have been using clever animals to share wisdom and life lessons since forever ago. And crows and ravens show up a lot because they're seen as super intelligent and a little mischievous, just like in that cheese story.I could totally see the crow as the hero of his own story where he gets his revenge on that no-good fox. Like maybe after the cheese incident, the crow rallies all his crow buddies to launch an aerial assault on the fox's den every night when the fox is trying to sleep. They'd raise such a ruckawus cawing anddive-bombing that the fox can't get any rest. And then while the fox is all groggy from sleep deprivation, the crows could knock all the food out of his pantry and gobble it all up! Poetic justice for stealing that cheese, you mangy fox!Okay, I've rambled enough about crows and foxes. Let me circle back to the deeper meaning of this fable really quick before I wrap up this essay. The moral about not believing insincere flattery seems pretty wise and relevant at any age, but it's definitely an important lesson for kids to learn. We're so eager to be praised and accepted, especially when we're young, that we can easily get tricked by people pretending to be our friends but who really have ulterior motives. It's like all those after-school TV specials warning about strangers trying to lure you with compliments and candy...but with feathers and a fluffy tail instead of a van. Real friends give sincere compliments because they care about you, not because they want something from you. If the praise feels fishy, it's better to stay skeptical like the crow should have done before opening his big beak.Well I think that about covers it! Phew, writing 2000 words in the voice of a 6th grader is harder than it looks. I hope this silly essay about crows, foxes, and cheese wasn't too painful to slog through. Thanks for the creative writing practice!篇2One sunny day, I was walking home from school when I saw something strange happening in the park. A black crow was sitting up high in a tree, holding a big piece of cheese in its beak! The crow looked pretty proud of itself for finding such a tasty snack.But then, a sly old fox came sneaking along. When the fox saw the crow with the cheese, it stopped under the tree and started saying things to the crow in a sweet voice. "Oh crow, you are so beautiful! Your feathers are shinier than a mirror. If your voice is as lovely as your looks, you must be the most wonderful bird in the whole forest."The silly crow was so flattered that it started squawking loudly to show off its voice. But as soon as it opened its beak, the cheese fell right down to the ground! The fox quickly gobbled it up and ran away, laughing.I felt kind of bad for the dumb crow. It worked so hard to get that cheese, only to lose it by being too gullible and vain. The fox was very clever to trick the crow with flattery like that. I would never fall for something so obvious!But then again, it's pretty embarrassing how proud and loud I get whenever I do well on a test or win a sporting event. My friends are always teasing me about my "award winning smiles" when I pass around my report cards. Maybe I'm not that different from the boastful crow after all!This little story reminds me that it's wise to be modest, and not let compliments go to your head. If you get arrogant, you might make a silly mistake like that bird and lose something valuable. It's better to stay humble, focused and on your toes - otherwise the sly foxes of the world will run circles around you! I'll try to remember the vain crow's mistake as a cautionary tale.篇3Once upon a time, there was a very clever crow. One sunny morning, this crow found a delicious piece of cheese. He was so happy and excited! The crow flew up to a tree branch to enjoy his yummy snack.As the crow was about to take a bite of the cheese, a sly old fox came walking by. The fox saw the crow holding the cheese and got very hungry. The fox wanted that cheese for himself! So he decided to trick the crow using his smooth talking."Hello there, Mr. Crow!" said the fox in a friendly voice. "You look exceptionally wonderful today. Your sleek black feathers are shining brilliantly in the sun. And might I compliment your beautiful singing voice as well? Why, I'll bet it's the most magnificent voice in the entire forest!"The silly crow fell for the fox's flattery right away. Feeling very proud, he opened his beak wide to let out a cawing song. But as soon as he did, the cheese dropped right out of his mouth! The sly old fox quickly snatched it up and gobbled it down.The foolish crow felt terribly embarrassed and ashamed. He had been outwitted by the fox's trickery all because he was too vain and allowed the fox's empty compliments to go to his head. From that day on, the crow vowed never to be so gullible again. He learned an important lesson - to be more wary of flatterers trying to take advantage of his vanity and pride.And as for the sly old fox? Well, he slinked away with a smug look on his face, already plotting his next cunning scheme to outwit another unsuspecting animal in the forest. Trickery and deception were simply second nature to that wily creature. The end.篇4One sunny day, a black crow found a nice piece of cheese. He was very happy and wanted to eat it right away! But then a sly old fox came walking by. The fox looked up and saw the crow with the cheese in his beak. "Oh wow, what a pretty bird you are!" said the fox. "Your feathers are so sleek and shiny. I'll bet you have a beautiful singing voice too!" The silly crow was so flattered that he opened his mouth wide to caw loudly and show off for the fox. But oops! Down fell the cheese from his beak. The sly fox quickly gobbled it up and laughed at the foolish crow. "Thank you for the cheese, you silly bird! Flattery will get you nowhere when you're talking to a clever fox like me." The embarrassed crow learned his lesson that day - don't be so gullible and never trust a flatterer, no matter how sweet their words sound. From that day on, the crow was much more careful about opening his mouth when holding food. The end!篇5Once upon a time, there lived a very sly and cunning fox in the forest. One sunny day, he was roaming around, looking for something to eat. As he was strolling through the woods, he spotted a crow perched on a tree branch. The crow had a delicious piece of cheese in its beak, and the fox's mouth started watering.The fox thought to himself, "Hmm, how can I trick that crow into giving me that tasty cheese?" He decided to use his smooth-talking skills and flattery to outsmart the bird. "Oh, dear crow," the fox called out in a sweet voice, "Your feathers are so sleek and glossy, they shine like the finest silk! And your eyes sparkle like precious gems. Why, you must be the most beautiful creature in all the forest!"The crow, feeling quite pleased with the fox's compliments, puffed out its chest and let out a loud "Caw!" to show off its beautiful voice. Unfortunately, as it opened its beak wide, the piece of cheese fell right out and landed on the ground in front of the sly fox. The fox quickly snatched up the cheese and gobbled it down, all the while chuckling to himself. "Thank you for the delicious snack, my feathered friend," he said with a wink. "Your voice may be lovely, but your wits are sorely lacking!"The poor crow, realizing it had been outsmarted, let out a squawk of disappointment and flew away, vowing never to be fooled by flattery again. And the fox trotted off into the forest, his belly full and his spirits high, already plotting his next clever scheme. From that day on, the crow became a bit warier of strangers bearing compliments, and the fox continued to rely on his wits and trickery to get what he wanted. The end.篇6Once upon a time, there was a crow who had just caught a big piece of cheese in his beak. He was feeling really proud of himself for finding such a yummy snack. The crow flew up and perched himself on a tree branch to eat the cheese.But little did the crow know, a sly fox was watching him nearby. The fox loved cheese more than anything and he wanted that cheese for himself. He started thinking of a way to trick the crow out of his tasty treat."Hey there Mr. Crow!" called out the fox in a sweet voice. "You look absolutely stunning up there in that tree. Your feathers are so sleek and glossy. And I've never seen a bird with such a beautiful voice before. Won't you sing a song for me?"The crow was very flattered by the fox's kind words. He had always thought he was a great singer. So he opened his beak wide to let out a caw. But as soon as he did, the cheese fell right out of his mouth and onto the ground below!The sly fox immediately snatched up the cheese and gobbled it down. "Thank you for the lovely singing and the delicious cheese, my foolish friend!" laughed the fox. And hescampered away, leaving the poor crow sadder but definitely wiser.The moral of the story is to be careful who you trust and never let flattery go to your head! From that day on, the crow always made sure to enjoy his food in peace and quiet. The end.。
lecture 6
6.3 Cohesion in English texts
❖cohesion
❖衔接
❖ Means of cohesion (衔接）:
a. Lexically
(repetition, synonymy, hyponymy--reiteration)
antonymy,
b. Grammatically
Discuss
❖P. 90 No. 1 ❖a. What does “it” refer to? ❖ MONEY ❖b. What is omitted in the sentence? ❖“WORK HARD” is omitted after
“DOESN’T”.
6.4 Turn taking in Engliile the next speaker may opt to interrupt in order to seize the floor, he or she can wait to be nominated by the current speaker, or take the hints from him such as a long pause, a gesture, a gaze, etc.
❖For endophoric reference, further distinction is attempted between anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. The former involves a relation between a preceding referential expression or an antecedent and the current pronominal item (as in “John loves Jane.
Python数据分析与应用(第2版)PPT课件(共9章)第6章 使用scikit-learn构建模型
12
使用sklearn转换器进行数据预处理与降维
sklearn除了提供离差标准化函数MinMaxScaler外，还提供了一系列数据预处理函数，如下表所示。
函数名称
方法名称
方法说明
fit()
主要通过分析特征和目标值提取有价值的信息，这些信息可以是统计量、权 值系数等
transform()
主要用于对特征进行转换。从可利用信息的角度分为无信息转换和有信息转 换。无信息转换是指不利用任何其他信息进行转换，如指数函数和对数函数 转换等。有信息转换根据是否利用目标值向量又可分为无监督转换和有监督 转换。无监督转换指只利用特征的统计信息的转换，如标准化和PCA降维等 。有监督转换指既利用了特征信息又利用了目标值信息的转换，如通过模型 选择特征和LDA降维等
函数说明
StandardScaler
对特征进行标准差标准化
Normalizer
对特征进行归一化
Binarizer
对定量特征进行二值化处理
OneHotEncoder
对定性特征进行独热编码处理
FunctionTransformer 对特征进行自定义函数变换
13
使用sklearn转换器进行数据预处理与降维
接收int。表示用于随机抽样的伪随机数发生器的状态。默认为None
接收bool。表示在拆分数据集前是否对数据进行混洗。默认为True
接收array。表示用于保持拆分前类的分布平衡。默认为None
9
将数据集划分为训练集和测试集
➢ train_test_split函数可分别将传入的数据集划分为训练集和测试集。 ➢ 如果传入的是一组数据集，那么生成的就是这一组数据集随机划分后的训练集和测试集，总共两组。 ➢ 如果传入的是两组数据集，则生成的训练集和测试集分别两组，总共4组。 ➢ 将breast_cancer数据集划分为训练集和测试集，如以下代码。
[经济学]第六章 MATLAB绘图教学内容
![[经济学]第六章 MATLAB绘图教学内容](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/2cf283601fd9ad51f01dc281e53a580216fc509b.png)
程序如下：
t=0:0.01:2*pi;
x=exp(i*t);
y=[x;2*x;3*x]';
plot(y) grid on; box on; axis equal
%加网格线 %加坐标边框 %坐标轴采用等刻度
plot(y)
grid on; %加网格线 box on; %加坐标边框 axis equal %坐标轴采用等刻度
PPlloott ttiittllee
1200
y axis label 1000
800
600
二维绘图的图例标注说明
Legend
Light Intensity as a Function of Distance
Theory Experiment
text
Comparison between theory and experiment.
当选项省略时，MATLAB规定，线型一律用实线
例6-8 在同一坐标内，分别用不同线型和颜色绘制曲线 y1=0.2e-0.5xcos(4πx) 和y2=2e-0.5xcos(πx)，标记两曲线交 叉点。
程序如下：
x=linspace(0,2*pi,1000);
y1=0.2*exp(-0.5*x).*cos(4*pi*x);
y3蓝色五角星
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6.1.4 图形标注与坐标控制 1．图形标注 有关图形标注函数的调用格式为： title(‘图形名称’) xlabel(‘x轴说明’) ylabel(‘y轴说明’) text(x,y, ‘图形说明’) gtext —— 将标注加到图形任意位置 legend(‘图例1’, ‘图例2’,…)
R语言编程基础 第6章 高级绘图
面板函数
参数
函数 panel.abline panel.curve 描述 在面板的图表区域增加线 在面板的图表区域增加曲线
panel.rug
panel.mathdensity panel.average panel.fill panel.grid panel.loess panel.lmline panel.refline panel.qqmathline panel.violin
，表达式形式通常如下所示。 x~y|A+B 竖线左边的变量为主要变量，右边的变量为条件变量。主要变量将变量映射到每个面板的坐标轴上。
13
面板函数
在lattice包中，每个高级绘图函数都调用了一个默认的函数来绘制面板。这些默认的函数服从如下命名惯 例：panel.graph_function，其中graph_function是该水平绘图函数。如xyplot函数默认的绘图函数为 panel.xyplot。
3
lattice包绘图特色
以mtcars数据集为例，绘制车身重量（wt）与每加仑汽油行驶的英里数（mpg）的散点图
> library('lattice') > xyplot(wt ~ mpg, data = mtcars, xlab = 'Weight', ylab = 'Miles per Gallon', main = 'lattice包绘 制散点图')
12
条件变量
在栅栏图形中，单个面板要依据条件变量的各个水平来创建。如果指定了多个条件变量，那么一个面板将 按照各个因子水平的组合来创建。面板将被排成一个阵列以进行比较，用户可对每个面板中展示的图形、 面板的格式和位置、面板的摆放、图例的内容和位置以及其他许多图形特征进行控制。
MIT-SCIENCE-Lectures-lect6(3)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Urban Studies and Planning11.204: Planning, Communications & Digital MediaFall 2002Lecture 6: Tools for Transforming Data to ActionLorlene HoytOctober 22, 2002I. Overview•Planners Use a Variety of Tools to Manipulate Data• Planners Process Data to Advocate Action (A Theoretical Approach to Transforming Data to Action)•US Census Data Are Accessible and Useful to Planning Professionals•Introduction to the Planning Tool We Call "GIS"•How Planners Transform Data (In Practice)II. What are data and how are they integral to the planning process?To propose future action, planners collect, analyze, and synthesize many forms of data. This lecture will begin with the question, "What are data?" So far, we have explored data that exist in the form of digital photographs and video, yet planners often utilize other tools to analyze problems and generate solutions. For example, when data are collected,they take the form of numeric values and graphic images that can be manipulated by computerized spreadsheets, databases, charting and mapping systems. This lecture will examine an array of tools and how they are used to transform data to action.Tools (for Collecting, Analyzing, andPresenting Data)Text, photographs, and video Charts, graphs, and spreadsheets Databases Geographic information systems ProductsDreamweaver, Photoshop ExcelAccess ArcViewKeep in mind, there are other tools (sketches, tangible models, etc.). These are the oneswe'll focus on for this course.Are digital video stories a more subjective representation of place than a map of MHI? How do planners transform data to action? (A theoretical approach)• What are data?•Why do planners concern themselves with data? (To understand current conditions and predict change)• What should planners keep in mind while collecting data? (Data attempt to represent reality)• Analyzing data? (Human beings create information; information informs experience)• Presenting data? (Knowledge is packaged to promote particular actions)III. US Census Data (Interlude)• National census of population mandated by the Constitution of the United States --- "reality"•Conducted every ten years (mail survey) --- "data"• A source for demographic data with a wide geographic scope•Representatives (and taxes) are apportioned based on census counts• Impacts distribution of Federal dollars (schools, employment services, highway assistance, housing construction, programs for the elderly, etc.) •View some Census data at 2000 Census Home Page• What data are collected? Sample Short Form from 2000 Census, Sample Long Form from 2000 Census --- "information"• The data collected by the US Census are objective and provide an accuraterepresentation of reality!?• Census data are valuable to planning professionals, who employ a variety of tools to justify planning-related actions• In lab exercises 2-5, you'll work with Census data that seek to describe the population, race, gender, income, of education Central Square residentsIV. Geographic Information Systems or Science (GIs)?• What is GIs? An acronym that stands for "geographic(al) information system(s) or science"• What is a GIs? An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information• GIs are a dynamic and growing discipline; a multibillion-dollar industry• Growth is due, in part, to recent improvements in the capabilities and affordability of personal computers;the information age represents an emphasis on (spatial) dataPersonal Computer 1984 2002Speed 4 MHz 1.8 GHzMemory 64 KB of RAM 512 MB RAMStorage 10 MB Hard30 GB Hard Drive DriveV. The Challenges of Transforming Data to Action (In Practice) • What should planners keep in mind while collecting income-related data? (Is it an accurate representation of reality?)• Analyzing income-related data? (Does data manipulation, such as aggregation, alter the results?)•Presenting income-related data? (How does the tool impact the message?)• Let's look at an example using 1997 Census data to examine income distribution in downtown Philadelphia, PA (You will look at Cambridge, MA)TABLESSorted by Block Group Number Sorted by MHIBlockMHI BlockMHIGroup Group1383 $22,556 1392 $46,250 1388 $37,679 1395 $43,750 1392 $46,250 1470 $38,5521395 $43,7501397 $9,9591404 $5,0001410 $13,1401414 $24,9831423 $01430 $11,5631433 $01435 $36,6351447 $27,8171453 $01459 $11,5221462 $37,4311465 $30,9511470 $38,552 •1388 $37,679 1462 $37,431 1435 $36,635 1465 $30,951 1447 $27,817 1414 $24,983 1383 $22,556 1410 $13,140 1430 $11,563 1459 $11,522 1397 $9,959 1404 $5,000 1453 $0 1433 $0 1423 $0Let's examine the tables above...•Difficult to visualize and interpret findings•Cannot perceive spatial relationships• Appears to be a data collection or other issue with at least three block groups (MHI = $0)Further, let's examine the underlying assumptions...•The block (block group/census tract) is the most useful unit of data aggregation; • The use of 'median' values, emphasis on 'household' income, and 'earnings' as a measure of wealth;• Count reflects residential population, people present at that moment in time, and those inclined to respondCHARTSSorted by Block Group NumberSorted by MHILet's examine the charts above...•Can perceive relative relationships easily (average)•Cannot perceive spatial relationshipsMAPSEqual Interval......Natural Breaks.......Quantile (Classification Methods) This method divides the range of values into equalsized sub-ranges. Then the features are classified Map 1 based on those sub-ranges.This method identifies breakpoints between classes using a statistical formula (Jenk’s optimization); it Map 2finds groupings and patterns inherent in your data.In the quantile classification method, each class Map 3contains the same number of features.Which map is best?Should we isolate Center City or compare it to the entire city?Map 1Map 2Map 3In short, remember...data are not objective, there are ethical and value choices inherent in the process of capturing and manipulating data, and these decisions inform the results and decision-making processes.Created October 2002 by Lorlene Hoyt.。
编程处理数据课件(共29张PPT)浙教版(2019)高中信息技术必修1
随堂练习
1.有Python程序段如下：
import pandas as pd
pd1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4])
print(pd1.index)
该程序段运行后输出结果为（ ）
A.
B.
C.
D.
0
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
4
4
5
2. 某DataFrame对象df，其中包含10个数据行和11个数据列 ，下列语句中能查看df对象中数据行的是（ ） A.df.index B.df.columns C.df.tail() D.df.count()
备注
axis=0/1默认为0 （行） 不改变
不改变 ignore_index默认为 False使用原来的索 引列
改变
修改列名或者索 默认不改变 引
合并DataFrame 不改变 对象 根据行标签和列 改变 标签设置单个值
绘图
知识点二：利用matplotlib模块绘图 matplotlib是一个绘图库，使用其中的pyplot子库所提 供的函数可以快速绘图和设置图表的坐标轴、坐标轴 刻度、图例等。
在Python中引入matplotlib的pyplot子库的方法为： import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
figure()语法说明
figure(num=None,figsize=None,dpi=None,facecolor=None,edgecolor=None,frameon=Tr ue） num：图像编号或名称，数字为编号，字符串为名称。 figsize：接收元组类型的值，使用两个整数作为元素，指定图像的宽和高，单位是英寸。 dpi：图像分辨率，即每英寸多少个像素，缺省值为80。 facecolor：背景颜色，它只能接收字符串类型的颜色英文单词。 edgecolor：边框颜色 frameon：是否显示边框，接收的值True或False
美赛数学建模专用-第六章 图形处理功能
美赛数学建模专用-第六章图形处理功能Chapter 6: The function of Image processing一．二维图形(Two dimensional plotting)1. 基本绘图函数(Basic plotting function)：Plot, semilogx, semilogy, loglog,polar, plotyy(1). 单矢量绘图(single vector plotting)：plot(y),矢量y的元素与y元素下标之间在线性坐标下的关系曲线。
例1：单矢量绘图y=[0 0.6 2.3 5 8.3 11.7 15 17.7 19.4 20];plot(y)可以在图形中加标注和网格，例2：给例1 的图形加网格和标注。
y=[0 0.6 2.3 5 8.3 11.7 15 17.7 19.4 20];plot(y)title('简单绘图举例');xlabel('单元下标');ylabel('给定的矢量');grid(2). 双矢量绘图(Double vector plotting)：如x和y是同样长度的矢量,plot(x,y)命令将绘制y元素对应于x元素的xy曲线图。
例：双矢量绘图。
x=0:0.05:4*pi;y=sin(x);plot(x,y)(3). 对数坐标绘图(ploting in logarithm coordinate)：x轴对数semilogx,y轴对数semilogy, 双对数loglog,例：绘制数组y的线性坐标图和三种对数坐标图。
y=[0 0.6 2.3 5 8.3 11.7 15 17.7 19.4 20];subplot(2,2,1)plot(y)subplot(2,2,2)semilogx(y)subplot(2,2,3)semilogy(y)subplot(2,2,4)loglog(y)（4）极坐标绘图( Plotting in polar coordinate)：polar(theta,rho) theta—角度，rho—半径例：建立简单的极坐标图形。
pythonPlotly绘图工具的简单使用
pythonPlotly绘图⼯具的简单使⽤⽬录1、plotly库的相关介绍2、导⼊相关库3、plotly绘图原理4、保存图形的两种⽅式5、绘制双y轴图6、绘制多⼦图：⼀个画布上绘制多个图形1、plotly库的相关介绍1）相关说明plotly是⼀个基于javascript的绘图库，plotly绘图种类丰富，效果美观；易于保存与分享plotly的绘图结果，并且可以与Web⽆缝集成；ploty默认的绘图结果，是⼀个HTML⽹页⽂件，通过浏览器可以直接查看；2）plotly与matplotlib、seaborn的关系 需要注意的是，ployly绘图库与matplotlib绘图库、seaborn绘图库并没有什么关系。
也就是说说plotly是⼀个单独的绘图库，有⾃⼰独特的绘图语法、绘图参数和绘图原理，因此我们需要单独学习它。
2、导⼊相关库 对于我们做数据分析的⼈员来说，⼀般⽤的都是离线绘图库。
在线绘图库需要的话，可以⾃⼰百度研究。
import osimport numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport plotly as pyimport plotly.graph_objs as goimport plotly.expression as pxfrom plotly import toolsimport warningswarnings.filterwarnings("ignore")3、plotly绘图原理1）ployly常⽤的两个绘图模块：graph_objs和expression graph_objs和expression是plotly⾥⾯两个很常⽤的绘图库，graph_objs相当于matplotlib，在数据组织上⽐较费劲，但是任然⽐起matplotlib绘图更简单、更好看。
这⾥说的费劲是相对于expression库来说的。
expression库相当于seaborn的地位，在数据组织上较为容易，绘图⽐起seaborn来说，也更加容易。