专业英语考题

一、短语翻译

元素和化合物：elements and compounds

培养基设计：medium design

醇类物质的命名：nomenclature of alcohols

青霉素和它的生物合成：penicillin and its biosynthesis

水解酶类：hydrolytic enzymes

核苷酸和核酸：nucleotides and nucleic acids

蛋白质浓度的分析程序：assay procedure for protein concentration

微生物和病毒：microorganisms and viruses

原核与真核生物的区别：different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

菌种保藏：maintenance and storage

好氧微生物和厌氧微生物：Aerobes and Anaerobes

自养型微生物和异养型微生物：autotrophic microorganisms and heterotrophic microorganisms

细菌的基因克隆：Gene cloning in bacteria

变异株筛选：selection of mutagens

药品研发程序：the drug development process

二、短句翻译

1 化合物是一种物质。它可以分解为两种或两种以上元素

A compound is a substance that can be split into two or more elements

2 在细菌细胞内，大多数,mRNAs是不稳定的。它们的半衰期是2-4min(50摄氏度)

Most mRNAs in bacteria are unstable with half-lives of 2-4min (50摄氏度)

3 这些微生物的有关特性是它们不应是病原性的，而且易于保存，培养时花费不多

The relevant characteristics of these microorganisms are that they should be nonpathogenic ,easy to mountain and cheap to grow 。

4 一旦翻译结束。核糖体就从膜上释放下来

On completion of translation the ribosome is released from the membrane

5 真核生物细胞中蛋白质与原核生物中的区别在于真核生物染色体病不是最初“转录”到mRNA上，而是转录到一个分子量的异源核的mRNA上

Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells differs from that in prokaryotes in that the primary transcript from the eukaryotic chromosome is not mRNA but a high molecular weight heterogeneousnuclear RNA

6 很显然，要通过这些途径增加并引导代谢物质的流向，在必要时，就必须除去这些限制

Obviously to increase and direct metabolic flux through such pathways, these restrictions must be removed where necessary

7 关于获得高度表达克隆基因的重要性已经写了很多。但对于载体程定性这一问题的理解却所知甚少Much has been written about the value of obtaining high express of cloned genes. but a less well understood problem to vector stability

8为使这一短暂发展的微生物技术现代化，早在20世纪70年代，就有人提出了酶的限制和修饰系统。To bring this（microbial biotechnology）brief history up to date , restriction and modification systems in bacteria were described in the early 1970s

三、长难句翻译

1,Biotechnology sales remain small compared with the chemical industry ,Which has products valued at $700,000 million annually ,and also small Compared with the size of the agriculture industry .

1，生物技术销售与化工行业相比依然比较小，每年的产值在700.000万美元，而且也比各种规模的农业产业

小。

2,Organic compounds may be biodegradable (transformed by biological mechanisms which might lead to complete mineralization ),persistent(fail to undergo biodegradation in a particular environment or under a specific set of experimental conditions) or recalcitrant (inherently resistant to biodegradation ).

2，有机物有的可以生物降解（由生物机制转化，这可能导致完全矿化），有的具有耐久性（不能在特定环境或在一定的实验条件下生物降解）或有的具有抵抗性（天生对生物降解有抗性）。

3,Although biotechnology involves the potential use of all living forms ,microorganisms have played a major role in the development of this discipline and will continue to be used extensively for the foreseeable future .reasons for this include the ease of mass cultivation of bacteria and moulds ,the speed at which they grow ,the cheapness of general medium constituents such as agricultural wastes ,the massive diversity of metabolic types ,which in turn gives rise to diversity of potential products ,and the tremendous possibilities for genetic manipulation either in terms of strain improvement or new products

3，虽然生物技术涉及所有生命形式的潜在用途，但微生物在本学科的发展中的作用依旧是主要的，并将在不久的将来继续广泛使用。原因包括细菌和霉菌大规模培养的缓解，生长迅速，一般培养基成分便宜，如农业废弃物，代谢类型的多样性导致潜在产品的多样性，基因操作使得包括菌种的选育或新产品有巨大的可能性4,The total concentration of particular intracellular enzyme present in cells is regulated by the relative rates of synthesis and degradation or inactivation of that each protein has an average limited half-life .proteins also vary in their susceptibility to proteolytic attack ,net synthesis of an enzyme occurs when the rate of synthesis is greater than the rate of degradation .

4，胞内酶的总浓度在细胞内受合成和降解的相对比的调节或每种蛋白质的失活都有一个平均半衰期。每种蛋白质对蛋白水解作用的敏感性不同，一种酶的净合成需要当合成速率大于降解速率。

5,This phenomenon frequently occurs when the cell is grown in a medium containing more than one utilizable growth substrate .in carbon catabolite repression ,enzymes are synthesized which catabolize the best substrate ,usually glucose ,and only after exhaustion of this substrate are enzymes produced to break down the poorer growth substrate.

5，这种现象经常发生在细胞生长的培养基上中含有一个以上的可利用生长底物。碳分解代谢产物阻遏，只有在最佳底物分解代谢完酶才能合成，通常是葡萄糖，只有在这种底物消耗完，酶才能产生分解难利用的底物。

6,If glucose are synthesized ,and the enzymes which break down the lactose are repressed because of the effect of catabolite repression of glucose .

6，如果葡萄糖被合成后，其中分解乳糖的酶被阻遏是因为葡萄糖分解代谢产物阻遏效应。

7,Many enzymes ,including protease are repressed by rapidly utilizable amino acids or ammonia (nitrogen catabolite repression). Limitation of ammonia in the fermentation growth media usually de-presses synthesis of these enzymes .

7，许多酶，包括蛋白酶被快速利用的氨基酸或氨阻遏（氮代谢阻遏）。在发酵生长培养基中限制氨的浓度，通常可以去阻遏这些酶的合成。

8,This is particularly important for the biotechnologists since the commercial advantages of secreted protein product, include higher yields and ease of recovery and purification compared with cytoplasmic protein.

8,这点对于生物工艺师来说是非常重要的，因为在商业化生产中，具有分泌性的蛋白质产物与胞内蛋

白质产物相比而言，其优点有：产量高，提取和纯化都很容易

9,Mixed cultures are being exploited in aspects of modern biotechnology because they offer culture

stability and resistance to contamination .higher biomass yields than monocultures and the ability to metabolize toxic materials that after recalcitrant to single strains

9,混合培养法具有以下优点：培养物稳定性好，对杂菌污染具有抵抗作用，与单菌培养相比，生物体

产量高，而且能将单一菌株难以分解的毒性物质代谢分解掉，因而在现在生物技术中的各个领域，混

合培养法正在得到开发利用