国际经济学课后习题
国际经济学课后习题及答案(2)
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：参照教材中第一章第二节（第26页）的内容，将图1-6（a）中，以横坐标表示Y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示X商品供给，得出相应的生产可能性曲线；然后将图1-6（b）中，以横坐标表示Y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示Y的相对价格P Y/P X，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线做类似推导即可求出。
3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：两种商品同时达到均衡。
当一种商品达到均衡时，该商品的相对价格、均衡供给与需求、均衡状态下对生产要素的需求与供给都得以确定，则可得到另一种商品的相对价格、生产要素需求，从而确定该商品的均衡状态下供给和需求。
4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：参照教材图1-12、图1-13国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线的推导；过剩供给（或需求）曲线的形状，参见教材第30页。
5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：相一致。
国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算和国际收支1、如问题所述，gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。
在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去，出口的中间品价值加到gnp中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。
例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。
其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。
出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。
所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去，并加入美国的gnp。
2、（1）等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。
美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。
（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。
不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。
例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。
（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。
）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。
一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。
这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。
3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。
这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。
（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。
最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。
国际经济学课后习题答案(精编文档).doc
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。
1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。
（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。
国际经济学基础课后习题重点答案
第46页1、2、3、4题1、What were the mercantilists' views on trade? How were their views different from those of Adam Smith ? What is the relevance of all this today ?重商主义的观点是什么？它们与亚当斯密观点的不同之处？与今天有什么关系？Answer:①The mercantilists believed that a nation could gain in international trade only at expense of other nations. As a result ,they advocated restrictions on imports , incentives for exports , and strict government regulation of all economic activities .②The mercantilists believed that one nation could gain only at the expense of other nations and advocated strict government control of all economic activity and trade;Adam believed that all nations would gain from free trade and strongly advocated a policy of laissez-faire.③All of this is relevant today because many of the arguments made in favor of restricting international trade to protect domestic jobs are very similar to the mercantilists arguments made three or four c enturies ago. That is why we can say that”mercantilists is alive and well in the twenty-first century”.Thus we have to be prepared to answer and demonstrate that these arguments are basically wrong.2、What was the basis for and the pattern of trade accord ing to Adam Smith ? How were gains from trade generated ? What policies did Smith advocate in international trade ? What did he think was the proper function of government in the economic life of the nation ?根据亚当斯密的理论，其贸易模式的基础和模式是什么？贸易所得是怎样产生的？亚当主张在国际贸易中推行怎样的政策？他认为政府在国家的经济运行中应当扮演怎样的角色？Answer:The basis for trade:Absolute advantage.if one nation is more efficient than another nation in the production of one commodity, the nation has absolute advantage in that commodity.The gain of trade:Both nations can gain by each specializing in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exporting part of its output to the other nation for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.Policy:Adam Smith believed that all nations would gain from free t rade and strongly advocated free trade and a policy of laissez-faire,the policy of minimum government interference in or regulation of economic activity.3、（1）In what way was Ricardo’s law of comparative advantage superior to Smith’s theory of absolute ad vantage?Ricardo's law of comparative advantage is superior to Smith's theory of absolute advantage in that it showed that even if a nation is less efficient than or has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all commodities wit respect to the other nations,there is still a basis for beneficial trade for all nation.（2）how do gains from trade arise with comparative advantage？the gains from trade arise from the increased production of all commodities that arises when each country specializes in the production of and exports the commodities of its comparative advantage and imports the other commodities（3）How can a nation that is less efficient than another nation in the production of all commodities export anything to the second nation?the first nation should specialize in the production of and export th commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller and import the commodity in which ist absolute disadvantage is greater.104页1—8题1、（1）H-O theorem: the part of the H-O theory that postulates that a nation will export the commodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor.(2)Which force does Heckscher and Ohlin identify as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and trade?H-O identify the relative difference in factor endowments among nations as the basis determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.(3)In what way does the H-O theory represent an extension of the standard trade model present in the previous chapter?(a)By explaining the basis of comparative advantage (classical economists,such as Ricardo had assumed it )(b)By examining the effect of international trade on the earnings of factors of production.(which classical economists had left unanswered)2、104j页第二题？3、(4)What is the relationship to the international mobility of factors of production?With perfect mobility,labor would migrate from the low-wage nation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations became equal.similarly,capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate of interest was equalized in the two nations.While trade operates on the demand for factors,factor mobility operates on the supply of factors.the result is completely equalization in the returns to homogeneous factors.4、里昂惕夫之谜（1）Leontief paradox:the empirical finding that U.S. Import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S. Exports.this is contrary to the H-O trade model,which predicts that ,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products and export K-intensive products.（2）What are some possible explanations of the Paradox? P69-P71对里昂惕夫之谜的各种解释①Due to the high efficiency of American workers由于美国工人效率高所致②Due to the rich human capital of U.S. 由于美国人力资本丰富所致③Due to the natural resources of U.S. 由于美国自然资源所致④Due to the Factor intensity reversal由于生产要素密集型逆转所致⑤Due to the trade policies of U.S. 由于美国贸易政策所致⑥Due to the demand reversal由于需求逆转所致(3)What is the status of the H-O theory today?The H-O theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaining international trade today and there are other forces that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.these other trade theories thus complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern of trade.5、In what way can international trade with developing countries be said to have contributed to increased wage inequalities in the US during the past 20 years? (105页第五题）International trade with developing economies,especially newly industrializing economies (NIEs),contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades.Directly,byreduction the demand for unskilled workers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly,by speeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations,which further reduced the U.S. demand for unskilled workers.International trade,however,was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States.The most important cause was technological increased wage inequalities in the United States.The most important cause was technological change.6、（1）What is meant by economies of scale?规模经济即规模报酬递增Economic of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionally more than the increase in inputs of factors of production.For example,output may more than double with a doubling of input.（2）How can economies of scale be the basis for international trade?Even if two nations were identical inn every aspect,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade based on economies of scale.When each nation specializes in the production of one commodity,the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater than without specialization when economies of scale are present.With trade,each nation then shares in these gains.(3)What is meant by te “new international economies of scale”?the new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resulting from firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaper and better,and by establishing production facilities abroad.7、(1)What is meant by product differentiation?Product differentiation is the business change those basically the same products in some way to enable consumers to believe that these products exist differentiation so they have different preferences to these products.产品差异化是指企业以某种方式改变那些基本相同的产品，以使消费者相信这些产品存在差异而产生不同的偏好。
国际经济学课后习题答案
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G — L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1?希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。
（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20福利最大化仍在大米的边际替代率与贸易条件相等处，即Y 2X二1或Y=2X 处。
代 (2)因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比 较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。
(3) 如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算 机出口小麦。
加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口 1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用 3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用 60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用 60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了 3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。
冯德连主编《国际经济学》第二版课后习题答案
第一章练习与思考参考答案1．答：生产可能性曲线相同且为直线。
在自给自足经济下，各国将在生产可能性曲线与其社会无差异曲线的切点，EA 和EB上达到均衡。
需求条件的不同导致了各国在自给自足经济下的生产与消费的不同选择，但这些不同并不会引起两国之间相对价格的差异，两国的国内价格水平是相同的。
因此，不存在着贸易的基础。
2．答：因为，相对价格使得国际贸易成了物物交换的世界，消除了货币幻觉。
3．答：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
小国福利改善程度更明显些。
4．答：（1）在没有国际贸易的情况下，均衡要求国内需求数量与国内供给数量相等。
设两个方程相等，我们可以求出没有贸易情况下的均衡价格。
无贸易情况下的均衡价格为100，均衡数量为300。
（2）当价格为120时，A国的需求数量为290，它的供给数量为400。
在自由贸易条件下，A国将出口110个单位的产品。
（3）A国的消费者剩余将减少。
在无贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由需求曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更小的三角形。
A国的生产者剩余将增加。
在无贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为100的价格线围成的是一个更小的小三角形。
在自由贸易情况下，由供给曲线与数值为120的价格线围成的是一个更大的三角形。
整个国家从贸易中获得的净收益为生产者剩余的增加量与消费者剩余的减少量之差。
这一收益的大小等于一个三角形的面积：它的底边是产品贸易数量（110），它的高是价格的变化量（120-100=20）。
因此，总收益为1100。
5．答：他们的损失为，继续在国内销售480亿立方米木材价值的损失，加上少销售的40亿立方米木材价值总量的损失。
两者相加，共损失25亿美元。
6．答：（1）在自由贸易及每桶18美元价格下，国内生产数量QS 为18=+6QS，或QS=29亿桶。
国内消费数量18=42-4QD ，或QD=60亿桶。
国际经济学课后习题答案(0002)
国际经济学课后习题答案第一章1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。
3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？答：两种商品同时达到均衡。
一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。
4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：略，参见书上5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
国际经济学课后答案(word版).
第三章复习题(1)本国共有1200单位的劳动，能生产两种产品：苹果和香蕉。
苹果的单位产品劳动投入是3，香蕉的单位劳动产品投入时2。
a.画出本国的生产可能性边界。
b.用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少？c.贸易前，苹果对香蕉的相对价格是多少？为什么？答：a.本国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线，在400（1200/3)处与苹果轴相截，在600（1200/2）处与香蕉轴相截，如图2-7所示。
b.用香蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是3/2。
生产1单位苹果需要3单位的劳动，生产1单位香蕉需要2单位的劳动。
如果放弃1单位苹果的生产，这将释放出3单位的劳动。
这2单位的劳动可以被用来生产3/2单位的香蕉。
c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的工资趋同，竞争可以使得商品的价格等于它们的生产成本。
这样，相对价格等于相对成本，而相对成本等于工资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投入。
因为各个部门工资相等，所以价格比率等于单位产品劳动投入的比率，即生产苹果所需的3单位劳动与生产香蕉所需的2单位劳动比率。
（2）假设本国的情况和习题1相同。
外国拥有800单位的劳动，外国苹果的单位劳动投入是5，香蕉的单位产品劳动投入是1。
a.画出外国的生产可能性边界。
b.画出世界相对供给曲线。
答：a.外国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线，在160（800/5）处与苹果轴相截，在 800(800/1)处与香蕉轴相截。
如图2-8所示。
b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和香蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。
如图2-9。
从图2-9可以看出，苹果对香蕉的最低相对价格是3/2，在这个价格上，苹果的世界相对供给曲线是水平的。
在3/2的相对价格上，本国对苹果的最大供给量是400，外国对香蕉的供给量是800，这时，相对供给量为1/2。
只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间，相对供给量就不变。
如果相对价格成为5，两个国家都会生产苹果，香蕉的产量为零。
这时，相对供给曲线是水平的。
所以，从图2-9中可以看出，相对价格为3/2时，相对供给在0到1/2之间；相对价格在3/2和5之间时，相对供给保持1//2不变；当相对价格为5时，相对供给从1/2到无穷大。
international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案
international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。
国际经济学课后习题答案2
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。
1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。
（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。
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课后练习题答案详解 第一章练习与答案 为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案提示： 如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 证明如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势。——题出错了 证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
答案提示：如果XXba，则称A国在X生产上具有绝对优势；如果YXYXbbaa//，则称A
国在X生产上具有比较优势。当YYba或者YYba的时候，由XXba可以推出YXYXbbaa//，但是，当YYba的时候，XXba不能保证YXYXbbaa//。所以，即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。 根据书中第二个例子的做法，如果按照比较劣势的原则进行国际分工，那么会对世界生产带来什么净影响？ 答案提示： 假设某一国家拥有20，000万单位的劳动，X、Y的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界方程。
答案提示：2000000004151YXLL;XLX51;YLY41 根据上一题的条件，再加上以下几个条件，试确定该国的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角形。 X的国际相对价格为2； 进口为2，000个单位。
答案提示：封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是YXPP455141。因为X的国际相对价格为2，所以此国出口X进口Y。出口1,000个单位的X可以换得2,000个单位的Y。贸易三角是CADA’（见图2-5（a））。 在图2—2（b）中，过剩供给曲线两端是否有界限？试解释原因。 答案提示：过剩供给曲线两端是有界限的，因为一国生产能力和消费需求是有界限的。 8*． 仿照图2—4，你能否画出这样一种情形：两条曲线的交点所决定的国际均衡价格与某一国封闭下的相对价格完全相同？如何解释这种结果？ 答案提示：从大国、小国的角度考虑。 试对下列说法加以评价： 由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图； 因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力； 发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。 答案提示：以上三种观点都不正确。 10*．试根据李嘉图模型证明：如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A国的名义工资水平肯定高于B国。
答案提示：比较wxapw与wxbpw之间的大小。 第三章答案 根据下面的两个表，试判断：（1）哪个国家是资本相对丰富的；（2）哪个国家是劳动相对丰富的；（3）如果X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品，那么两国的比较优势如何？ 表1 要素禀赋 A B 劳动 资本 45 15 20 10 表2 要素禀赋 A B 劳动 资本 12 48 30 60 答案提示：表1中A国劳动相对丰裕，A国在生产Y产品上有比较优势。表2中A国资本相对丰裕，A国在生产X产品上有比较优势。 如果A国的资本、劳动总量均高于B国，但资本相对更多些，试仿照图3—3和图3—4的做法，确定两国生产可能性边界线的位置关系。 答案提示：
根据上一题，试在图中画出两国在封闭和开放下的一般均衡。 答案提示：
如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异还会引发国际贸易吗？如果贸 易发生的话，那么国际分工与贸易型态如何？试将你得出的结果与李嘉图模型加以比较。 答案提示：如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异将不会引发国际贸易。不过，国际贸易还可能存在，这时候的国际分工将有更多的偶然性质。 5*．试证明在图3—7中，两国的消费点共同位于从原点出发的一条直线上。 答案提示：根据两国的消费结构来判断 6*. 如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格是否均等，为什么？ 答案提示：如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格将不均等。可采用图3—8的方式来解释 7． 需求逆转是否会影响要素价格均等？为什么？ 答案提示：需求逆转导致两个国家相同产品的价格不一样，使得要素价格无法均等。 8． 如何根据罗伯津斯基定理，来解释要素禀赋不同的两个国家生产可能性边界之间的差 别？ 答案提示：罗伯津斯基定理是，在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。如果两个国家的要素禀赋不一样，则某种要素多的国家，会生产更多密集使用该要素的产品，反之亦然。所以，两个国家的生产可能性边界就出现了差别。 9． 如果一国的资本与劳动同时增加，那么在下列情况下，两种产品的生产以及该国的贸 易条件如何变化？ 资本、劳动同比例增加；
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pw 资本增加的比例大于劳动增加的比例； 资本增加的比例小于劳动增加的比例。 答案提示：（1）两种产品的产量同比例增加，贸易条件没有变化。 （2）资本密集型产品的生产增加更快，资本密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。 （3）劳动密集型产品的生产增加更快，劳动密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。 10．对小国来说，经济增长后福利如何变化？ 答案提示：对于小国来说，经济增长以后，不对国际价格形成影响，其贸易条件不会变化，所以福利将上升。 11．在战后几十年间，日本、韩国等东亚的一些国家或地区的国际贸易商品结构发生了， 明显变化，主要出口产品由初级产品到劳动密集型产品，再到资本密集型产品，试对 此变化加以解释。 答案提示：随着国际贸易的开展，日本、韩国等东亚国家发挥了比较优势，促进了生产，提高了福利。随着资本的不断积累，日本、韩国等国家的比较优势由起初的初级产品和劳动密集型产品的生产变成了资本密集型产品的生产，所以贸易结构也就相应地发生了变化。 12．试析外资流入对东道国贸易条件和比较优势的影响。 答案提示：外资流入可以从一定程度上改变东道国的要素禀赋，比如，使得原来资本相对稀缺的国家变成资本相对丰裕的国家。当要素禀赋改变以后，东道国可以发挥新形成的比较优势进行国际贸易，提高福利水平。如果外资流入的东道国在资本密集型产品的生产上增加特别多，以至于影响到国际价格，这将使得此国此种产品的出口价格有下降的压力，不利于贸易条件的维持和改善。 第四章习题答案提示 如果劳动不是同质的话，那么劳动技能的差别是否会造成特定要素的存在？试举例说明。 答案提示：会的。 如果短期内资本和劳动都不能自由流动，那么国际贸易对要素实际收入会产生什么影响？ 答案提示：出口产品密集使用的要素，其价格将上升；进口竞争产品密集使用的要素，其价格将下降。 根据本章所建立的特定要素模型，试析劳动增加对要素实际收入和两个部门的生产会产生什么影响？（提示：将图4—1中的纵坐标由原点Ox或Oy向外平行移动，然后比较一下新旧均衡点）。 答案提示：劳动增加并且完全就业，则整个经济的资本-劳动比例下降，劳动力价格将下降。劳动力增加将增加密集使用劳动力产品的产量；资本密集型产品的产量下降。 如果是某一特定要素增加，那么要素实际收入和两个部门的生产又将如何变化？（提示：考虑一下劳动需求曲线的变动）。 答案提示：某一特定要素增加，将导致密集使用该要素产品的产量上升，同时由于另一个部门释放出了一部分共同要素，使得另一个部门的产量下降了。共同生产要素的收入将上升。 根据你对3和4题的回答，试判断在上述两种情况下，罗伯津斯基定理是否依然有效？ 答案提示：依然有效。 假设某一国能源部门（比如石油部门）和制造业部门除劳动是共同的投入要素外，各使用一种不同的特定要素，那么，世界市场上能源价格的上涨对该国制造业部门的生产会产生什么影响？ 答案提示：随着世界市场能源价格上升，一部分劳动力将由制造业部门流到能源部门，能源部门产量增加，制造业部门的产量下降。 7*.根据特定要素模型，试判断短期内国际贸易能否导致要素价格均等化？为什么？（提