西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十三章课后习题答案—中国人民大

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西方经济学高鸿业主编第13章课后...

西方经济学高鸿业主编第13章课后...

西方经济学高鸿业主编第13章课后习题答案(Western economics, Gao Hongye, editor, thirteenth chapters, after-schoolExercises answer)1. in the two sector of the economy, equilibrium occurs when(C).A. actual savings equals actual investment;B. actual consumption plus actual investment equals output value;C. plans to save is equal to planned investment;D. total investment equals the income of the enterprise sector.2. when the consumption function is C = Aby (a>0,0<b<1), which showed that the average propensity to consume (A).A. is greater than marginal propensity to consume;B. is less than marginal propensity to consume;C. equals marginal propensity to consume; three cases aboveD. are possible.3., if the marginal propensity to save is 0.3, the investment expenditure will increase by 6 billion yuan, which will lead to an increase in the balanced income GDP (D).A. 2 billion yuan;B. 6 billion yuan;C. 18 billion yuan;D.20 billion yuan.4., in the balanced output level, whether the planned inventory investment and unplanned inventory investment must be zero?Answer: when a balanced production level is reached, the planned inventory investment is generally not zero, rather than the planned inventory investment must be zero. This is because the planned inventory investment is part of the planned investment, and the balanced output equals the output of the consumption plus planned investment, so the planned inventory is not necessarily zero. When the planned inventory increases, the inventory investment is greater than zero; when the planned inventory decreases, the inventory investment is less than zero. It should be pointed out that the stock is the stock, the stock investment is the flow, and the stock investment refers to the stock change. At the equilibrium level of output and inventory investment plan is part of a plan to invest, it is not zero, but the non planned inventory investment must be zero, if unplanned inventory investment is not zero, then it is not a balanced output. For example, enterprises wrongly estimated the situation, exceeded the market demand and produced more products, resulting in unplanned inventory investment.5. can the marginal propensity to consume and the average propensity to consume be always greater than zero and less than 1?Answer: consumption tendency is the relation between consumption expenditure and income, also called consumption function. The relationship between consumption expenditure and income can be studied from two aspects, one is the relationship between consumption expenditure and income variables, this is the marginal propensity to consume (can use the formula MPC = y or MPC = delta C delta dcdy), two is to investigate certainincome level of consumer spending in the relationship between the quantity and the this is the amount of income, the average propensity to consume (can use the formula APC = CY). The marginal propensity to consume is greater than zero and less than 1 of the total, because generally, increased consumer income, not only does not increase consumption is MPC = delta C delta y = 0, also won't increase revenue to increase consumption, the general situation is a part for increasing consumption, the other part is used to increase savings, i.e. y = C + delta delta delta s, therefore, delta C delta y + delta s delta y = 1, so, delta C delta y = 1 delta s delta y. As long as Delta s, delta y is not equal to 1 or 0, there are 0 < C, delta y < 1. However, the average propensity to consume is not always greater than zero, but less than 1. When people earn very little or even zero, they have to consume, even if they borrow money. Then the average propensity to consume will be greater than 1.6. what is Keynes's law and what is the social and economic background put forward by Keynes's law?Answer: the so-called Keynes Law refers to, no matter how much for the demand, economic system can provide the supply amount corresponding to the same price, that is to say the total social demand changes, will only cause the yield and income changes, until the supply and demand are equal, without causing a price change. This law is the background of Keynes's writing, "employment, interest and money" a book, the 1929 and 1933 in the western world economic depression, a large number of unemployed workers, a large number of idle resources. In this case, the increase in aggregate social demand will only makeuse of idle resources and increase production, rather than raise resource prices, so that product costs and prices can remain largely the same. The Keynes's law is thought to be suitable for short-term analysis. In the short run, prices are volatile and when social demand changes, firms first consider adjusting output rather than variable prices.7. the government purchase and government transfer payment belong to government spending, why the calculation of total demand of national income is only in government purchases excluding government transfer payments, which is why Cig (y = Xm) rather than Cigtr (y = Xm)?Answer: the government has increased transfer payments, although it has an impact on aggregate demand, but this effect is achieved by increasing disposable income and increasing consumer spending. If the transfer payment is included in the aggregate demand, the repeated calculation in the aggregate demand calculation will be formed. For example, the government increases the transfer payment by 1 billion yuan, assuming that the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, which will increase consumption by 800 million yuan. Here, the first round of aggregate demand increased by 800 million yuan, not 1 billion 800 million yuan. But if the 1 billion yuan transfer payment is also regarded as an increase in aggregate demand, then it is repeated calculation, that is, 1 billion yuan at a time,It's 800 million yuan at a time.8. why some western economists believe that a portion of national income from the rich to the poor will increase thetotal income level? Answer: their reason is that the rich consumption tendency and lower propensity to save is higher, while the poor and high consumption propensity (because of the poor low income, in order to maintain the basic living standards, the proportion of their spending in income must be greater than the rich, so) will be part of the national income from the rich to the poor that can improve the whole society consumption tendency, so as to improve the whole society's total consumption expenditure level, so the total output or total income will increase.9., why is the absolute value of the government expenditure multiplier larger than the absolute value of the government tax multiplier and the government transfer payment multiplier?Answer: the government (purchase) expenditure directly affects total expenditure, the change of both is the same direction. Changes in total expenditure are several times the amount of government purchases. This multiple is the government's purchase multiplier. But taxation does not directly affect total expenditure, which affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects total expenditure. Tax changes are in reverse direction with changes in total expenditure. When taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and total expenditure decreases. Total expenditure reductions are several times greater than taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier. Since tax revenue does not directly affect total expenditure, it will affect consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affect total expenditure. Therefore, the absolute value of thetax multiplier is less than the absolute value of the government purchase expenditure. For example, an increase of 1 billion yuan to buy a government, to increase 1 billion yuan of total demand, but the tax 1 billion yuan, will make people more disposable income of 1 billion yuan, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, one begins to increase consumer demand is only 800 million yuan, so the government spending multiplier of the absolute values of it must be greater than the tax multiplier.Government transfer payment impact on total expenditure is similar to tax, also indirectly affect the total expenditure, but also by changing people's disposable income to affect consumer spending and spending; the absolute value and the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is as large as the. But unlike taxes, the government transfers payments in the same direction as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.10. what is the mechanism of the balanced budget multiplier?Answer: a balanced budget multiplier is the ratio of changes in national revenues to changes in government revenues and expenditures when the amount of government revenue and expenditure increases or decreases in the same amount. In theory, the balanced budget multiplier equals 1. That is to say, if the government increases the expenditure of one yuan and increases the tax on one yuan of money, it will increase the national income by one yuan, because the government's expenditure multiplier is larger than the tax multiplier. Ifyou use the formula that is t = delta delta G (assuming that the transfer payment, and income tr constant) change is determined by the total expenditure changes, that is y = C + I + delta delta delta G, delta I assumes that the investment is unchanged, namely = 0, y = C +, delta delta delta G. The delta C = YD = beta (beta delta delta y delta T), therefore, there is y = P (Y - t) + delta G = P (Y - G) + delta (delta T = g for a g), the authors obtainedY (1 - beta) = delta G (1 - beta)Visible, delta y = g = 1 - beta 1 - beta = 1, i.e. balanced budget multiplier (expressed in KB), KB = g, delta y = 1.This conclusion can also be obtained by directly adding the government purchase expenditure multiplier and the tax multiplierKgkt = 11 - beta (1t) + - beta (1t) beta 1 (1t) = 111., why have some of the multipliers in the closed economy become smaller after foreign trade?Answer: in the closed economy, investment and government expenditures increase multiples of the national income increase is 11 - and beta have foreign trade after the multiple became M (11 - beta beta here and M denote the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to import), obviously the multiplier becomes small, this is mainly due to a part of the increase the income now used to buy imported goods.12. what is the difference between the three ways in which taxes, government purchases and transfer payments affect aggregate demand?Answer: aggregate demand consists of four components: consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases, and net exports.Taxation does not directly affect aggregate demand. It affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects aggregate demand. The change in taxation is in reverse direction with the change in aggregate demand. As taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and aggregate demand decreases. The decrease in aggregate demand is several times the increase in taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier.Government purchase expenditure directly affects aggregate demand, and both change in the same direction. Changes in aggregate demand are also several times the amount of government purchases,This multiple is the government's buying multiplier.The impact of government transfer payments on aggregate demand is similar to taxation, which indirectly affects aggregate demand, as well as changes in people's disposable income, thereby affecting consumer spending and aggregate demand. Moreover, the absolute value of the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is the same. But unlike taxes,the government transfer payments change in the same way as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.These three variables (taxes, government purchases and government transfer payments) are variables that the government can control, and policies that control these variables are called fiscal policies. The government can regulate the economic operation through fiscal policy.For example, an increase of $1 in government spending initially increased aggregate demand by $1, as government purchases were directly related to the demand for end products. But increase the transfer payment of 1 dollars and 1 dollars to reduce taxes, just make people disposable income increased by $1, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, while consumer spending increased only $0.8, the $0.8 is $1 increase transfer payments and tax cuts of $1 in the first round of the final product demand increases, the the difference between the government transfer payment and tax multipliers are equal and opposite, the absolute value of the government purchase multiplier is greater than the government transfer payment multiplier and the absolute value of the tax multiplier.The 13. assumption of an economy's consumption function is C = 1000.8yd investment, I = 50, g = 200 government purchase expenditure, government transfer payment tr = 62.5, t = 250 (tax unit for $1 billion).(1) seeking balanced income.(2) try to find the investment multiplier, the government expenditure multiplier, the tax multiplier, the transfer payment multiplier and the balanced budget multiplier.Answer: (1) by equationsSolvable y = 1000 ($100 million), so the balanced income level is $100 billion.(2) we can obtain the multiplier value directly according to the formula of the multiplier in the three sector economyInvestment Multiplier: ki = 11 - beta = 110.8 = 5Government spending multiplier: kg = 5 (equal to the investment multiplier)Tax Multiplier: KT = - 1 - beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4Transfer Payment Multiplier: KTR = 1 beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4The balanced budget multiplier is equal to the sum of government spending (purchase) multiplier and tax multiplierKB = Kgkt = 5 (4) = 1In the 14. part, assuming that the society to achieve the needs of full employment, national income is 1200, ask: (1) increase in government purchases; (2) to reduce taxes; (3) with the same amount of increase in government purchases and taxes (in order to balance the budget) to achieve full employment, the amountof how much?Answer: the question clearly uses a variety of multipliers. Originally balanced income is 1000, now need to reach 1200, then the gap = y = 200.(1) increase the government purchase of delta G = ykG = 2005 = 40.(2) decrease of tax = t = 200|kt| = 2004 = 50.(3) from the balanced budget multiplier equals 1, we can see that 200 of the government purchases and 200 of the tax revenue can achieve full employment.15. assume that the consumption function of economy and society in a C = 300.8yd, net tax total tax minus government transfer payment amount after TN = 50, investment I = 60, g = 50 government purchase expenditure and net export balance that exports minus imports after NX = 500.05y, for: (1) balance of income; (2) in the equilibrium level of income on the net export balance; (3) investment multiplier; (4) investment from 60 to 70 when the balance of income and net export balance; (5) when the equilibrium income net exports from NX = 50 to NX = 40 0.05y - 0.05y and net export balance.Answer: (1) disposable income: YD = Ytn = Y50Consumption: C = 300.8 (Y50)= 300.8y40= 0.8y10Equilibrium income: y = Cignx= 0.8y106050500.05y= 0.75y150The solution is y = 1500.25 = 600, i.e., the equilibrium income is 600.(2) net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 600 = 20(3) investment multiplier ki = 110.80.05 = 4.(4) when the investment increased from 60 to 70, there wereY = Cignx= 0.8y107050500.05y= 0.75y160The solution is y = 1600.25 = 640, i.e., the equilibrium income is 640.Net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 640 = 5032 = 18(5) the equilibrium income of the net export function changed from NX = 50 - 0.05y to NX = 40 - 0.05y:Y = Cignx= 0.8y106050400.05y= 0.75y140The solution is y = 1400.25 = 560, i.e., the equilibrium income is 560.Net export balance:Nx = 400.05y = 400.05 560 40 28×=-=12。

宏观经济学第六版课后习题答案解析(高鸿业版)

宏观经济学第六版课后习题答案解析(高鸿业版)

第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别?为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的,有效的,而从宏观看却是不合理的,无效的?解答:两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的对象不同。

微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为,而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。

(2)解决的问题不同。

微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。

(3)中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的,而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论,所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。

(4)研究方法不同。

微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法,而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。

两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。

经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。

为此,既要实现资源的最优配置,又要实现资源的充分利用。

微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题,而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。

它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。

(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。

(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究,即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。

由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同,分析方法也不同,因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的,而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。

例如,在经济生活中,某个厂商降低工资,从该企业的角度看,成本低了,市场竞争力强了,但是如果所有厂商都降低工资,则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强,而且职工整体工资收入降低以后,整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。

同样,一个人或者一个家庭实行节约,可以增加家庭财富,但是如果大家都节约,社会需求就会降低,生产和就业就会受到影响。

西方经济学宏观部分第6版课后习题答案详解

西方经济学宏观部分第6版课后习题答案详解

第十二章国民收入核算:L宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别?为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的,有效的,而从宏观看却是不合理的,无效的?解答:两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的碍不同。

微观经济学研究组成甦体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为,而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。

(2)解决的问题不同。

微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。

(3)中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的,而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论,所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决走展开的。

(4)研究方法不同。

微观经济学采用的是个星分析方法,而宏观经济学采用的是总星分析方法。

两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。

经济学硏究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。

为此,既要实现资源的最优配置,又要实现资源的充分利用。

微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题,而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。

它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。

(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和硏究方法。

(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的硏究,即j各宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。

由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同,分析方法也不同,因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的,而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。

例如,在经济生活中,某个厂商降{氐工资,从该企业的角度看,成本低了,市场竞争力强了,但是如果所有厂商都降低工资贝!)上面昭氐工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强,而且职工整体工资收入降低以后, 整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。

同样,一个人或者一个家庭实行节约,可以增加家庭财冨,但是如果大家都节约,社会需求就会降{氐,生产和就业就会受到影响。

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十六章课后习题答案-中国人民大学出版社

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十六章课后习题答案-中国人民大学出版社

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十六章课后习题答案中国人民大学出版社第十六章宏观经济政策实践1.什么是自动稳定器?解答:自动稳定器是指财政制度本身所具有的减轻各种干扰对GDP的冲击的内在机制。

自动稳定器的内容包括政府所得税制度、政府转移支付制度、农产品价格维持制度等。

2.是否边际税率越高,税收作为自动稳定器的作用越大?解答:在混合经济中投资变动所引起的国民收入变动比纯粹私人经济中的变动要小,原因是当总需求由于意愿投资增加而增加时,会导致国民收入和可支配收入的增加,但可支配收入增加小于国民收入的增加,因为在国民收入增加时,税收也在增加,增加的数量等于边际税率乘以国民收入,结果混合经济中消费支出增加额要比纯粹私人经济中的小,从而通过乘数作用使国民收入累积增加也小一些。

同样,总需求下降时,混合经济中收入下降也比纯粹私人部门经济中要小一些。

这说明税收制度是一种针对国民收入波动的自动稳定器。

混合经济中支出乘数值与纯粹私人经济中支出乘数值的差额决定了税收制度的自动稳定程度,其差额越大,自动稳定作用越大,这是因为在边际消费倾向一定的条件下,混合经济中支出乘数越小,说明边际税率越高,从而自动稳定量越大。

这一点可以从混合经济的支出乘数公式11-β(1-t)中得出。

边际税率t越大,支出乘数越小,从而边际税率变动稳定经济的作用就越大。

举例来说,假设边际消费倾向为0.8,当边际税率为0.1时,增加1美元投资会使总需求增加 3.57美元=1×11-0.8×(1-0.1),当边际税率增至0.25时,增加1美元投资只会使总需求增加2.5美元=1×11-0.8×(1-0.25),可见,边际税率越高,自发投资冲击带来的总需求波动越小,说明自动稳定器的作用越大。

3. 什么是斟酌使用的财政政策和货币政策?解答:西方经济学者认为,为确保经济稳定,政府要审时度势,根据对经济形势的判断,逆对经济风向行事,主动采取一些措施稳定总需求水平。

高鸿业《西方经济学(宏观部分)》(第6版)课后习题详解(宏观经济学的微观基础)【圣才出品】

高鸿业《西方经济学(宏观部分)》(第6版)课后习题详解(宏观经济学的微观基础)【圣才出品】

第20章 宏观经济学的微观基础1.假设甲、乙两个消费者按照费雪的跨期消费模型来进行消费决策。

甲在两期各收入1000元,乙在第一期的收入为0,第二期收入为2100元,储蓄或者借贷的利率均为r 。

(1)如果两人在每一期都消费1000元,利率为多少?(2)如果利率上升,甲在两期的消费会发生什么变化?利率上升后,他的消费状况是变好还是变坏?(3)如果利率上升,乙在两期的消费会发生什么变化?利率上升后,他的消费状况是变好还是变坏?解:(1)消费者跨期消费预算约束为:()()221111c y c y r r +=+++,其中12c c 、分别为甲乙两人在第一期、第二期的消费;12y y 、分别为甲乙两人在第一期、第二期的收入。

将12000c =、22000c =、11000y =和23100y =代入消费者跨期消费预算约束方程式解得:利率10%r =。

(2)如果利率上升,甲会减少第一期的消费以增加储蓄,增加第二期的消费,从而在利率上升后其消费状况变好。

分析如下:利率上升会使得预算约束线围绕两期收入的组合(12,y y )点顺时针旋转,变得更加陡峭,从而影响消费者在两个时期的消费决策。

如图20-1所示,随着利率的上升,预算约束线由AB 顺时针旋转为A B '',最优消费组合由0E 移动到1E 点,即第一期消费减少,第二期消费增加。

根据显示偏好原理,可以判断出该消费者的消费状况变好,因为利率上升以后该消费者的新的均衡点在更高的无差异曲线2I 上。

图20-1 利率上升对甲消费者的影响(3)如果利率上升,乙会减少第一期的消费,第二期的消费可能增加也可能减少。

根据替代效应,利率上升,使得第二期消费相对于第一期消费变得更便宜,故消费者会减少第一期的消费而增加第二期的消费。

同时,由于乙所有的收入都在第二期,利率的上升增加了乙的借贷成本,因此,相当于减少了乙的收入。

根据收入效应,又减少了第二期的消费。

因此,在收入效应和替代效应的共同作用下,乙会减少第一期的消费,第二期的消费可能增加也可能减少,取决于收入效应和替代效应的大小。

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版二十章课后习题答案中国人民大学出版社

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版二十章课后习题答案中国人民大学出版社

西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版二十章课后习题答案中国人民大学出版社第二十章 国际经济部门的作用1、解答:每个国家在一定时期内都可能产生经常帐户的顺差和逆差,以及资本帐户的顺差和逆差。

当然,这两个项目也可能出现平衡,但这种情况大多是偶然的。

将净出口和净资本流出的差额称为国际收支差额,并用BP 表示,即: 国际收支差额=净出口 – 净资本流出 或者BP = nx - F按照宏观经济学的定义,一国国际手指平衡也称外部平衡,是指一国国际手指差额为零,即BP=0。

对于国际收支平衡还可以通过下述方式理解:个人和企业必须为其在国外的购买而支付。

如果一个人的花费大于他个人的收入,他的赤字需要通过出售资产或借款来支持。

与此相类似,如果一个国家发生了经常帐户赤字,即国外的花费比它从国外得到的收入多,那么这一赤字就需要通过向国外出售资产或从国外借款来支持。

而这种资产出售或借款意味着该国出现了资产盈余。

因此,任何经常帐户赤字要由相应的资本流入来抵消。

如果国际收支差额为正,即BP > 0,则称国际收支出现顺差,也称国际收支盈余,如果国际收支差额为负,即BP < 0,则称国际收支出现逆差,也称国际收支赤字。

2、解答:(1)汇率也像商品的价格一样,是由外汇的供给和对外汇的需求这两个方面相互作用,共同决定的。

均衡汇率处于外汇供给曲线和需求曲线的交点。

(2)如果外汇的供给发生变化,则均衡汇率就会发生变化,并按照新的供给达到先的平衡。

从一般意义上说,影响外汇需求曲线移动的因素和外汇供给曲线移动的因素都是影响汇率变化的因素。

在现实中,经常提到的影响汇率变化的因素主要有进出口、投资或借贷,外汇投资等。

3、解答:考虑如下的开放经济的宏观经济模型:o y c i g x m c a by m m yβ=+++-=+=+为常数,b 为边际消费倾向,为边际进口倾向。

则所以4、解答:假定国内经济已经实现平衡,也就是在下面的图1—68中,国内经济已处于IS 曲线和LM 曲线的交点A ,但A 点却并不在BP 曲线上。

【实用资料】人大高鸿业西方经济学宏观部分课后答案.pdf

【实用资料】人大高鸿业西方经济学宏观部分课后答案.pdf
用收入法共计得的 GDP 为 12.5 + 27.5 = 40 万美元。 可见,用最终产品法,增殖法和经济社会生产三种产品:书本、面包和菜豆。它们在 1998 和 1999 年的产量和价格如下 表所示,试求:
1998 年
1999 年
数量
价格
数量
价格
书本
100
10 美元
110
10 美元
面包(条)
200
1 美元
200
1.5 美元
菜豆(千克)
500
0.5 美元
450
1 美元
(1)1998 年名义 GDP; (2)1999 年名义 GDP; (3)以 1998 年为基期,1998 年和 1999 年实际 GDP 是多少,这两年实际 GDP 变化多少百 分比? (4)以 1999 年为基期,1998 年和 1999 年实际 GDP 是多少,这两年实际 GDP 变化多少百 分比? (5)“GDP 的变化取决于我们用哪一年的价格作衡量实际 GDP 的基期的价格”这话对否? (6)以 1998 年为基期,计算 1998 年和 1999 年的 GDP 折算指数。 解答:(1)1998 年名义 GDP = 100×10 + 200×1 + 500×0.5 = 1450 美元
4.假定某国某年发生了以下活动:(a)一银矿公司支付 7.5 万美元给矿工开采了 50 千克银卖 给一银器制造商,售价 10 万美元;(b)银器制造商支付 5 万美元工资给工人造了一批项链 卖给消费者,售价 40 万美元。 (1)用最终产品生产法计算 GDP; (2)每个生产阶段生产多少价值?用增值法计算 GDP。 (3)在生产活动中赚得的工资和利润各为多少?用收入法计算 GDP。 解答:(1)项链为最终产品,价值 40 万美元。

宏观经济学第六版课后习题答案解析(高鸿业版)

宏观经济学第六版课后习题答案解析(高鸿业版)

第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别?为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的,有效的,而从宏观看却是不合理的,无效的?解答:两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的对象不同。

微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为,而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。

(2)解决的问题不同。

微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。

(3)中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的,而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论,所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。

(4)研究方法不同。

微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法,而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。

两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。

经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。

为此,既要实现资源的最优配置,又要实现资源的充分利用。

微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题,而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。

它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。

(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。

(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究,即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。

由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同,分析方法也不同,因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的,而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。

例如,在经济生活中,某个厂商降低工资,从该企业的角度看,成本低了,市场竞争力强了,但是如果所有厂商都降低工资,则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强,而且职工整体工资收入降低以后,整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。

同样,一个人或者一个家庭实行节约,可以增加家庭财富,但是如果大家都节约,社会需求就会降低,生产和就业就会受到影响。

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西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十三章课后习题答案—中国人民大中国人民大学出版社第十三章简单国民收入决定理论1、解答:在均衡产出水平上,计划存货投资一般不为零,而非计划存货投资必然为零.我们先看图1----45:AD45EIU>0IU<0iOyoy假设消费者函数C=a+byd,税收函数T=To+ty,AD=c+i+g=[a+i+ g+b(trC1=WL某YLWLcNL1;C2=某YLc;(gNL2ypydytptp2yy1000750250)–To)]+b(1-t)y,如图1----45所示.在图中,B线为没有计划投资i时的需要线,B[agb(trTo)]b(1t)yAD线和B线的纵向距离为i..图中的45线表示了收入恒等式.45线与B线之差称为实际投资,从图中显然可以看出,只有在E点实际投资等于计划投资,这时经济处于均衡状态.而计划存货投资是计划投资部分的一部分,一般不为零.除E点以外,实际投资和计划投资不等,村在非计划存货投资IU,如图所示;而在E点,产出等于需求,非计划存货投资为零。

2、解答:消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系,有称消费函数.消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察,意识考察消费指出变动量和收入变动量关(MPCcc或MPC)yy,二是考察一定收入水平上消系,这就是边际消费倾向c(APC)y。

边际消费倾向总费指出量和该收入量的关系,这就是平均消费倾向大于零而小于1.因为一般说来,消费者加收入后,既不会分文消费不增加(MPCcc0)(MPC1)yy,也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费,一般情yc况是一部分用于增加消费,另一部分用于增加储蓄,即,因此ccc1101yyy,只要y不等于1或0,就有y,所以y。

可是,平均消费倾向就不一定总是大于零而小于1.当人们收入很低甚至是零时,也必须消费,哪怕借钱也要消费,这时,平均消费倾向就会大于1.例如,在图1----46中,当收入低于yo时,平均消费倾向就大于1.从图可见,当收入低于yo时,消费曲线上任一点与原点相连的连线与横轴所形成的夹角总大于45,因c1而这时y。

c45c=a+byOyoy3、解答:依据凯恩斯消费理论,一个暂时性减税会增加人们当前收入,因c而对消费影响最大;依据生命周期理论,社会保障金的一个永久性上升可以减少老年时代的后顾之忧,减少当前为退休后生活准备的储蓄,因而会增加消费;依据持久收入消费理论,持续较高的失业保险金等于增加了持久收入,因而可增加消费。

4、解答:生命周期理论认为,年轻人要为自己年老生活作储蓄准备,因此,年轻人对退休人员比例提高时,总储蓄会增加.反之,退休人员对年轻人比例上升,总储蓄会下降,因为退休人员不储蓄,而消耗已有储蓄.持久收入假说认为,消费行为与持久收入紧密相关,而与当期收入较少有关联,即消费不会随经济的繁荣与衰退作太大变化。

5、解答:可以根据生命周期假说来分析此题.分两种情况讨论:(1)当你和你的邻居预期寿命小于工作年限WL,即未到退休就已结束生命时,尽管你比邻居长寿写,但两人年年都可能把年收入YL消费完,两人的消费会一样多。

(2)当你预计在退休后寿命才结束.这样无论你邻居是在退休前还是后结束生命,你的消费都应比他小.因为你每年的消费为C1=WL/NL1某YL;而你的邻居的消费如下:(A)当你的饿邻居在退休前死去,她每年消费YL.显然她比你多消费.(B)当邻居在退休后死去,她的消费为C2=WL/NL2某YL.而据题意,NL1>NL2,显然就有C1<C2,即你比邻居少消费。

6、解答:生命周期理论认为,消费者总是追求整个生命周期的消费效用最大化.人们会在一生内计划他们的生活消费开支,以达到整个生命周期内消费的最佳配置。

社会保障系统等因素回影响居民的消费和储蓄。

当一个社会建立起健全的社会保障制度从而有更多人享受养老金待遇时,储蓄就会减少,消费就回增加,即居民可支配收入的平均消费倾向就会增大。

7、解答;(1)由于该人想要在其一生中平稳的消费,所以其一生的收入应等于各个时期的均匀消费之和。

其收入为30+60+90=180万美元.消费则分为四个时期,由于不受预算约束,则每期消费为180/4=45万美元.将其与各期对照得;第一期:负储蓄15万美元;第二期:储蓄15万美元;第三期:储蓄90–45=45万美元第四期:负储蓄45万美元(2)当没有受到流动性约束时,平稳消费水平为每期45万美元,比第一期收入要大.现在假设该人受到流动性约束,则该人第一期只能消费其全部收入30万美元。

从第二期开始,假设没有受到流动性约束时,平稳消费水平为每期(60+90)/3=50万美元,小于第二`三期的收入.故流动性的假设对这几期的消费不产生影响,第二,三,四期的消费为每期50万美元.(3)在期初接受外来财富13万美元,加上其收入30万美元后,显然还是小于其平稳消费水平(注意,此时平稳消费水平为45+13/4=48.25万美元,故该人将在第一期消费完全部外来财富13完美元,其消费为30+13=43万美元第二三四期的消费如同第(2)小题的50万美元如果利用信贷市场,那么消费者每期消费48.25万美元.此时新增财富为13万美元仍完全用于第一期消费。

当外来财富为23万美元时,在第一期,此时加上其收入30万美元,大于其平稳消费水平45+23/4=50.75;第二、三期的收入均大于此值,故在这里,流动性约束的假设实际上对消费不产生任何实际的影响,消费者将平稳的消费其全部收入和外来财富.其消费为每期50.75万美元.外来财富为23万美元是这样被消费掉的;第一期50.75–30=20.75万美元;第二三期为0;第四期为23–20.75=2.25万美元。

8、解答:显然,后一个老太聪明些.根据持久收入假说和生命周期假说,单个消费者并不是简单地根据当前的绝对收入来做消费决策,而是根据终生的或持久的收入来做决策.也就是说,消费者不单单考虑本年度可支配收入,还把他们在将来可能获得的可支配收入考虑进去,当他们购买住宅或汽车之类需要大量资金,而他们目前的收入和已经累起来的货币又不足以支付如此巨大的金额时,就可以凭借信用的手段用贷款来完成购买行为,用以后逐年逐月获得的收入来归还贷款.这样,消费者就可以提前获得消费品的享受.所以我们说后一位老太更聪明些。

9、解答:(1).由于消费者连续两年的可支配收入都是6000元,根据题中持久收入的形式公式,第2年的持久收入6000,则消费为c2=200+0.9yp2=200+0.9某6000=5600美元(2)第3年的持久收入为:yp3=0.7某7000+0.3某6000=6700美元第3年的消费为:c3=200+0.9yp3=200+0.9某6700=6230美元第4年的持久收入为:yp4=0.7某7000+0.3某7000=7000美元第4年的消费为:c4=200+0.9yp4=200+0.9某7000=6500美元由于以后一直持续在7000美元,杂第4年以后的持久收入也一直保持在7000美元,因而消费也一直保持在6500美元这一水平.(3)短期边际消费倾向表明的是消费和当年收入之间的关系,将持久收入公式代入消费函数,有:c=200+0.9某(0.7yd+0.3yd-1)cyd短期边际消费倾向为:=0.63长期消费边际倾向表明的是消费和长期收入(持久收入)之间的关系,直接由消费函数可得到长期边际消费倾向为:cyp=0.910、解答:(1)y=(100+50)/(1–0.8)=750……………………………均衡收入(单位:10亿美元,下同)c=100+0.8某750=700……………………………………..消费=y–c=750–700=50……………………………………..储蓄储蓄也可以从储蓄函数求:=-a+(1–b)y=-100+0.2某750=50(2)800–750=50……………………………………………….企业非自愿存货积累(3)若投资增至100,则收入y=(100+100)/(1–0.8)=1000,比原来的收入750增加250(yyy1000750250)(4)y=(100+50)/(1–0.9)=1500………………………………消费函数变化后的收入=-a+(1–b)y=-100+(1–0.9)某1500=50…………………..储蓄若投资增至100,则收入y=(100+100)/(1–0.9)=2000,比原来1500增加500,(y=2000–1500=500)(5)消费函数从c=100+0.8y变为c=100+0.9y以后,乘数从5(k=1/(1–0.8)=5))变为10(k=1/(1–0.9)=10)11、解答:(1)方程组c=100+0.8ydyd=y–t+try=c+i+g可解得y=100+0.8(y–t+tr)+i+g=100+0.8(y–250+62.5)+50+200=1000,故均衡收入水平为1000。

(2)我们可直接根据三部门经济中有关乘法的公式,得到乘值:投资乘数ki=1/(1-b)=1/(1–0.8)=5政府购买乘数kg=5(与投资乘数相等)税收乘数kt=-b(1-b)=-0.8(1–0.8)=-4转移支付乘数ktr=b/(1-b)=0.8(1–0.8)=4平衡预算乘数等于政府支出(购买)乘数和税收乘数之和,即kb=kg+kt=1或5+(-4)=1(3)本小题显然要用到各种乘数.原来均衡收入为1000,现在需要达到1200,则缺口y。

(a)增加政府购买g=y/kg=200/5=40(b)减少税收t=200/kt=200/4=50(c)由题意:1200=100+0.8[1200–(t+t)+tr]+i+(g+g)解得g=t=200即同时增加政府购买200和税收200就能实现充分就业。

=1/(1–0.8)=5))变为10(k=1/(1–0.9)=10)11、解答:(1)方程组c=100+0.8ydyd=y–t+try=c+i+g可解得y=100+0.8(y–t+tr)+i+g=100+0.8(y–250+62.5)+50+200=1000,故均衡收入水平为1000。

(2)我们可直接根据三部门经济中有关乘法的公式,得到乘值:投资乘数ki=1/(1-b)=1/(1–0.8)=5政府购买乘数kg=5(与投资乘数相等)税收乘数kt=-b(1-b)=-0.8(1–0.8)=-4转移支付乘数ktr=b/(1-b)=0.8(1–0.8)=4平衡预算乘数等于政府支出(购买)乘数和税收乘数之和,即kb=kg+kt=1或5+(-4)=1(3)本小题显然要用到各种乘数.原来均衡收入为1000,现在需要达到1200,则缺口y。

(a)增加政府购买g=y/kg=200/5=40(b)减少税收t=200/kt=200/4=50(c)由题意:1200=100+0.8[1200–(t+t)+tr]+i+(g+g)解得g=t=200即同时增加政府购买200和税收200就能实现充分就业。

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