现代语言学名词解释

1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2).General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.

3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.

4).Synchronic study: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic study.

5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.

6).Language competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transformational-generative grammar （转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.

7).Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in lingui stic communication.

8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.

9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.

10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

11).Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.

12).Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other of meanings at the higher level.

14).Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

15).Cultural transmission: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.

16).Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication

1.Define the terms:

Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic

it is concerned with all the sounds that

It studies the speech sounds from the

sounds are perceived by the hearer.

3).acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to

is a standardized

the transcription with letter-symbols

for one sound. This is the

transcription normally used in dictionaries and

teaching

is the transcription with

the diacritics. This is the

transcription used by the phoneticians in their

study of speech

is a set of symbols which can be added to the

to make finer distinctions than the

letters alone

清音）: when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,

through without causing vibration,

the sounds

（浊音）: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are

the sounds in production of which

no articulators

Phonology studies the system of sounds of

a

language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey

a collection of abstract phonetic features, it is

a

The different phones which can represent a

phonetic environments

are called the

environment and distinguish meaning, they are

in phonemic

refers to the relation

are allophones of

the same

When two different forms are identical in

one sound segment which occurs in the

same place in the strings, the two words are said

to form a

are called

suprasegmental

features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone

Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the

distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

The

meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important

than the word in isolation, they are

collectively known as intonation. For example, English has four

basic types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the

fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.

4、morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which

studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which

words are formed.

5、inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the

inflections of word-formation.

6、derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the

study of word-formation.

7、morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of

language.

8、free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are

independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by

themselces or in combination with other morphemes.

9、bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes

which cannot be used independently but have to be combined

with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

10、root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand

by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be

combined with another root or an affix to form a word.

11、affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.

12、prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

13、suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they

modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases

change its part of speech.

14、derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form

to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of

affixes to stem to form nes words.

15、compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another

popular and important way of forming new words in English.