Case Study_ Multiplier Design
美国大学生数学建模竞赛翻译必备知识
Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成，分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distributionfunction 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素，因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihoodestimation 极大似然估计mean squareddeviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlationcoefficient 复相关系数multiple correlationcoefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis多元回归分析multiple regressionequation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的，度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regressionanalysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括，综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数Ⅱ.2 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomialinterpolation method三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Iindependent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardtmethod列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints线性等式约束linear programmingproblem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解Mmedium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性Sscalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust regionmethod 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepestdescent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵Ⅱ.3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-splineb样条a spline of polynomial piece/ppform spline分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件Iinput argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squaresapproximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数Ppoint/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）Sscalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重Ⅱ.4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry descriptionmatrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition混合边界条件NNeuman boundarycondition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的sparce matrix 稀疏矩阵stiffness matrix 刚度矩阵subregion 子域Ttriangular mesh 三角形网格Uundetermined 未定的uniform refinement 均匀加密uniform triangle net 均匀三角形网络Wwave equation 波动方程Algebraic Equation代数方程Elementary Operations-Addition基础混算-加法ElementaryOperations-Subtaction基础混算-减法ElementaryOperations-Multiplication基础混算-乘法Elementary Operations-Division基础混算-除法Elementary Operation基础四则混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Fractional Operations分数混算Convert fractional no. intodecimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. intopercentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. intopercentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Numerals数字符号Common factors and multiples公因子及公倍数Sorting数字排序Area图形面积Perimeter图形周界Change Units : Time单位转换-时间Change Units : Weight 单位转换-重量Change Units :Length单位转换-长度Directed Numbers 有向数Fractional Operations 分数混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Convert fractional no. into decimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. into percentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. into percentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Indices指数Algebraic Substitution 代数代入Polynomials多项式Co-Geometry坐标几何学Solving Linear Equation解一元线性方程Solving Simultaneous Equation解联立方程Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation 二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Geometry几何学Inequalities不等式Rate and Ratio比和比例Bearing方位角Trigonometry三角学Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Salary Tax薪俸税Bridging Game汉英对对碰Indices指数Function函数Rate and Ratio比和比例Trigonometry三角学Inequalities不等式Linear Programming线性规划Co-Geometry坐标几何学Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Method of Bisection分半方法Polynomials多项式Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度分布Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Surds根式Probability概率Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度离差Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Statistics-Binomial Distribution统计学Statistics-Poisson Distribution统计学Statistics-Geometric Distribution统计学Co-Geometry坐标几何学Sequence序列十万Hundred thousand三位数3-digit number千Thousand千万Ten million小数Decimal分子Numerator分母Denominator分数Fraction五位数5-digit number公因子Common factor公倍数Common multiple中国数字Chinese numeral平方Square平方根Square root古代计时工具Ancient timingdevice古代记时工具Ancienttime-recording device古代记数方法Ancient countingmethod古代数字Ancient numeral包含Grouping四位数4-digit number四则计算Mixed operations (Thefour operations)加Plus加法Addition加法交换性质Commutativeproperty of addition未知数Unknown百分数Percentage百万Million合成数Composite number多位数Large number因子Factor折扣Discount近似值Approximation阿拉伯数字Hindu-Arabic numeral定价Marked price括号Bracket计算器Calculator差Difference真分数Proper fraction退位Decomposition除Divide除法Division除数Divisor乘Multiply乘法Multiplication乘法交换性质Commutative property of multiplication乘法表Multiplication table乘法结合性质Associative property of multiplication被除数Dividend珠算Computation using Chinese abacus倍数Multiple假分数Improper fraction带分数mixed number现代计算工具Modern calculating devices售价Selling price万Ten thousand最大公因子Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)最小公倍数Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)减Minus / Subtract减少Decrease减法Subtraction等分Sharing 等于Equal进位Carrying短除法Short division单数Odd number循环小数Recurring decimal零Zero算盘Chinese abacus亿Hundred million增加Increase质数Prime number积Product整除性Divisibility双数Even number罗马数字Roman numeral数学mathematics, maths(BrE),math(AmE)公理axiom定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus(prep.), add(v.),addition(n.)被加数augend, summand加数addend和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.),subtraction(n.)被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.),multiplication(n.)被乘数multiplicand, faciend乘数multiplicator积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.),division(n.)被除数dividend除数divisor商quotient等于equals, is equal to, isequivalent to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator平均数mean算术平均数arithmatic mean几何平均数geometric mean n个数之积的n次方根倒数（reciprocal）x的倒数为1/x有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginary number数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system权weight, significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra公式formula, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial多项式polynomial, multinomial 系数coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式，方程式equation一次方程simple equation二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equation不等式inequation阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth powern次方the power of n, the nth power开方evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根square root 三次方根，立方根cube root四次方根the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根the root of n, the nth rootsqrt(2)=1.414sqrt(3)=1.732sqrt(5)=2.236常量constant变量variable坐标系coordinates坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis横坐标x-coordinate纵坐标y-coordinate原点origin象限quadrant截距(有正负之分)intercede（方程的）解solution几何geometry点point线line面plane 体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角perigon底base边side高height三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle等边三角形equilateral triangle四边形quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽width周长perimeter面积area相似similar全等congruent三角trigonometry正弦sine余弦cosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant反正弦arc sine反余弦arc cosine反正切arc tangent反余切arc cotangent反正割arc secant反余割arc cosecant补充：集合aggregate元素element空集void子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数function定义域domain, field ofdefinition值域range单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列，级数series微积分calculus微分differential导数derivative极限limit无穷大infinite(a.) infinity(n.)无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral复数complex number矩阵matrix行列式determinant圆circle圆心centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径radius直径diameter圆周率pi弧arc半圆semicircle扇形sector环ring椭圆ellipse圆周circumference轨迹locus, loca(pl.)平行六面体parallelepiped立方体cube七面体heptahedron八面体octahedron九面体enneahedron十面体decahedron十一面体hendecahedron十二面体dodecahedron二十面体icosahedron多面体polyhedron旋转rotation轴axis球sphere半球hemisphere底面undersurface表面积surface area体积volume空间space双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola四面体tetrahedron五面体pentahedron六面体hexahedron菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond正方形square梯形trapezoid直角梯形right trapezoid等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid五边形pentagon六边形hexagon七边形heptagon八边形octagon九边形enneagon十边形decagon十一边形hendecagon十二边形dodecagon多边形polygon正多边形equilateral polygon相位phase周期period振幅amplitude内心incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心excentre(BrE),excenter(AmE)旁心escentre(BrE),escenter(AmE)垂心orthocentre(BrE),orthocenter(AmE)重心barycentre(BrE),barycenter(AmE)内切圆inscribed circle外切圆circumcircle统计statistics平均数average加权平均数weighted average方差variance标准差root-mean-squaredeviation, standard deviation比例propotion百分比percent百分点percentage百分位数percentile排列permutation组合combination概率，或然率probability分布distribution正态分布normal distribution非正态分布abnormaldistribution图表graph条形统计图bar graph柱形统计图histogram折线统计图broken line graph曲线统计图curve diagram扇形统计图pie diagramEnglish Chineseabbreviation 简写符号；简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设;备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ；分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线 ；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy's principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列;圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差。
盖伟新简历_北京大学
盖伟新教授、博士生导师北京大学信息科学技术学院Email: wgai@研究兴趣•高速数据通讯核心芯片研究•数据传输均衡技术和自适应技术研究•高效能低抖动全数字锁相环研究•高速高精度低功耗ADC研究•无线（包括RF）互连、光互连集成电路研究•高效电源管理芯片研究工作和学习简历•美国富士通实验室，资深研究员•美国双元科技，CTO•美国ABAQoS通讯公司，资深经理•美国AMD（先进微器件）公司，Sr. MTS•美国HAL计算机公司，资深设计师、项目负责人•清华大学，电子工程系，获博士学位、硕士学位、学士学位主要论文∙“A 4-channel 1.25-10.3Gb/s backplane transceiver macro with 35dB equalizer and sign-based zero-forcing adaptive control”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.44, pp.3547-3559, Dec. 2009.∙“A 4-channel 10.3Gb/s backplane transceiver macro with 35dB equalizer and sign-based zero-forcing adaptive control”, in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp.188-189, Feb. 2009.∙“A 4-channel 3.1/10.3Gb/s transceiver macro with a pattern-tolerant adaptive equalizer”, in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 442–443, Feb. 2007.∙“Design consideration of 6.25Gbps signaling for high-performance server”, in Proc. Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), pp. 854-857, Jun. 2007∙“Gain-phase co-equalization for widely-used high-speed cables”, in IEEE Symp. VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, vol. 19, pp.194–197, Jun. 2005.∙“4-channel 3.125Gbits/s/ch transceiver with 30dB compensation”, in IEEE Symp. VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, vol. 18, pp. 138–141, Jun. 2004.∙“A fully-pipeline linear systolic architecture for modular multiplier in public-key crypto-systems,” J.of VLSI Signal Processing, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 191-197, Jan. 2003∙“A 2-byte parallel 1.25Gb/s interconnect with self-configurable link and plesiochronous clocking,”in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 180 –181, 1999.∙“VLSI implementation of modular exponentiation for large operands,” Acta Electronica Sinica, vol.27, pp. 8-11, 1999.∙"A novel systolic implementation of modular multiplication for large operands," Journal of Tsinghua University, vol.38, No.3, 1998.∙“Quadratic-translinear CMOS multiplier-divider circuit,” Electronics Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp.860-861, May 1997.∙“A systolic linear array for modular multiplication,” in Proc.2nd International Conference on ASIC (ASICON), pp. 171-174, Oct. 1996.∙"A CMOS current-mode analog multiplier based on the translinear principle," Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 40-43, July 1996.∙“A novel variable radix fast multiplication hardware algorithm for public-key cryptosystem,” Acta Electronica Sinica, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 77-80, Nov. 1995.∙“A current-mode analog multi plier based on translinear principle,” in the Proc. 4th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated-Circuit Technology (ICSICT), pp. 196-198, Oct. 1995. ∙“Smart card: a novel information processing tool,” Electronic Science & Technology Review, no.3, pp. 2-5, Mar. 1995.美国发明专利∙“Decision feedback equalizer (DFE)”, U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0316769, Dec. 24, 2009∙“System and method for combining a plurality of signals of various phases having a wide frequency r ange,” U.S. Patent 7778344, Aug. 17, 2010.∙“Equalizing a signal for transmission,” U.S. Patent 7512178, May 31, 2009.∙“Adaptive equalizer with DC offset compensation,” U.S. Patent 7295605, Nov. 13, 2007.∙“Equalizing a signal for transmission,” U.S. Patent 7173965, Feb. 6, 2007.∙“Correcting DC offsets in a multi-stage amplifier,” U.S. Patent 7034608, Apr. 25, 2006.∙“Feedback control for termination adjustment,” U.S. Patent 6418500, July 9, 2002.∙“Supply noise immunity low-jittery voltage-controlled oscillator design,” U.S. Patent 6246294, June 12, 2001.∙“Systolic linear-array modular multiplier with pipeline processing elements,” U.S. Patent 6061706, May 9, 2000.∙“CMOS current-mode four-quadrant analog multiplier,” U.S. Patent 5966040, Oct.12, 1999.∙“Multiplier based on a variable radix multiplier coding,” U.S. Patent 5828590, Oct.27, 1998.∙“Method of modular reduction and modular reduction circuit,” U.S. Patent 5793659, Aug.11, 1998.。
数学专业词汇及翻译
数学专业词汇及翻译一、字母顺序表 (1)二、常用的数学英语表述 (7)三、代数英语（高端） (13)一、字母顺序表1、数学专业词汇Aabsolute value 绝对值 accept 接受 acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性 adjusted 调整的 alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析 arithmetic mean 算术平均值 association 相关性assumption 假设 assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的 band 带宽 bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布 between groups 组间的 bias 偏倚 binomial distribution 二项分布 binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算 case 个案 category 类别 center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数 coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性 column 列 compare 比较 comparison 对照 components 构成，分量compound 复合的 confidence interval 置信区间 consistency 一致性 constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量 control charts 控制图 correlation 相关 covariance 协方差 covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数 curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等 effects of interaction 交互效应 efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值F factor 因素，因子 factor analysis 因子分析 factor score 因子得分 factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值 fixed model 固定模型 fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值 heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设 hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本 index 指数 index of correlation 相关指数 interaction 交互作用 interclass correlation 组内相关 interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验 kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法 level 水平 level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数 likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数 logistic 逻辑的 lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计 mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差 mean sum of square 均方和 measure 衡量 media 中位数 M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型 mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程 multiple response 多响应 multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验 normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设 number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本 one-tailed test 单侧检验 one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制 order 排序order statistics 次序统计量 origin 原点orthogonal 正交的 outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计 partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数 partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关 power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析 proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数 probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的 Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图 quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制 quantitative 数量的，度量的 quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的 random number 随机数 random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量 randomization 随机化 range 极差rank 秩 rank correlation 秩相关 rank statistic 秩统计量 regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可*性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表 residual 残差 residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性 root mean square 标准差 row 行 run 游程run test 游程检验Sample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样 sampling inspection 抽样检验 scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验 significant 显著的，有效的 significant digits 有效数字 skewed distribution 偏态分布 skewness 偏度 small sample problem 小样本问题 smooth 平滑 sort 排序 soruces of variation 方差来源 space 空间 spread 扩展square 平方 standard deviation 标准离差 standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化 standardize 标准化 statistic 统计量 statistical quality control 统计质量控制 std. residual 标准残差 stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差 subsamples 次级样本 sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和 sum of squares 平方和 summary 概括，综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验 test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验 test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则 test statistics 检验统计量 testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换 treatment 处理 trimmed mean 截尾均值 true value 真值 t-test t检验 two-tailed test 双侧检验unbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性 uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值 variable 变量 variance 方差 variance components 方差分量 variance ratio 方差比 various 不同的 vector 向量Wweight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数2. 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束 active set method 活动集法 analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似 arbitrary 强制性的 argument 变量 attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method三次多项式插值法 curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向 discontinuous 不连续eigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的 feasible solution 可行解 finite-difference 有限差分 first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法 goal attainment problem 目标达到问题 gradient 梯度 gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄 Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Independent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆 invoke 激活 iteration 迭代 iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘 least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的 Levenberg-Marquardt method 列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题 local solution 局部解M medium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomialinterpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的 norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method 多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的 quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值 residuals 残差 robust 稳健的 robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性S scalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method 序列二次规划法 simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式 sparsity structure 稀疏结构 starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和 symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息 termination tolerance 终止容限 the exit condition 退出条件 the method of steepest descent 最速下降法 transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的 under-determined system 负定系统Vvariable 变量 vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近 array 数组 a spline in b-form/b-spline b 样条 a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline 分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数 break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式 cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条 cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation 三次样条插值/三次样条内插 curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度 dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件input argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插 interval取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次 multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数 order 阶次 output argument 输出参数P point/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条 rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）Sscalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数 spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面 smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差 absolute tolerance 绝对容限 adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图 converge 收敛 coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的 decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditions Dirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann 边界条件 geometry 几何形状geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵 geometry matrix 几何矩阵 graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值 loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度 mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件NNeuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件 node point 节点 nonlinear solver 非线性求解器 normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的 partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变 plane stress 平面应力 Poisson's equation 泊松方程 polygon 多边形 positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限 relative tolerance 相对容限 residual 残差 residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的二、常用的数学英语表述1.Logicthere existfor allp?q p implies q / if p, then qp?q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent2.Setsx∈A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of Ax?A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of AA?B A is contained in B / A is a subset of BA?B A contains B / B is a subset of AA∩B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection BA∪B A cup B / A join B / A union BA\B A minus B / the diference between A and BA×B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B3. Real numbersx+1 x plus onex-1 x minus onex±1 x plus or minus onexy xy / x multiplied by y(x - y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus yx y x over y= the equals signx = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5x≠5x (is) not equal to 5x≡y x is equivalent to (or identical with) yx ≡ y x is not equivalent to (or identical wit h) yx > y x is greater than yx≥y x is greater than or equal to yx < y x is less than yx≤y x is less than or equal to y0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 10≤x≤1zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1 | x | mod x / modulus xx 2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2x 3 x cubedx 4 x to the fourth / x to the power fourx n x to the nth / x to the power nx ?n x to the (power) minus nx (square) root x / the square root of xx 3 cube root (of) xx 4 fourth root (of) xx n nth root (of) x( x+y ) 2 x plus y all squared( x y ) 2 x over y all squaredn! n factorialx ^ x hatx ˉ x barx ?x tildex i xi / x subscript i / x suffix i / x sub i∑ i=1 n a i the sum from i equals one to n a i / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the a i4. Linear algebra‖ x ‖the norm (or modulus) of xOA →OA / vector OAOA ˉ OA / the length of the segment OAA T A transpose / the transpose of AA ?1 A inverse / the inverse of A5. Functionsf( x ) fx / f of x / the function f of xf:S→T a function f from S to Tx→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to yf'( x ) f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivative of f with respect to xf''( x ) f double-prime x / f double-dash x / the second derivative of f with r espect to xf'''( x ) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third derivative of f with respect to xf (4) ( x ) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to xf ? x 1the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x12 f ? x 1 2the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1∫ 0 ∞the i ntegral from zero to infinitylim?x→0 the limit as x approaches zerolim?x→0 + the limit as x approaches zero from abovelim?x→0 ?the limit as x approaches zero from belowlog e y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) yln?y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y一般词汇数学mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理axiom定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数augend, summand加数addend和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘数multiplicand, faciend乘数multiplicator积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数dividend除数divisor商quotient等于equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于is greater than 小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system权weight, significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra公式formula, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial多项式polynomial, multinomial系数coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式equation一次方程simple equation二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equation不等式inequation阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth power n次方the power of n, the nth power开方evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根square root三次方根，立方根cube root四次方根the root of four, the fourth root n次方根the root of n, the nth root集合aggregate元素element空集void子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数function定义域domain, field of definition值域range常量constant变量variable单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列，级数series微积分calculus微分differential导数derivative极限limit无穷大infinite(a.) infinity(n.) 无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral 有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginary number复数complex number矩阵matrix行列式determinant几何geometry点point线line面plane体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角perigon底base边side高height三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle等边三角形equilateral triangle四边形quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽width附：在一个分数里，分子或分母或两者均含有分数。
Synopsys Formality EC Solution说明书
DATASHEETOverview Formality ® is an equivalence-checking (EC) solution that uses formal, static techniques to determine if two versions of a design are functionally equivalent.Formality delivers capabilities for ECO assistance and advanced debugging to help guide the user in implementing and verifying ECOs. These capabilities significantly shorten the ECO implementation cycle.The size and complexity of today’s designs, coupled with the challenges of meeting timing, area, power and schedule, requires that the newest, most advanced synthesis optimizations be fully verifiable.Formality supports all of the out-of- the-box Design Compiler ® and Fusion Compiler™ optimizations and so provides the highest quality of results that are fully verifiable.Formality supports verification of power-up and power-down states, multi-voltage, multi- supply and clock gated designs.Formality’s easy-to-use, flow-based graphical user interface and auto-setup mode helps even new users successfully complete verification in the shortest possible time.Figure 1: Formality equivalence checking solutionIndependent formalverification of DesignCompiler and FusionCompiler synthesisresults, with built-in intelligencedelivering the highestverifiable QoRFormality Equivalence Checking and Interactive ECOKey Benefits• Perfect companion to Design Compiler and Fusion Compiler—supports all default optimizations• Intuitive flow-based graphical user interface• Verifies low-power designs including power-up and power-down states• ECO implementation assistance, fast verification of the ECO, and advanced debugging• Auto setup mode reduces “false failures” caused by incorrect or missing setup information• Multicore verification boosts performance• Automated guidance boosts completion with Design Compiler and Fusion Compiler• Verifies full-custom and memory designs when including ESP technologyFormalityThe Most Comprehensive Equivalence Checking SolutionFormality delivers superior completion on designs compiled with Design Compiler or Fusion Compiler. Design Compiler is the industry leading family of RTL Synthesis solutions. Fusion Compiler is the next generation RTL-to-GDSII implementation system architected to address the complexities of advanced process node design. Designers no longer need to disable the powerful optimizations available with Design Compiler or Fusion Compiler to get equivalence checking to pass. Design Compiler/Fusion Compiler combined with Formality delivers maximum quality of results (QoR) that are fully verifiable.Easy to Use with Auto-setup modeFormality’s auto-setup mode simplifies verification by reducing false failures caused by incorrect or missing setup information. Auto-setup applies setup information in Formality to match the assumptions made by Design Compiler or Fusion Compiler, including naming styles, unused pins, test inputs and clock gating.Critical files such as RTL, netlists and libraries are automatically located. All auto-setup information is listed in a summary report.Guided SetupFormality can account for synthesis optimizations using a guided setup file automatically generated by Design Compiler or Fusion Compiler. Guided setup includes information about name changes, register optimizations, multiplier architectures and many other transformations that may occur during synthesis. This correct-by-construction information improves performance and first-pass completion by utilizing the most efficient algorithms during matching and verification.Formality-guided setup is a standard, documented format that removes unpredictability found in tools relying on log file parsing.Independent VerificationEvery aspect of a guided setup flow is either implicitly or explicitly verified, and all content is available for inspection in an ASCII file.Figure 2: Automatic cone pruning improves schematic readability when debuggingHier-IQ TechnologyPatented Hier-IQ technology provides the performance benefits of hierarchical verification with flat verification’s out-of- the-box usability.Error-ID TechnologyError-ID identifies the exact logic causing real functional differences between two design representations. Error-ID can isolate and report several logic differences when multiple discrepancies exist. Error-ID will also present alternative logic that can be changed to correct a given functional difference; this flexibility allows the designer to select the change that is easiest to implement.Failing Pattern Display WindowAll failing input patterns can be viewed in a familiar spreadsheet-like format. The failing pattern window is an ideal way to quickly identify trends indicating the cause of a failing verification or improper setup.Figure 3: Problem areas can be easy identified by visual inspection of the Failing Pattern WindowPower-aware VerificationFormality is fully compatible with Power Compiler™ and verifies power-up and power-down states, multi-voltage, multi-supply and clock gated designs.When a reference design block is powered up, Formality verifies functionality. If the implementation design powers up differently, failing points will occur.Formality functionally verifies that the implementation powers down when the reference powers down and will detectfunctional states where the implementation does not power down as expected. The valid power states are defined in the power state table (PST).Power intent is supplied to Formality through IEEE 1801 Unified Power Format (UPF).Figure 4: Power connectivity is easy to see and debug from the schematic viewAccelerated Time to ResultsFormality’s performance is enhanced with multicore verification. This Formality capability allows verification of the design using up to four cores simultaneously to reduce verification time.Other Time-Saving FeaturesFormality’s Hierarchical Scripting provides a method to investigate sub-blocks without additional setup and is ideal for isolating problems and verifying fixes.The Source Browser opens RTL and netlist source files to highlight occurrences of a selected instance. This can help users correlate between the RTL and gate-level design versions.Error Region Correlation provides a quick, visual identification of the logic from one design that correspond to the errors isolated by Error-ID within the other.Command Line Editing allows you to take advantage of history and common text editor commands when working from Formality’s command line.Interactive ECOKey BenefitsProvides GUI-driven ECO implementation assistance, fast ECO verification, and advanced debugging. Formality guides the user through the implementation of ECOs, and then quickly verifies only the changed logic.Formality Interactive ECO FlowFormality uses the ECO RTL and an unmodified netlist. Guided GUI driven changes are made to the netlist. Once the ECO has been implemented, a quick verification is run on only the affected logic cones, eliminating the need for a full verification run on the design to verify that the ECO was implemented correctly.Once all ECO’s are implemented and fully verified, a list of IC Compiler™ commands is generated to assist in implementing the physical changes to the design.ECO GuidanceFormality highlights equivalent nets between the reference and implementation designs, and nets that have lost their equivalence due to the ECO changes in the reference. This helps the designer quickly identify where the change should be made in the implementation.Implementing the ECOEditing commands in Formality are used to modify the netlist in-place using the GUI.Rapid ECO VerificationFormality can identify and verify just the portion of the design affected by the ECO. This ensures that the ECO was implemented correctly. If the ECO verification fails, the ECO can be interactively “undone” and new edits can be made again. Once the partial verification passes, the changes are committed. This partial verification eliminates having to verify the entire design to assure that the ECO was implemented correctly, dramatically reducing the total time required to implement and verify the ECO.Figure 5: Equivalent net is highlighted between Reference design (left) and Implementation design (right)Figure 6: On a completed ECO, the schematic shows the nets affected by ECO in yellow, and the new component and net in orangeFigure 7: Formality transcript shows a successful partial verification of the portion of the design that was affected by the ECOInterface with IC Compiler IIOnce the ECO’s are implemented and verified, a final complete verification run is performed to assure that the ECO RTL and the ECO netlist are functionally equivalent.Formality produces IC Compiler II compatible ECO command file, easing the implementation in the physical design.Advanced DebuggingFormality incorporates advanced debugging capabilities that help the designer identify and debug verifications that do not pass. The designer can find compare points, equivalences (and inverted-equivalences) between reference and implementation designs, perform “what if” analysis by interactively modifying the designs, and verify equivalence between two (or multiple) points.Transistor VerificationESP combines with Formality to offer fast verification of custom circuits, embedded memories and complex I/Os. ESP technology directly reads existing SPICE and behavioral RTL models and does not require restrictive mapping or translation.Input Formats• Synopsys DC, DDC, Milkyway™• IEEE 1800 SystemVerilog• Verilog-95, Verilog-2001• VHDL-87, VHDL-93• IEEE 1801 Unified Power Format (UPF)Guided Setup Formats• Synopsys V-SDC• Formality Guide Files (SVF)Platform Support• Linux Suse, Red Hat and Enterprise• SPARC SolarisFor more information about Synopsys products, support services or training, visit us on the web at: , contact your local sales representative or call 650.584.5000.©2019 Synopsys, Inc. All rights reserved. Synopsys is a trademark of Synopsys, Inc. in the United States and other countries. A list of Synopsys trademarks isavailable at /copyright.html . All other names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.。
爱得思ALEVEL 2015 经济2真题
Examiners’ Report/Principal Examiner Feedback January 2015Pearson EdexcelInternational Advanced Level (IAL) Economics (WEC02) Unit 2Edexcel and BTEC QualificationsEdexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at or . Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at /contactus.Pearson: helping people progress, everywherePearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: /ukJanuary 2015Publications Code IA040506All the material in this publication is copyright© Pearson Education Ltd 2015IntroductionAround 70% of candidates attempted Q10 rather than Q9. This was surprising as we thought that the context for Q9 would appear attractive to candidates and, with a focus upon the construction industry, provide a clear opportunity to achieve application marks for the use of case study references.As in the January and June 2014 reports, more work is required on the interpetation of charts, graphs and numerical data.Distinguishing between GDP and GDP gowth showed some very common misunderstandings. Again, as in the January and June 2014 reports, candidates need to learn pecise definitions and have more experience interpreting macroeconomic data.For supported multiple choice questions, simply repeating the stem of the question or simply rejecting by saying cannot be A because it is B is not going to achieve a mark. A rejection mark must be explained.The use of data and context is very important in Section B. In some cases candidates were completing purelygeneric responses, making no rerefence to the data and therefore not really ansering the question. Their knowledge, application and analysis marks were often limited as a result.Diagrams must be drawn correctly for full credit. There were numerous examples of either partiallydrawn AD/AS diagams or incorrectly labelled dagrams. It is important that candidates practice drawing diagrams and labelling them correctly.Candidates must understand the difference between SRAS and LRAS and this is represented in their diagrams. There were some excellent responses where candidates referrred to the effects of investment upon AD and LRAS. This demonstrated good engagement with the issues surrounding high and low levels of investment in bith Q9 and Q10.Question 1This question was generally not well answered with a very low mean mark and a mode of 0.It was surprising how many candidates failed to notice that the question was about GDP growth and not GDP (there are no total GDP figures in the stem of the question or the data table). Many candidates selected Option B for the Part A. This showed that either the candidate did not understand the difference between DP and GDP growth or else had misread the question.Candidates were rewarded for defining GDP growth or economic growth, although many defined GDP and failed to achieve marks.Remember that candidates can achieve 3 marks for the explanation even if they get Part A incorrect; rejection marks are available even if part A is wrong so candidates shold be encouraged to explain why at least one of the distractors is not correct.Question 2There were some very good responses to this question with a mean of 3 and mode of 4 marks. Accurate diagrams were awarded 2 marks along with precise definitions to achieve 3 marks for Part B. Many candidates accurately defined inflation for which they were awarded a mark.The rejection points had to be explained/developed to some extent to be rewarded with a mark. There were many examples of candidates simply offering the unsupported assertion that currency depreciation will increase AD without explaining why or that lower interest rates will create inflationary pressures with no explanation.Question 3Many candidates performed well on this question with a mean of 2 and a mode of 3, most achieving full marks for Part A and then going on to define macroeconomic policy objectives, with relevant examples (including economic growth and environmental sustainability). They then went on to analyse the clash, or trade off, between economic growth and environmental damage. Some tried to explain the clash in terms of the local farmers losing their jobs (increasing unemployment). This was not in the mark scheme as the mine would create employment. The focus of the question was upon economic growth versus environmental degradation.This question was not answered as well, wth a mean and mode of 2 marks. Manycandidates are getting Part A correct and clearly understood the nature of capital investment and the relationship to productivity, AD and LRAS. However, manyfailed to note that investment as a % of GDP in Greece was falling. They talked about investment as a component of AD but did not refer to the impact of falling investment. They were not therefore awarded analysis marks for their response.There were a few examples where candidates provided a diagram – this was acceptable and was rewarded for showing inward shift of AD or of LRAS. Some candidates provide diagrams but showed increasing investment which was not the case in this question.Question 5This was generally well answered with a mean of 3 and a mode of 4. A large number of candidates got part A correct. Many annotated the diagram correctly (a few created their own diagram) and then showed an understanding of commodities and the likely impact upon production costs (and impact upon SRAS). Some candidates who got Part A incorrect were still able to achieve a mark for Part B by associating commodities with (falling) production costs. Not many candidates seemed to attempt to cover the rejection marks which is always a risky strategy in terms of examination tecnique.It was pleasing to see that centres had apparently taken the advice from the January and June 2014 reports and learned about the impact of commodity prices upon the macroeconomy.Question 6There were many reasonable responses to this question, with a mean of 2 and a mode of 3 marks. Many candidates were able to either define the multiplier (using the correct formula) and/or complete the calculation, achieving 2 marks for Part B. They were less successful in explaining the multiplier, with some vague and confusing explanations. In order to achieve explanation marks it had to be clear that the candidate understand the process and did not just assert that “investment increases AD”.Question 7This was quite well answered with a mean of 2 and a mode of 3 marks. There were some attempts to introduce micro analysis, increasing labour supply reducing costs for firms. Many candidates mentioned an increase in the size of labour force and were rewarded but very few linked this to potential output. Even fewer qualified the impact upon LRAS in terms of labour productivity, skills etc and so analysis marks were quite rarely awarded.Question 8This was generally well done with a mean of 3 and a mode of 4 marks. Candidates who provided a correct diagram achieved full marks. We were looking for a movement along the SRAS curve; many candidates simply labelled the curve as AS. If the diagram was not fully labelled then relatively easy marks were lost. Where there was no explanation of the mechanism (and no diagram) no application or analysis marks were awarded.Most candidates attempted Q10 rather than Q9 for Section B.As in January and June 2014, there were many formulaic answers which failed toapply knowledge to the data/economies in question. Also, there was again some confusion between the “causes” and the “effects” of policies or changes ineconomic variables.Question 9aThis was generally well answered with a mean of 2 and a mode of 3.Many candidates provided reasonable definition of ILO unemployment achieving 1 or 2 marks and with one data reference, usually the percentage change, thus achieving 3 marks . There were very few examples of candidates who went further, to suggest that the rising unemployment may have been due to the collapse of construction industry.Question 9bThe general standard of responses to this question was disappointing, given the clear extracts and data, with a mean of 5 and a mode of 6 marks. We were looking for the use of data to discuss the boom and bust in the construction sector and its impact upon the Spanish economy. Many candidates used the data but did not really develop their analysis or offer much evaluation in terms of the macroeconomic impact. There were some purely generic responses discussing increases in AD with no reference to the Spanish context which could not achieve more that 6 marks for knowledge, application and analysis (KAA).Question 9cThe mean and mode for this qustion was a low 4 marks. There were no marks here for defining unemployment, as these marks are awarded in Q9a. Candidates need to understand that repeated definitions are unlikely to be double marked. Data references were required to lift KAA marks above 4. Again, generic responses can only achieve Level 1KAA. For evaluation marks there had to be an awareness of the potential positive effects f unemployment upon inflation, wages or international competitiveness.Question 9dThere was a mean of 3 and a mode of 4 marks for this question. We were looking for candidates to use the terms surplus and deficit accurately and relate them to the specific data. Then explain the relationship in each case (or implicitly through a logical explanation of deficit). There had to be an explanation of the relationship between unemployment and budget balance for more than 3 marks. Candidates who simply identified a surplus turning into a deficit (without data references), while unemployment increases, failed to explain the relationship. The explanation also needed to be in context for more than 1 mark to be awarded for each relationship. Candidates who just identified 1 relationship (EG high unemployment and budget deficit) could only achieve 3 marks. We were looking for an explanation of the surplus and the deficit for 6 marks.There was a mean of 5 and a mode of 8 marks for this question. Most candidatesreferred to the case study, commenting upon reduced spending and higher taxation. Most completed a correct diagram for up to 4 marks. The use ofcontext then allowed them to access above 6 marks for KAA. The evaluation content in the responses tended to be thin and this restricted access to the higher evaluation marks.Question 10aThis was intended to be a relatively straightforward question targeting basic learning while providing the opportunity for some candidates to demonstrate a more sophisticated understanding of the measure. It was generally answered very well with a mean of 3 and a mode of 4 marks. The main reason for marks being lost was missing elements such as weighting or indexing against a base year.Question 10bThere was a mean a mode of 4 marks for this question.Many responses this question were rather generic. References to the data and/or the UK economy were required to lift the response above 4 marks for KAA. The data emphasised the extent to which inflation is “imported” (cos t-push) as a result of sterling depreciation, however candidates who commented upon the increased demand for UK exports were rewarded. In general, candidates who provided a relevant diagram tended to produce a more focused, coherent response.Question 10cThis question was not well answered, although it was a fairly standard macroeconomic question. There was a low mean of 5 and a mode of just 4 marks. Many candidates failed to use the data effectively and were therefore unable to access above 6 marks for KAA. As in previous series, some confused cause with effect and did not really answer the question.Question 10dThis question was generally answered well, with good definitions, data references and the candidates’ own examples. Many candidates demonstrated a pleasing understanding of the concept of LRAS and full employment, as well as linking to improvements in productivity and efficiency. There was a mean and a mode of 3 marks for this question.Question 10eThere was a mean of 6 and a mode of 7 marks for this question. A diagram was and data references were required to achieve above 6 marks for KAA. There were many generic responses without data references; there were clear references in the data (Extract 2) to low levels of investment in UK economy. Thus candidates who simply discuss the impact of increased investment were not answering in context. The question was about low levels of investment in the UK and the short and long term impact of this. It was not simply a question about investment as a component of AD.Based on their performance on this paper, candidates are offered the following advice:∙Remember to look out for questions that ask you to evaluate your answer.In such questions, try to apply your evaluation to the specific analyticalpoint that you havejust made. For example, rather than a throwawaycomment at the end of a paragraph that "it depends on the elasticity ofthe AS curve" etc., explain what depends on this, why and how this affects your initial argument. Expanding on your evaluative points in this way will help you to achieve higher level evaluation marks.∙Watch your timing throughout the exam, and try to incorporate some time for planning your answers to the longer questions.∙Diagram must be correct to be awarded full marks. Labels for diagrams must show:∙Y-axis: Price Level / CPI (Price on its own is incorrect)∙X-axis: Real output∙SRAS and/or LRAS curves labelled∙AD curve labelled∙Shifted curves labelled correctly∙Changes in price level and real output labelled correctlyGrade BoundariesGrade boundaries for this, and all other papers, can be found on the website on this link:/iwantto/Pages/grade-boundaries.aspxPearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828 with its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE。
saber2007的基础使用方法
一般来说我们用saber2007我们会用到两个应用，一个是saber simulator这个是标准用来仿真的，另一个是saber sketch这个是用来画电路图的，但是呢，现在我们就用一个应用saber sketch 它有个快捷键可以调用saber simulator 就是下图这个。
PASS:不要懒网上教程一大堆多搜搜吧。
点开前的界面↓。
点开后的界面↓。
上面就介绍到那，我们继续下一步，器件的查找和放置。
下面是如何查找器件↓。
下面这个是放置器件↓器件的参数填写和一般的参数代表的意思，其一↓（在这有必要的提醒下对于英语不好的同学还是安装一个翻译软件比较好，我安装的是必应词典。
）器件的参数填写和一般的参数代表的意思，其二↓下面是saber不知道是那个版本的器件库介绍，我估计着是2006吧？但是我看了下都可以找到，我们就多了两个A开头的库（Aerospace和Automotive）。
呃，貌似有点乱，你们也就将就着看了吧！！！Saber Parts Gallery:Assembled by SubLater( 按中文意思归类，括号中是特殊部件和必要注释)★Characterized Parts Libraries 特性元件├─DX├─Diode 二极管(Zener 齐纳、Power 功率)├─BJT 三极管(Darlington 达林顿、Power 功率、Array 阵列)├─JFET/MOSFET/ 功率MOSFET 场效应管├─SCR/IGBT ，Switch 模拟开关器件├─Analog Multiplexer 模拟多路开关├─OpAmp 运算放大器├─Comparator 比较器├─ADC 、DAC├─Fuse 保险丝、Resettable Fuse 可复位保险丝(PPTC)├─Inductor 电感线圈├─Transformer 变压器├─Motor 电机模型├─PWM 控制器、PFC 元件├─Schmitt Trigger 施密特触发器├─Sensor 传感器├─Timer 定时器├─Transient Suppressor 暂态抑制器├─Voltage Reference 电压参考给定├─Voltage Regulator 电压调节器├─SL├─Diode 二极管(Zener 齐纳)├─BJT 三极管(Darlington 达林顿)├─JFET/ 电力MOSFET 场效应管├─SCR/IGBT ，Switch 模拟开关器件├─OpAmp 运算放大器├─Comparator 比较器================================ =============================== ★Integrated Circuit 集成电路IC├─Wire&Cable 导线和线缆( 导线、线缆、传输线) ├─DSP Building Block:DSP 数字信号处理单元( 和采样离散控制单元一样)├─Data Conversion 数据转换单元├─ADC 、DAC├─Data Acquisition System 数据获取元件├─Sample&Hold Amplifier 采样- 保持放大器├─Sample Data Conversion Block 采样数据转换单元( 和采样离散控制单元类似)├─Digital Block 数字电路单元├─Digital Source 置位信号源├─Gate 门电路├─Comparator 比较器├─Multiplexer:MUX 数据选择器├─Demultiplexer:DeMUX 数据分配器├─Flip-Flop&Latch:FF 双稳态触发器、锁存器├─Counter 计数器├─Register 寄存器Logic Clock 逻辑时钟BJT,Logic Case,TransistorSwitch 开关Adder,Full 1 bit 加法器Buffer 缓冲器(Logic 逻辑、Tri-State 三态) PWM 输出├─Power&Ground 直流电源和接地├─Electrical Source 交流信号源├─Voltage Source 电压源(Controlled 受控) ├─Current Source 电流源(Controlled 受控) ├─Passive Element 无源器件├─Capacitor 电容├─Inductor&Coupling 电感线圈、耦合变压器├─Resistor 电阻Piecewise Linear Conductance 分段线性电导Short 短接线├─Semiconductor Device 半导体器件├─Diode 二极管(Zener 齐纳)├─BJT 三极管(Power 功率)├─JFET/MOSFET 场效应管(Power 功率)├─Thyristor 晶闸管/IGBT 开关管├─OpAmp 运算放大器├─Transmission Line 传输线├─Voltage Comparator 电压比较器├─Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器================================ =============================== ★★Power System 电力系统( 基本就是MAST Parts Library 中的Electronic、再加上Schmatic Design 、Source PowerGround 、Thermal Devices)├─Behavioral Compensastor 行为补偿单元├─Control System 控制系统├─Data Conversion 数据转换单元├─Digital Block 数字电路单元├─Electrical 电路单元├─Electro-Mechanical 机- 电系统├─Functional Element 功能单元├─Instrument 仪器├─Graphical Modeling 图形化建模├─Interface Model 变量接口模块├─Source,Power&Ground 交流信号源，直流电源和接地├─Passive Element 无源元件├─Semiconductor Device 半导体器件├─OpAmp 运算放大器├─Voltage Comparator 电压比较器├─Voltage Regulator 电压调节器├─PWM Control:PWM 控制器├─Thermal Device 发热元件├─Schematic Design 原理图设计================================ =============================== ★Control System 控制系统├─Continuous Control Block 连续控制单元├─Control System Source 控制信号源├─Signal Combiner 信号综合点├─Function 数学函数(+-*/ 算术运算、舍入函数、三角函数)├─Derivative 微分器、Integrator 积分器├─Nonlinear 非线性函数├─Relational Operator 关系运算符Biquadratic Filter 双二次滤波器DC Motor w/Var Output 直流电机w/Var 输出Gain 增益PProportional-Integral:PI 控制器传递函数(Rational Polynomial 有理多项式/Zero_Pole 零极点形式)State Space 状态空间表达式Lag 滞后/Lead-Lag 超前- 滞后环节├─Digital Logic Block 逻辑运算单元├─AND(NAND),OR(NOR),NOT,XOR(XNOR) 逻辑运算├─Interface Model 变量接口模块├─Technology 物理量<->var,var<->Z├─Sampled Data Control Block 采样离散控制单元(Z 域)├─Z Domain Source:Z 域信号源├─Algebraic:Z 域算术运算├─Linear Combination 线性综合点├─Adder 加法器、Subtractor 减法器、Multiplier 乘法器├─Amplifier 放大器├─Comparator 比较器├─Modulator 调制器、Delta Modulator 三角调制器├─Differentiator 微分器、Integrator 积分器├─Interface 接口模块(var<->Z)(SDS)├─Rational Polynomial 有理多项式├─Miscellaneous 杂项├─ADC 、DAC├─Counter 计数器├─Integral Decimation├─RMS Voltage 输入电压方均根rms( 即有效值eff)├─Sinc Singal:Sinc 信号├─State Delay 延迟器================================ =============================== ★★MAST Parts Library MAST 元件├─Control System 控制系统( 基本是从Control System 中抽取的常用单元)├─Continuous System 连续控制单元├─Digital Logic Block 逻辑运算单元├─Interface Model 变量接口模块├─Sampled Data Control Block 采样离散控制单元├─Electrical 电路单元(Electrical 电路单元和独立的Power System 电力系统并无重复)├─Wire&Cable 导线和线缆(Wire 导线、Cable 线缆、Transmission Line 传输线)├─Circuit Protection Device 电路保护装置(Fuse 保险熔丝、Resettable Fuse 可复位保险(PPTC))├─Energy Source&Stroage 能量来源和存储装置(Battery 电池(Lead-Acid 铅酸Li-ion 锂离子) 、Fuel Cell 燃料电池、SuperCapacitor 超大电容)├─Switch&Relay 开关和继电器├─Simple Switch 简单开关├─Multi Pole or Throw Switch 多刀/ 多掷开关├─Switch Driver 开关驱动器├─Relay 继电器├─Electro-Mechanical 机- 电系统├─Alternator 交流发电机├─Generator 直流发电机├─Motor 直流、交流电动机模型├─Motor Control Component 电机控制部件├─Motor Driver 电机驱动器├─Motor 电机部件├─Solenoid Building Block 螺线管├─Damper 阻尼器├─Electromagnet 电磁铁├─Winding 线圈、绕组├─Magnetic Core 磁芯├─Magnetic Actuator 励磁器├─Mass 重物├─Spring 弹簧├─Stop 制动├─Switch&Relay 开关和继电器├─Simple Switch 简单开关├─Multi Pole or Throw Switch 多刀/ 多掷开关├─Switch Driver 开关驱动器├─Relay 继电器├─Electronic 电子系统( 除了行为补偿单元是Power System 中的外，其他都是从Integrated Circuit 中抽取的常用单元)├─Behavioral Compensator 行为补偿器├─Wire&Cable 导线和线缆(Wire 导线、Cable 线缆、Transmission Line 传输线)├─DSP Building Block:DSP 数字信号处理单元├─Data Conversion 数据转换单元├─Digital Block 数字电路单元├─Electrical Source 交流信号源├─Voltage Source 电压源(Controlled 受控)├─Current Source 电流源(Controlled 受控)├─Functional Element 功能单元├─Power Device 功率元件├─Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器DC/DC Convertor:DC/DC 变换器Three Phase Voltage Source 三相电压源Voltage Gain 电压增益、Voltage Summer 加法器、Voltage Subtractor/Difference 减法/ 差分器、Voltage Multiplier 乘法器Selector Switch 选择开关Constant Power Load 恒定功率负载Resistor 电阻Ideal 3-pin HyperModel: 理想3 端HyperModel Ramp Oscillator 斜坡振荡器├─Ideal Functional Element 理想功能单元├─Pole&Zero 零极点模型├─Switch 理想开关├─Two Port Block 双口网络├─Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器Delay,Ideal 理想电压延迟Diode,Ideal 理想二极管MOSFET,P Ideal/N Ideal 理想P/N MOSFET 场效应管SCR,with logic gate 理想SCR 、Switch 开关、Power Semiconductor 功率半导体OpAmp,Ideal 理想OpAmp 运算放大器PWM Averaged Continuous,Ideal Logic Out: 理想PWM 控制器Sample and Hold,Ideal 理想采样- 保持器Short 理想短接线Transcapacitor,LinearVoltage Clamp 理想电压箝位Voltage Gain 理想电压增益、Voltage Summer 加法器、Voltage Subtractor/Difference 减法/ 差分器、Voltage Multiplier 乘法器├─Instrument 仪器├─Detection 检测仪器├─Voltage Limit 电压限幅、Current Limit 电流限幅├─Var Limit:var 限幅├─Measurement 测量仪器├─Frequency 频率(Frequency Capture Time 频率捕获时间、Rise/Fall Time上升/ 下降时间、Period 周期、Duty Cycle 占空比、Jitter 抖动)├─Peak 峰值、Average 平均值、RMS 均方根├─Interface 变量接口单元(Electrical 电量<->var)├─Power&Ground 直流电源和接地├─Passive Element 无源元件├─Semiconductor Device 半导体器件├─OpAmp 运算放大器├─Voltage Comparator 电压比较器├─Voltage Regulator 电压调节器├─PWM Control:PWM 控制器├─Graphical Modeling 图形化建模├─Analog Model Synthesis 模拟系统模型( 从PlotFile)├─Electrical Modeling 电路系统模型├─Control Modeling 控制模型(S 域、频域)├─Z Domain Modeling:Z 域模型├─Interface Model 变量接口单元(Technology 物理量<->var ，var<->Z 域)├─Interface,Micro-Controller 数据接口微控制器(SMCI)├─Address I/O Port 地址IO 端口、Data I/O Port 数据IO 端口├─Analog Input 模拟量输入端口、PWM Output:PWM 数字量输出端口├─Serial I/O Port 串行IO 端口、BUS Control Port 总线控制端口├─Magnetic 磁路元件├─Inductor&Coupling 电感线圈、耦合变压器├─Meterial Compoent 磁材料├─Magnetic Source 磁源Magnetic Core 磁芯Magnetic Actuator 励磁器Magnetic Short 磁短接线Winding 绕组├─Schematic Design 原理图设计├─Border 页面边界├─Connector 页间连接点├─直流电源和接地├─SamePage/OffPage 同层( 小模块, 即Symbol) 输入输出连接点，Hierarchical 下层( 大模块, 即Hierarchy Symbol) 输入输出连接点Saber Include File Saber 头文件元件( 全局变量) ├─检测Sensor 传感器、Transducer 变送器├─Source 交流信号源、Power 直流电源和Ground 接地├─Thermal Device 发热元件好了到了这，怎么添加器件和器件库就介绍完了。
DC综合概念
multicycle_path
先看下单频率路径的建立关系和保持关系 Design Compiler calculates the default setup and hold relations and derives single-cycle timing, based on active edges 对于startpoint，active edge是寄存器的open edge。对于endpoint，active edge是寄存器的 close edge。 对于上升沿触发的寄存器，上升沿既是open edge也是close edge。
11
建立时间
左图中， 数据要求时间=T2 + Tlatency Tuncertainty_setup - Tsetup 数据到达时间=T1 + Tlantency + Tinput_delay + Tlogic2
前面一级用尽最大程度向后推 （最大的延迟），本级就最大力 气向前顶（最大不确定因素）。
Synopsys DC
Synthesis Conception
1
Design Flow
LEDA VCS DC, ISE FM PT ICC, Astro PrimeRail DFT Compiler StarRC Virtuoso, Cadence
2
DC: RTL->NetList Translation,将源代码 翻译成每条语句的功 能模块和模块之间的 拓扑结构，内部生成 电路的布尔函数的表 达，不做任何的逻辑 重组和优化，GTECH。 Opitimization，根据 时序和面积的约束条 件，对转译结果作逻 辑优化和重组。 Mapping,根据约束条 件，根据时序分析， 从目标工艺库中搜索 符合条件的单元来构 成实际电路。
ETP检测器的技术优势
ETP ACTIVE FILM Multipliers™from SGE are incorporated as original equipment in every major quadrupole ICPMS instrument being manufactured today. Robust construction and flexible discrete-dynode design make them the detector of choice for this demanding application.One of the perennial aims of inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS)development is for higher ion sensitivities and lower detection limits. The electron multiplier ion detector plays a key role in determiningthe overall detection limits that can be achieved by a mass spectrometer,influencing both ion sensitivity and background noise levels.In developing an Active Film Multiplierspecifically for ICPMS applications, efforts were concentrated on maximizing the ion signal count rate, while maintaining a very low background count rate. The result is an electron multiplier capable of ion detection sensitivities which are greatly improved over channel multiplier technology.Benefits:•Unsurpassed Sensitivity•Unrivalled Linearity and Dynamic Range •UnequaledOperational Lifetime •Easy Installation •Air Stable •Bakeable to 350°CFeatures•Low Noise •High Gain •Wide Linear Output Current Range•Low Dead TimeEach ACTIVE FILM Multiplier™is uniquely designed for a specificinstrument in order to optimize sensitivity and dynamic range and to take full advantage of instrument capability. Sophisticated ion and electron optics modeling and simulation ensure maximum ion collection efficiency and overall sensitivity. The large dynode active surface area guarantees optimum operational lifetime, and stable dynode materials allow repeated exposure to atmosphere without degradation.All ACTIVE FILM Multipliers™ for quadrupole ICPMS applicationsincorporate an off-axis configuration to eliminate noise due to photons.Two types of detectors are available, depending upon instrument dynamic range requirements:ETP ACTIVE FILM Multipliers™from SGEETP Electron Multipliersfor ICPMSPRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONElectron MultipliersETP ACTIVE FILM Multipliers™from SGE ETP Electron Multipliersfor ICPMSElectron MultipliersSGE International Pty. Ltd.Tel: +61 (0) 9837 4200Fax: +61 (0) 9874 5672Email: techsupport@SGE, Incorporated (USA)Toll Free: (800) 945 6154Fax: (512) 836 9159Email: usa@SGE Europe LtdTel: +44 (0) 1908 568844Fax: +44 (0) 1908 566790Email: uk@A DIVISION OF SGE GROUP OF COMPANIES © Copyright SGE International Pty. Ltd. All rights reserved. PD-0198-A Rev 03 09/01。
SystemVue入门与应用
第一章歡迎使用SystemVue (3)第二章安裝SystemVue (4)第三章SystemVue 簡介 (18)SystemVue 操作觀念 (18)開啟SystemVue (18)系統視窗System Window (19)範例系統Example System (26)回授系統範例Example Feedback System (29)系統工具項System Tool Bar (30)速度最佳化Speed Optimization (31)動態系統探針The dynamic System Probe (32)第四章系統時間System Time (32)開始時間/停止時間Start Time/Stop Time (33)取樣率/時間間隔Sample Rate/Time Spacing (33)取樣數與開始/停止時間鎖定No. (Number) of Samples and Start/Stop Time Lock (33)頻率解析度Frequency Resolution (34)更新時間值Update Time Values (34)自動設定取樣數Auto Set No. Samples (34)系統迴圈數Number of System Loops (34)修改系統取樣率Modifying the System Sample Rate (35)標記與混頻輸入Tokens and Mixed Rate Inputs (36)第五章SystemVue 標記 (37)來源標記( Sources ) (38)輸出標記(Sinks) (42)運算子Operators (46)函數Functions (52)乘法器Multipliers (58)加法器Adders (59)超系統輸入/輸出MetaSystem I/O (59)控制邏輯排程器Control Logic Scheduler (60)客製化標記庫Custom Libraries (66)範例Examples (72)第六章濾波器與線性系統Filters and Linear Systems (78)線性系統標記定義Linear System Token Definition (79)有限衝擊響應濾波器設計Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter Design (81)類比濾波器設計Analog Filter Design (96)拉普拉氏系統Laplace Systems (98)線性系統設計視窗中的根軌跡與波德圖 (101)窗型函數及係數的量化 (102)第七章超系統MetaSystems (103)建立一個超系統Creating a MetaSystem (104)檢視超系統Viewing a MetaSystem (104)儲存超系統Saving a MetaSystem (105)超系統範例MetaSystem Example (105)超系統的輸入/輸出標記MetaSystem I/O Tokens (109)超系統畫面MetaSystem Screen (110)超系統自動連接MetaSystem Auto Links (111)超系統使用原則Guidelines for Using MetaSystems (113)第八章動態系統探針The Dynamic System Probe (114)啟動功能Summon Functions (117)動態系統探針控制Dynamic System Probe Control (118)第九章分析視窗The Analysis Window (120)環境The Environment (120)開啟與使用分析視窗Accessing the Analysis Window and Displays (121)管理顯示視窗與系統資源Managing Plot Windows and System Resources (121)縮放與大小Zoom and Scale (122)座標標籤與畫面抬頭Axis Labels and Plot Titles (123)複製與貼至其它程式Copy and Paste to Other Programs (123)畫面動畫Plot Animation (123)資料計算器Sink Calculator (124)特殊工具Special Tools (136)第十章以SystemVue 建立數位訊號硬體迴路模擬 (139)第一章歡迎使用SystemVue歡迎使用Eaglewa-Elanix 公司所出版的通訊系統模擬軟體SystemVue。
EDA复习要点
第1章 EDA技术概述1. EDA：EDA(Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化，EDA技术依赖于强大的计算机，在EDA工具软件平台上，对以HDL(Hardware Description Language--硬件描述语言)为系统逻辑描述手段完成的设计文件，自动完成逻辑化简、逻辑分割、逻辑综合、结构综合(布局布线)，以及逻辑优化和仿真测试等项功能，直至实现既定性能的电子线路系统功能。
2. EDA的设计输入有：图形输入方式：原理图输入，状态图输入；HDL文本输入：VHDL，Verilog3. 常用缩写FPGA(Field Programable Gate Araay)CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Device)ASIC(Application Specific Interated Circuit)SOC(System on a Chip)SOPC(System-on-a-Programmable-Chip)HDL(Hardware Description Language)IP(Intellectual Property)CAD(Computer Aided Design)CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing)CAT(Computer Aided Test)CAE(Computer Aided Engineering)CAA(Computer Aided Analysis)4．综合(Synthesis)：将用行为和功能层次表达的系统转换成低层次的便于具体实现的模块组合装配过程。
整个综合过程就是将设计者在EDA平台上编辑输入的HDL文本、原理图或状态图形描述，依据给定的硬件结构组件和约束控制条件进行编译、优化、转换和综合，最终获得门级电路甚至更底层的电路描述网表文件。
5．适配：适配器也称结构综合器，它的功能是将由综合器产生的网表文件配置于指定的目标器件中，使之产生最终的下载文件，如JEDEC、Jam格式的文件。