Social Network Analysis for Startups
social media is absolutely阅读理解
social media is absolutely阅读理解Introduction:Social media has become an integral part of our lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate and interact with others. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of social media and highlight its undeniable significance in today's society.Body:1. The Power of Connection:1.1 Social media platforms allow individuals to connect with friends, family, and acquaintances from all over the world.1.2 Through social media, people can share their thoughts, experiences, and emotions, fostering a sense of belonging and community.1.3 Social media enables individuals to maintain relationships, even when physical distance separates them.1.4 It provides a platform for people to meet new individuals who share similar interests and passions.2. Information Sharing and Awareness:2.1 Social media serves as a powerful tool for spreading information and raising awareness about important issues.2.2 It allows individuals to stay updated with current news, events, and trends in real-time.2.3 Social media has played a significant role in mobilizing social and political movements, giving a voice to marginalized communities.2.4 It provides a platform for individuals to share their opinions and engage in meaningful discussions on various topics.3. Business and Marketing Opportunities:3.1 Social media has transformed the way businesses advertise and market their products or services.3.2 It allows companies to reach a wider audience and target specific demographics, increasing their brand visibility and customer base.3.3 Social media provides a cost-effective platform for small businesses and startups to promote their offerings.3.4 Influencer marketing on social media has become a lucrative industry, allowing businesses to collaborate with popular individuals to reach their target audience.4. Educational and Professional Development:4.1 Social media platforms offer a plethora of educational resources, enabling individuals to access information on various subjects.4.2 It provides a platform for professionals to network, connect, and collaborate with others in their industry.4.3 Social media platforms like LinkedIn allow individuals to showcase their skills and experiences, enhancing their professional profiles.4.4 It offers opportunities for online learning, webinars, and workshops, making education accessible to a larger audience.5. Impact on Mental Health and Well-being:5.1 Excessive use of social media can negatively impact mental health, leading to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression.5.2 Social media can contribute to a distorted self-image and low self-esteem due to the constant comparison with others.5.3 The spread of misinformation and cyberbullying on social media can have detrimental effects on individuals' mental well-being.5.4 However, when used mindfully, social media can also provide a support system, offering resources and communities for mental health support.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has become an indispensable part of our lives, revolutionizing the way we connect, share information, conduct business, and learn. It has both positive and negative impacts on society, and it is essential to use it responsibly and mindfully. As technology continues to evolve, social media will undoubtedly play an even more significant role in shaping our future.。
利用SNA进行社会网络分析
利用SNA进行社会网络分析社会网络分析（Social Network Analysis，SNA）是一种研究人际关系和社会结构的方法。
它通过对个体或组织之间相互作用的图形化表示和定量分析，揭示了这些关系对于信息传播、观点形成、资源分配等社会现象的影响。
本文将介绍SNA的基本原理、应用领域以及在所涵盖领域中的研究成果。
SNA起源于社会学领域，在20世纪初期由J.L.莫尔根（J.L. Moreno）和雅科·莫尔·格拉契亚诺（Jacob Moreno）等人提出。
他们最初使用SNA来分析人际关系和人类行为。
随着计算机技术的发展，SNA得以快速发展，应用领域也逐渐扩展到组织学、信息学、管理学等多个学科领域。
SNA的基本原理是将个体或组织之间的相互作用表示为网络中的节点（Node）和连接线（Edge）。
节点代表个体或组织，连接线代表相互作用关系。
通过对这些关系进行图形化表示，可以观察和分析群体内部的结构与特征。
在社会网络分析中，有几个重要的概念需要理解。
首先是度（Degree），表示节点的连接数量。
度的大小反映了个体或组织在网络中的重要性或影响力。
其次是中心性（Centrality），包括接近中心性（Closeness Centrality）、中介中心性（Betweenness Centrality）和权重中心性（Eigenvector Centrality）等。
接近中心性衡量了一个节点与其他节点的距离，中介中心性衡量了节点在信息传播过程中的重要程度，权重中心性则结合了节点的度和相邻节点的度。
SNA的应用领域非常广泛。
在社会学中，它被用于研究社会影响力、社区发展、组织结构、领导力等问题。
在组织学中，SNA被用来分析知识流动、领导网络、职业发展等。
在信息学中，SNA可以用来研究信息传播、网络安全、数据挖掘等。
在市场营销中，SNA可以分析顾客关系、口碑传播等。
此外，SNA还在医学、教育、科学创新等领域得到了广泛应用。
SNAP-V (26项版本)
SNAP-V (26项版本)SNAP-V（全称为Social Network Analysis Package – Version 26，社交网络分析软件-第26版）是一种用于分析和研究社交网络的工具包。
SNAP-V 在社交网络研究领域得到广泛应用，并提供了一系列强大的功能和特性。
功能和特性SNAP-V 提供了以下功能和特性：1. 数据导入和导出：SNAP-V 支持从多种数据源导入社交网络数据，并可以将分析结果导出到不同格式的文件中，如CSV和图像文件。
2. 节点和边分析：SNAP-V 可以对社交网络中的节点和边进行各种分析，包括度中心性和紧密度等指标的计算。
3. 社区检测：SNAP-V 可以识别社交网络中的社区结构，并提供相应的统计信息和图形可视化工具。
4. 影响力分析：SNAP-V 支持对节点和边的重要性和影响力进行分析，有助于确定社交网络中的关键节点和关键连接。
5. 可视化工具：SNAP-V 提供了直观简洁的可视化工具，使用户能够更好地理解和分析社交网络的结构和动态变化。
6. 算法和模型：SNAP-V 包含了多种社交网络算法和模型，如PageRank、社交网络中心性和连通性等，可以满足不同的研究需求。
7. 可扩展性：SNAP-V 允许用户通过编程接口（API）进行扩展，以实现更复杂的网络分析和定制化需求。
使用场景SNAP-V 在以下领域有着广泛的应用：1. 社交网络分析与建模：研究者可以利用SNAP-V 分析社交网络的结构和特性，探索网络中的关键成员和关系，以及网络的动态演化。
2. 社交媒体分析：SNAP-V 可以用于分析社交媒体平台上的用户关系和信息传播，帮助营销人员和广告商了解用户行为和趋势。
3. 组织网络分析：企业可以使用SNAP-V 分析内部的组织网络，识别关键决策者和信息流动路径，优化组织的协作和沟通。
4. 社会科学研究：SNAP-V 对于社会科学领域的研究者来说，是一个有力的工具，可以帮助他们探索社会网络的结构、地位和影响。
社会网络分析方法
蔡宁;吴结兵;,浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006,04,58-65
产业集群中组织间关系的类型和性质是理解产业集群现象的重要基础。通过社会网络分析方法考察集群组织间关系网络的密集性质及其功能机制发现:(1)受到连接多样性、连接偏好和集群生命周期的影响,产业集群网络关系密集性呈不均匀分布,使得集群网络呈现出密集和稀疏相结合的结构特征;(2)集群组织间关系密集性具有资源配置优势,但同时使网络隐藏着潜在的风险,而稀疏网络具
在这里（/~hanneman/nettext/index.html）大家可以看到有关社会网络分析方法的完整的英文版内容。
Hanneman, Robert A. and Mark Riddle. 2005.Introduction to soci, CA: University of California, Riverside ( published in digital format/~hanneman/)
5. Using matrices to represent social relations
6. Working with network data
7. Connection
8. Embedding
9. Ego networks
10. Centrality and power
11. Cliques and sub-groups
负荷性的负向影响。知识共享行为受到职务、科研协作网络、学习咨询网络、友谊关系网络等变量的正向影响,而受到科研工作负荷性的负向影响。
[12]产业集群与区域竞争合作机制:一种基于社会网络的分析
吉国秀;王伟光;,中国科技论坛,2006,03,95-99
社会网络分析 PPT
声望
结构洞
明星 联系人 桥 把关人 孤立点
建立在非对称关系基础上。有威信的行动者是关键的目标，而不是源头。类似于中心度的测 量，通过解释关系的方向来计算。 结构洞是信息流动时候的“鸿沟”，信息可以在两个连接到同一自我中心节点（ego）但是 彼此并不相连的节点间传播，那么这个自我中心节点处在跨越结构洞的位置，结构洞看起来 就是存在网络中两个没有紧密联系的节点集合之间的“空地” 处于网络中的成员 与两个或更多个彼此没有连接的群体具有连接但又不属于这个群体的行动者 同时属于两个或多个群体的成员 把网络的一部分和另一部分间作为中介或控制流（两部分间唯一的连接）的行动者 没有连接或相对来说几乎没有连接的行动者
区分各种关系
• 即使是同一网络也可能存在不同的关系。在这个政府间组织网络中可能存在着贸易关 系、同盟关系甚至敌对关系。哈夫纳伯顿等人重点关注这些国家在网络组织中的位置 所产生的权力关系。
收集网络关系数据
• 这些数据是多元的，既有经济的，也有政治的以及社会的。在哈夫纳伯顿的研究中， 使用了国家间军事争端数据（Militarized Interstate Disputes, MIDs）、国家组织会 员数据（State System Membership）等数据库以搜集关系数据。
− 自我中心网络是从个体的角度来界定社会网络，以特定行动者为研究中心，主要考 虑与该行动者相关的联系，以此来研究个体行为如何受到其人际网络关系的影响。
− 而整体网络关注的焦点则是网络整体中角色关系的综合结构或群体中不同角色的关 系结构。这两种类型的分析因其侧重点不同，主要使用的测量指标也不尽相同，但 并非毫无联系。
对称性 小世界性 传递性
网络中对称连接数与非对称连接数（或与总连接数）的比率 网络结构中存在一些块，并且块中行动者之间的距离很短 三个成员（A,B,C）是可传递的：如果A与B相连，并且B与C相连，那么C就与A相连。传递 性是可传递三元组的数目除以潜在的可传递三元组的数目（长度为2的路径的数目）
华为云引擎S5735-L系列交换机说明书
DatasheetIntroductionCloudEngine S5735-L series switches are ideal for scenarios such as enterprise campus network access and gigabit to the desktop. Built on next-generation, high-performance hardware and the Huawei Versatile Routing Platform (VRP), CloudEngine S5735-L switches stand out with compelling features such as intelligent stack (iStack), flexible Ethernet networking, and diversified security control. They support multiple Layer 3 routing protocols and provide high performance and service processing capabilities.Product OverviewModels and AppearancesModels and appearances of the CloudEngine S5735-L seriesCloudEngine S5735-L12T4S-ACloudEngine S5735-L12P4S-ACloudEngine S5735-L24T4S-ACloudEngine S5735-L24P4S-ACloudEngine S5735-L24T4X-ACloudEngine S5735-L24P4X-ACloudEngine S5735-L48T4S-ACloudEngine S5735-L48T4X-ACloudEngine S5735-L48P4X-ACloudEngine S5735-L32ST4X-APower SupplyT echnical specifications of the power supplies applicable to the CloudEngine S5735-L series PAC1000S56-CBCloudEngine S5735-L48P4X-A is a PoE switch. It has one power module slot, which can have a 1000 W PoE power module installed.The following table lists its power supply configurations.Power supply configurations of CloudEngine S5735-L48P4X-APower supply of CloudEngine S5735-L24P4X-APower supply of CloudEngine S5735-L24P4S-APower supply of CloudEngine S5735-L12P4S-AProduct Features and HighlightsFlexible Ethernet Networking●In addition to supporting traditional Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), CloudEngine S5735-L is also designed with Huawei-developed Smart Ethernet Protection (SEP) technology and the industry's latest Ethernet Ring Protection Switching (ERPS) technology. SEP is a ring protection protocol specific to the Ethernet link layer, and applies to various ring network topologies, such as open ring topology, closed ring topology, and cascading ring topology. This protocol is reliable, easy to maintain, and implements fast protection switching within 50 ms. ERPS is defined in ITU-T G.8032, and it implements millisecond-level protection switching based on traditional Ethernet MAC and bridging functions.●CloudEngine S5735-L supports Smart Link, which implements backup of uplinks. One CloudEngine S5735-L switch can connect to multiple aggregation switches through multiple links, significantly improving reliability of access devices.●CloudEngine S5735-L supports Ethernet OAM (IEEE 802.3ah/802.1ag) to fast-detect link faults.Diversified Security Control●CloudEngine S5735-L supports 802.1X authentication, MAC address authentication, and hybrid authentication on a per port basis, as well as Portal authentication on a per VLANIF interface basis, and implements dynamic policy delivery (VLAN, QoS, and ACL) to users.●CloudEngine S5735-L provides a series of mechanisms to defend against DoS attacks and user-targeted attacks. DoS attacks are targeted at switches and include SYN flood, Land, Smurf, and ICMP flood attacks. User-targeted attacks include bogus DHCP server attacks, IP/MAC address spoofing, DHCP request flood, and changing of the DHCP CHADDR value.●CloudEngine S5735-L sets up and maintains a DHCP snooping binding table, and discards the packets that do not match the table entries. The DHCP snooping trusted port feature ensures that users connect only to the authorized DHCP server.●CloudEngine S5735-L supports strict ARP learning. This feature prevents ARP spoofing attackers from exhausting ARP entries so that users can connect to the Internet normally.Easy Operation and Maintenance●CloudEngine S5735-L supports Huawei Easy Operation, a solution that provides zero-touch deployment, replacement of faulty devices without additional configuration, USB-based deployment, batch device configuration, and batch remote upgrade. The Easy Operation solution facilitates device deployment, upgrade, service provisioning, and other management and maintenance operations, and also greatly reduces O&M costs. CloudEngine S5735-L can be managed and maintained using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) V1, V2, and V3, Command Line Interface (CLI), web-based network management system, or Secure Shell (SSH) V2.0. Additionally, it supports remote network monitoring (RMON), multiple log hosts, port traffic statistics collection, and network quality analysis, paving the way for network optimization and reconstruction. ●CloudEngine S5735-L supports the EasyDeploy function. Specifically, the Commander collects the topology information of the downstream clients and saves client startup information based on the topology. Clients can be replaced without configuration. Configuration and scripts can be delivered to clients in batches. In addition, the configuration delivery result can be queried. The Commander can also collect and display power consumption information on the entire network.●CloudEngine S5735-L can use the GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) to implement VLAN dynamic distribution, registration, and attribute propagation. GVRP reduces manual configuration workload and ensures correct configuration.●CloudEngine S5735-L supports MUX VLAN, which involves a principal VLAN and multiple subordinate VLANs. Subordinate VLANs are classified into group VLANs and separate VLANs. Ports in the principal VLAN can communicate with ports in subordinate VLANs. Ports in a subordinate group VLAN can communicate with each other, whereas ports in a subordinate separate VLAN cannot communicate with each other. CloudEngine S5735-L also supports VLAN Central Management Protocol (VCMP) and VLAN-Based Spanning Tree (VBST) protocol.iStack●CloudEngine S5735-L supports intelligent stack (iStack). This technology combines multiple switches into a logical switch. Member switches in a stack implement redundancy backup to improve device reliability and use inter-device link aggregation to improve link reliability.●iStack provides high network scalability. You can increase ports, bandwidth, and processing capacity of a stack by simply adding member switches to the stack.●iStack also simplifies device configuration and management. After a stack is set up, multiple physical switches are virtualized into one logical device. You can log in to any member switch in the stack to manage all the member switches in the stack. CloudEngine S5735-L support stacking through electrical ports.Excellent Network Traffic Analysis●CloudEngine S5735-L supports the sFlow function. It uses a method defined in the sFlow standard to sample traffic passing through it and sends sampled traffic to the collector in real time. The collected traffic statistics are used to generate statistical reports, helping enterprises maintain their networks.PoE Function●Perpetual PoE: When a PoE switch is abnormal Power-off or the software version is upgraded, the power supply to PDs is not interrupted. This capability ensures that PDs are not powered off during the switch reboot.●Fast PoE: PoE switches can supply power to PDs within seconds after they are powered on. This is different from common switches that generally take 1 to 3 minutes to start to supply power to PDs. When a PoE switch reboots due to a power failure, the PoE switch continues to supply power to the PDs immediately after being powered on without waiting until it finishes reboot. This greatly shortens the power failure time of PDs.Intelligent O&M●CloudEngine S5735-L provides telemetry technology to collect device data in real time and send the data to Huawei campus network analyzer CampusInsight. The CampusInsight analyzes network data based on the intelligent fault identification algorithm, accurately displays the real-time network status, effectively demarcates and locates faults in a timely manner, and identifies network problems that affect user experience, accurately guaranteeing user experience.●CloudEngine S5735-L supports a variety of intelligent O&M features for audio and video services, including the enhanced Media Delivery Index (eMDI). With this eDMI function, the switch can function as a monitored node to periodically conduct statistics and report audio and video service indicators to the CampusInsight platform. In this way, the CampusInsight platform can quickly demarcate audio and video service quality faults based on the results of multiple monitored nodes.Intelligent Upgrade●CloudEngine S5735-L supports the intelligent upgrade feature. Specifically, CloudEngine S5735-L obtains the version upgrade path and downloads the newest version for upgrade from the Huawei Online Upgrade Platform (HOUP). The entire upgrade process is highly automated and achieves one-click upgrade. In addition, preloading the version is supported, which greatly shortens the upgrade time and service interruption time.●The intelligent upgrade feature greatly simplifies device upgrade operations and makes it possible for the customer to upgrade the version independently. This greatly reduces the customer's maintenance costs. In addition, the upgrade policies on the HOUP platform standardize the upgrade operations, which greatly reduces the risk of upgrade failures.Cloud Management●The Huawei cloud management platform allows users to configure, monitor, and inspect switches on the cloud, reducing on-site deployment and O&M manpower costs and decreasing network OPEX. Huawei switches support both cloud management and on-premise management modes. These two management modes can be flexibly switched as required to achieve smooth evolution while maximizing return on investment (ROI).OPS●CloudEngine S5735-L supports Open Programmability System (OPS), an open programmable system based on the Python language. IT administrators can program the O&M functions of a CloudEngine S5735-L switch through Python scripts to quickly innovate functions and implement intelligent O&M.Product Specifications Functions and FeaturesFunction and feature metrics for the CloudEngine S5735-L seriesThis content is applicable only to regions outside mainland China. Huawei reserves the right to interpret this content. Hardware SpecificationsHardware specifications of CloudEngine S5735-L12T4S-A/-L12P4S-A/-L24T4S-A/-L24P4S-A modelsHardware specifications of CloudEngine S5735-L24T4X-A/-L24P4X-A/-L48T4S-A modelsHardware specifications of CloudEngine S5735-L48T4X-A/-L48P4X-A/-L32ST4X-A models1: The power consumption under different load conditions is calculated according to the ATIS standard. Additionally, the EEE function is enabled and there is no PoE power output.2: The reliability parameter values are calculated based on the typical configuration of the device. The parameter values vary according to the modules configured by the customer.3: Short term indicates that the successive operating time is no more than 96 hours, the total operating time is no more than 360 hours, or the number of times the operating temperature is over 45°C is no more than 15 in a year.Networking and ApplicationsLarge-Scale Enterprise Campus NetworkCloudEngine S5735-L series switches can be deployed at the access layer of a campus network to build a high-performanceand highly reliable enterprise network.Small- or Medium-scale Enterprise Campus NetworkCloudEngine S5735-L series switches can be deployed at the aggregation layer of a campus network to build a high-performance, multi-service, and highly reliable enterprise network.Small-scale Enterprise Campus NetworkWith powerful aggregation and routing capabilities of CloudEngine S5735-L series switches make them suitable for use as core switches in a small-scale enterprise network. Two or more S5735-L switches use iStack technology to ensure high reliability. They provide a variety of access control policies to achieve centralized management and simplify configuration.Application on a MANCloudEngine S5735-L series switches can be deployed at the access layer of a MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) to build a high-performance, multi-service, and highly reliable ISP MAN network.Application in Public CloudCloudCampus Solution is a network solution suite based on Huawei public cloud. CloudEngine S5735-L series switches can be located at the access layer.The switches are plug-and-play. They go online automatically after being powered on and connected with network cables, without the need for complex configurations. The switches can connect to the management and control system(CloudCampus@AC-Campus for switches running V200R019C00 and earlier versions; iMaster NCE-Campus for switches running V200R019C10 and later versions), and use bidirectional certificate authentication to ensure management channel security. The switches provide the NETCONF and YANG interfaces, through which the management and control system delivers configurations to them. In addition, remote maintenance and fault diagnosis can be performed on the management and control system.Safety and Regulatory ComplianceSafety and regulatory compliance of the CloudEngine S5735-L series●EMC: electromagnetic compatibility●CISPR: International Special Committee on Radio Interference●EN: European Standard●ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute●CFR: Code of Federal Regulations●FCC: Federal Communication Commission●IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission●AS/NZS: Australian/New Zealand Standard●VCCI: Voluntary Control Council for Interference●UL: Underwriters Laboratories●CSA: Canadian Standards Association●IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers●RoHS: restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances●REACH: Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals●WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentMIB and Standards Compliance Supported MIBsSupported MIBs by the CloudEngine S5735-L seriesFor more detailed information of MIBs supported by the CloudEngine S5735-L series, visithttps:///enterprise/en/switches/s5700-pid-6691579?category=reference-guides&subcategory=mib-reference. Standard ComplianceStandard compliance list of the CloudEngine S5735-L seriesThe listed standards and protocols are fully or partially supported by Huawei switches. For details, visit /en or contact your local Huawei sales office.Ordering InformationMore InformationFor more information about Huawei Campus Switches, visit or contact us in the following ways: ● Global service hotline: /en/service-hotline● Logging in to the Huawei Enterprise technical support website: /enterprise/ ● Sendinganemailtothecustomerservicemailbox:********************Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2020. All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Trademarks and Permissionsand other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders. NoticeThe purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied.The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Address:Huawei Industrial Base Bantian, Longgang Shenzhen 518129 People's Republic of China Website:。
2022届广东省广州市天河区华南师范大学附属中学高三三模英语试题(PDF版)
2022届高三综合测试英语本试卷共三部分，共8页，满分120分，考试用时120分钟。
第一部分阅读（共两节；满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）AUse this list of winter festivals to plan your trip or plan around them, as many of these festivals will tie up transport and accommodations and drive up prices. It’s all up to you: either plan your travel dates around them, or arrive early enough to jump into the festive atmosphere!Lighting FestivalA day-trip away from South Korea’s capital Seoul, the Garden of Morning Calm is a must-see during the Festival. The lights there cover an area of some 330,000 square meters, using 30,000 colorful LED lights hanging from the trees. Wander around the fairy-like wonderland created by the lights-through such fields like Bonsai Garden, Moonlight Garden, and the Garden of Eden.·Where: Gapyeong County, South Korea·When: December-Mid-MarchHarbin Ice FestivalMillions of tourists visit this icy festival every year, drawn by the massive ice sculptures that decorate the fairgrounds next to Songhua River. The sculptures, ice palaces, mazes and slides are simply massive in scale, constructed from some 260,000 cubic yards of ice blocks harvested from the river. They range in size from life-scale carvings of animals and fantastic creatures, to massive 250-foot structures that tower over the crowds.·Where: Harbin, China·When: January 5-February 5Sapporo Snow FestivalJapan’s biggest winter festival has expanded in size and scope since its first celebration in 1950.The Festival covers two main sites in Sapporo. The centerpiece Odori Park site features some 100 ice sculptures dazzlingly lit up after dark. The Susukino district site features a smaller scale of ice sculptures decorating the district. The sculptures cover animals both real and fantastic, including anime-based creatures like Pokemon. Visitors can also enjoy snow mazes, street food, musical performances and skating on the ice rink near Odori Park.·Where: Sapporo, Japan·When: February 4-11Sky Lantern FestivalThe Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival in Taiwan, China is Taiwan’s most visited lantern festival, lighting the skies with floating lanterns bearing messages for the gods. Its counterpart in the Yangshui District favors a noisier kind of illumination-the Tainan Yanshui Fireworks Display takes place at Tainan’s Wumiao Temple, where locals dare to be hit by small fireworks as a test of their strength and to ward off evil.·Where: Pingxi and Yangshui, Taiwan, China·When: February1. Which winter festival has the longest duration?A. Lighting Festival.B. Harbin Ice Festival.C. Sapporo Snow Festival.D. Sky Lantern Festival.2. Which of the following statements is true?A. All of the sculptures in Harbin are massive in size.B. Sapporo Snow Festival has a history of over 70 years.C. The sculptures in Sapporo are smaller than those in Harbin.D. Visitors can enjoy colorful lights in Seoul during Lighting Festival.3. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To encourage visitors to experience winter festivals.B. To popularize well-planned visits to potential customers.C. To promote a better understanding of winter festivals among the public.D. To offer information to help winter festival enthusiasts make good plans.BCrossRoads Create, a social media app developed by four seniors who are now studying at the University of Rochester, aims to provide a platform to bring teams together for projects.While Sharfuz Shifat was working at the Meliora LaunchPad-a student organization he co-founded-in his second year at the university, Shifat had the vision of making an efficient social media network for people to work on their ideas. “The world would be a better place if you could easily find people who have the same interests, vision and relevant skills to build something,” he said. He then reached out to Carolyn Zelicof, Andrew Nyaisonga and Sandesh Paudel.“I got a text from Sharfuz saying he was looking for a user experience designer, and I thought this project was really exciting,” Zelicof said.With their team assembled, the four co-founders were now ready to materialize their vision. CrossRoads Create currently has a landing page where you can sign up to become a user and provide feedback on the product. Site visitors are met with the logo and the motto: “Where ideas meet execution.”Minimizing cost was one of the main challenges of the development process. The two engineers, Nyaisonga and Paudel, were able to develop the platform without indirect costs while keeping the ability of a business or system to grow larger in mind. Nyaisonga explained: “There is an easier way to do something, but it might not be cheap. So, we had to choose the harder way for some things.” On the design side, Zelicof, the lead user interface and user experience designer, spoke of the challenge of building a good user experience from an idea, as well as satisfying her team’s expectations. Juggling schoolwork, job applications, and the app development was another curveball thrown their way. “But when you’re really passionate about it, you can do it. Not everyone has to drop out of college to build a startup.” Shifat said.CrossRoads Create will be launched this week, and the founders have been busy preparing their launch strategy, promoting their product through extensive use of social media marketing campaigns, maintaining their landing page,and interacting with the Center for Startups.4. What do we know about Sharfuz Shifat?A. He founded Meliora LaunchPad after his graduation from university.B. He is responsible for improving the experience of the app users.C. He thinks it more important to start a business than pursue a degree.D. He is involved in promoting their app through social media.5. Why did Nyaisonga prefer the hard way of developing the platform?A. Because it is money-saving.B. Because it allows the app to grow.C. Because it quickens development process.D. Because it takes time to get feedback from users.6. What does “curveball” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. Interest.B. Ambition.C. Difficulty.D. Confusion.7. Which of the following was NOT one of the challenges they faced?A. Meeting the expectations of their teammates.B. Striking a balance between schoolwork and app development.C. Having access to the resources provided by the Center for Startups.D. Turning their thoughts about improving user experience into a reality.CNEW DELHI-Acupuncture has become a bridge of friendship between India and China, with more Indians accepting the form of traditional Chinese medicine over the past few decades, experts say.Acupuncture, a technique to cure various illnesses, was introduced in India in 1959 by B.K. Basu in the eastern city of Kolkata, capital of West Bengal state, according to Mrigendranath Gantait, president of the Acupuncture Association of India. Over the past six decades, it has spread to rural, semi-urban and urban areas in India, particularly in the states of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab.Acupuncture therapy in India is related to the story of the Indian medical mission that was sent to China to provide medical assistance during the Chinese people’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-1945). Basu, as a colleague of Dwarkanath Kotnis (widely known as Ke Dihua in China) and a torchbearer of the Indian medical mission, stayed in China from 1938 to 1943,and later worked for 43 years in India until his death in 1986. From 1958 to 1959, Basu stayed in China to learn acupuncture before introducing the needle techniques in India. In 1973, Basu was invited to China to learn newly developed acupuncture anesthesia（麻醉）.From the very beginning, Basu tried to spread acupuncture to doctors by free teaching to broad masses of people. Basu, who established the Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis Memorial Committee and the Acupuncture Association of India, donated his house and savings to the government of West Bengal state for the purpose of acupuncture development.Under the leadership of the committee, free health service clinics have been set up where acupuncture is taken as the main treatment modality（模式）, because the cost of acupuncture treatment is low, and acupuncture is effective for many ailments. The committee has also produced many acupuncturists who run these clinics without taking any remuneration（报酬）, according to Gantait.“Acupuncture has played a unique role to promote people’s friendship between India and China,” he says. “When Basu returned to India after learning acupuncture anesthesia, the Indian media described it as acupuncture diplomacy, and it was highly praised in the country.”8. According to the passage, which of the following is true about acupuncture therapy in India?A. It was developed byB.K. Basu, a great doctor.B. It is more popular in the capital than in the countryside.C. It has played a unique role in producing acupuncturists.D. It is effective for many diseases and it is free of charge.9. The purpose of Paragraph 3 is to ______.A. introduce Dr. Basu’s experience in ChinaB. explain how Dr. Basu learned acupuncture in ChinaC. give some background information about acupuncture therapy in IndiaD. show how India and China benefited each other in acupuncture therapy10. The passage is most probably taken from ______.A. a history textbookB. a news websiteC. a medical reportD. a travelling brochure11. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?A. Basu-An Acupuncture ExpertB. Indian Acupuncture Working WellC. Acupuncture Diplomacy in IndiaD. Acupuncture-A Point of FriendshipDEngaging in just one hour of leisure-time physical activity per week can reduce your risk of future depression, according to a new study-which is the largest and most extensive of its kind to date.The findings of this study suggest that surprisingly small amounts of low-intensity physical activity (60 minutes of exercise per week, without becoming breathless or sweating) can protect against future depression, regardless of age or gender. This adds to a growing body of evidence that small doses of physical activity can contribute to huge psychological and physical health benefits.This international research team was led by the Black Dog Institute in Australia who conducted an in-depth analysis of the Health Study of Nord-Trondelag County (HUNT study). HUNT involved 33,908 male and female Norwegian adults who had their levels of exercise and symptoms of depression and anxiety monitored over an 11-year period.At the beginning of the HUNT study, all participants were asked to report their frequency of weekly exercise and their degree of aerobic intensity: (1) without becoming breathless or sweating, (2) becoming breathless and sweating, or (3) exhausting themselves.During the follow-up stage of the study, participants completed a self-report questionnaire (the Hospital Anxietyand Depression Scale) to indicate any emerging anxiety or depression over the years. Notably, the researchers found that people did not have to become breathless, sweaty, or exhaust themselves to reap psychological benefits from exercise. In fact, the authors observed that low levels of aerobic intensity were just as effective as moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA)in terms of protecting against future depression.In a statement, lead author, Samuel Harvey, added: “We’ve known for some time that exercise has a role to play in treating symptoms of depression, but this is the first time we have been able to quantify the preventative potential of physical activity in terms of reducing future levels of depression. These findings are exciting because they show that even relatively small amounts of exercise-from one hour per week-can deliver significant protection against depression.”The authors conclude: “Given that the intensity of exercise does not appear to be important, it may be that the most effective public health measures are those that encourage and facilitate increased levels of everyday activities, such as walking or cycling. The results presented in this study provide a strong argument in favor of further exploration of exercise as a strategy for the preve ntion of depression.”12. What’s new in the findings of the IIT study?A. It involved the most participants in one research of its kind.B. Exercise plays a positive role in treating symptoms of depression.C. Those who enjoy exercising every week are less likely to suffer depression.D. Exercise is described specifically in frequency and intensity to prevent depression.13. We can learn from Paragraph 5 that in the following part of the study.A. researchers asked participants about their mental healthB. participants answered questions related to physical exercisesC. participants answered questions related to their mental healthD. researchers found that MVPA can help prevent future depression14. How was the HUNT study carried out?A. By carrying out interviews.B. By conducting surveys.C. By engaging in physical activities.D. By studying Norwegians health state.15. Which of the following statements would the researchers most probably agree with?A. To avoid depression, one should perform everyday activities.B. logging until one sweats is better than walking or cycling every day.C. Depression victims should be encouraged to perform less intense sports.D. Exercise as a possible means of depression prevention deserves further study.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）Whether you’re an introvert or extrovert, quiet or loud.one of the keys to success in every area of your life is learning how to be more confident. Here are some things that can help you become more self-confident!Train your brain.16 Instead of immediately assuming you can’t accomplish something, believe you have what it takes to figure it out. Like Marie Forleo always says, “Everything is figure outable.”Watch your words. Whether you realize it or not, the words you speak shape your beliefs about yourself and what others believe about you. 17 The act of gossiping and putting others down always comes from a place ofinsecurity, so if you catch yourself wanting to say something sarcastic, redirect those thoughts to something better.18 In her research, social psychologist Amy Cuddy found that confident people have higher levels of testosterone （氯睾酮）and that people’s levels of testosterone can rise simply by exhibiting a “high power pose.” we’ve all heard the phrase “Fake it till you make it,” but Amy took this a step further and said, “F ake it till you become it.”Be secure. Being secure in who you are means that, although you might make a mistake or fail, you know you’re not a failure. 19Get experience. Nothing builds self-confidence like experience. After you’ve done: the thing once you’ve led the company meeting, published your first blog, or coached your first client-your confidence in your ability to do it again will soar. 20A. Stay positive.B. Change your body language.C. That also goes for what we speak about others.D. Just do it, and watch your confidence Lake off.E. You have the power to be more confident within yourself.F. You can learn how to be more confident in your mind.G. It means someone might disagree with you, but it doesn’t shake you up.第二部分语言运用（共两节；满分30分）第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）Brian was in hospital for terminal brain cancer. Every night, when 21 hours ended, I was anxious about having to leave him and most nights ended in tears-his and mine.After two weeks, I was 22 to take Brian home. I can honestly say that I did not fully understand what being a caregiver would 23 . All I knew was that having Brian at home would allow me to spend precious time with him without the 24 of visiting in a care facility.I needed to meet with the doctor before we left. She crossed her arms over a(an) 25 put on her lap. I 26 about Brian’s diagnosis and my fears. Before I finished, my tears welled up. “It won’t be easy. Remember to take care of yourself. Sometimes, the caregiver dies 27 the person they are caring for because of the 28 .” she said. Then she stood, handed me the envelope, and said, “Good luck.” I took a deep breath, opened it and removed a book. Tears streamed down my cheeks as I stared at the 29 : A Caregivers Guide to End-of-Life Care.Now that Brain was at home. Time ticked by so slowly and I realized how 30 her words were. I knew I was under stress, and both my body and mind were fatigued. A good night’s sleep was 31 as I kept one eye open, and my ears perked for any noise from Brian.How do you find time for yourself when you have a twenty-four-hours-a-day commitment to care for a loved one?I was scared to leave Brian’s side 32 something in his medical condition changed.No one knows what it is like to be a caregiver until they are 33 the situation. If you know someone who is a caregiver, I encourage you to reach out to them. Give them the gift of 34 for themselves. Offer to come and clean the house, get groceries, or offer to sit with their loved one so the caregiver can take some time out. Be there as a shoulder to cry on or just to 35 when they need to share. Be the most supportive friend you can be.21. A. treatment B. visiting C. opening D. closing22. A. about B. excited C. determined D. willing23. A. involve B. challenge C. bring D. cost24. A. worry B. journey C. hours D. limits25. A. letter B. book C. envelope D. charm26. A. worried B. cared C. thought D. explained27. A. with B. after C. before D. for28. A. disease B. stress C. healthcare D. fear29. A. cover B. words C. message D. title30. A. true B. strange C. inspiring D. comforting31. A. easy B. difficult C. possible D. necessary32. A. as if B. except that C. in case D. so that33. A. fed up with B. faced with C. talking about D. stuck in34. A. courage B. cure C. patience D. time35. A. listen B. help C. offer D. ask第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）Daniel Susskind has written about the threat posed by machine-learning 36 doctors, lawyers and the like in “The Future of the Professions”.In the past, the relationship between machine and human labour 37 (drive) by two factors: the substituting effect, which caused people to lose jobs, and the improving effect, which allowed employees to do 38 work more productively. 39 author worries that, in the future, the substituting effect will dominate. Advances in AI have been so rapid that machines will eventually be better than people at most activities. A few 40 (high) paid humans will still be employed, but the rest will struggle to find work.This 41 (depress) view of the impact of technology is possibly true. But so is a more optimistic outlook, as the economist Roger Bootle showed in “The Al Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age”, 42 (publish) last year. Mr. Bootle argued that AI and robotics would improve productivity and economic 43 (grow). As for employment, there will always be demand for services with the human touch, just as there is an appetite for homemade 44 (loaf) as well as sliced white bread.Recently, employment has surged in both America and Britain, suggesting 45 technology has not led to widespread labour replacement.第三部分写作（共两节；满分40分）第一节（满分15分）假设你是中学生李华，在英国学习，担任学校中国语言与文化社社长。
越来越多留学生回国的原因英语作文
越来越多留学生回国的原因英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1With the globalization trend, more and more students are choosing to study abroad in pursuit of higher education. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of international students choosing to return to their home countries after completing their studies. There are several reasons for this trend.One main reason for the increasing number of international students returning home is the growing demand for skilled workers in developing countries. As these countries continue to develop and expand their economies, there is a need for highly educated individuals with the knowledge and experience to help drive growth and innovation. By returning home, these students can contribute to the development of their home countries and play a role in shaping their futures.Another reason for the trend of more students returning home is the high cost of living and studying abroad. While studying in a foreign country can provide valuable experiencesand opportunities, it can also be financially challenging for many students. As tuition fees and living expenses continue to rise, more students are choosing to return home where they can potentially find better job opportunities and a lower cost of living.Additionally, cultural and social factors also play a role in the decision to return home. For some students, the experience of living in a foreign country can be isolating and challenging, particularly if they struggle to adapt to a different culture or language. Returning home allows these students to reconnect with their families, friends, and familiar surroundings, providing a sense of belonging and comfort that may be lacking abroad.Furthermore, advancements in technology and communication have made it easier for students to stay connected with their home countries even while studying abroad. With the rise of social media and video conferencing platforms, students can maintain relationships with their families and friends and stay updated on developments in their home countries. This connectivity may make the transition back home smoother for students who may have previously felt disconnected.In conclusion, the decision to return home after studying abroad is influenced by a variety of factors, including economic, social, and cultural considerations. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, more students are choosing to return to their home countries to contribute to their development and seek new opportunities. This trend highlights the changing landscape of higher education and the increasing importance of global talent mobility.篇2With the rapid development of the global economy and the improvement of living standards in China, more and more overseas students are choosing to return to their homeland after completing their studies abroad. This trend has been gaining momentum in recent years, and there are several reasons behind this phenomenon.First and foremost, many overseas students are attracted by the career opportunities available in China. As the country continues to grow economically, there are increasing job prospects in various industries, including technology, finance, and healthcare. Many returnees find that they can build successful and rewarding careers in China, leveraging theirinternational education and experiences to make a positive impact.Moreover, the quality of life in China has improved significantly in recent years, making it an attractive destination for returning students. The country's infrastructure, healthcare system, and public services have all been upgraded, providing a higher standard of living for its residents. Additionally, China's vibrant culture, diverse cuisine, and rich history are also appealing to many overseas students who are looking to reconnect with their roots.Another key factor driving the trend of overseas students returning to China is the government's policies and initiatives to attract talent. The Chinese government has implemented various programs to encourage overseas Chinese students to come back, offering incentives such as tax breaks, housing subsidies, and funding for startups. These initiatives make it easier for returnees to transition back to life in China and contribute to the country's development.Furthermore, the network of professionals and alumni in China is another significant draw for overseas students considering returning home. The strong connections and support system provided by these networks can help returningstudents find job opportunities, build relationships, and navigate the challenges of reintegration into Chinese society.In conclusion, there are multiple factors contributing to the increasing number of overseas students choosing to return to China. From career opportunities and quality of life to government support and professional networks, there are many advantages to coming back to the homeland. As China continues to rise as a global powerhouse, more and more overseas students are finding that their future lies in the Middle Kingdom.篇3With the rise in globalization, more and more students are choosing to study abroad. However, in recent years, there has been a growing trend of international students deciding to return to their home countries after completing their studies. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, which we will explore in this article.One of the main reasons why more and more international students are choosing to return to their home countries is because of the increasing opportunities available in these countries. With rapid economic growth and development in many parts of the world, there are now more job prospects andcareer opportunities for young professionals. For example, countries like China, India, and Brazil have all experienced significant economic growth in recent years, leading to a surge in demand for skilled workers in various industries. As a result, many international students see returning home as a way to capitalize on these new opportunities and contribute to their home countries' development.Another factor contributing to the trend of international students returning home is the rising cost of living and studying abroad. Many students find that living expenses and tuition fees in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia can be prohibitively high. This financial burden can deter some students from staying abroad after graduation, especially if they have the option to return home and find affordable education and living options. Additionally, some students may choose to return home to be closer to their families and support networks, particularly if they feel homesick or isolated while studying abroad.Furthermore, some international students may choose to return home due to personal or cultural reasons. They may miss the familiarity of their home country's language, food, and customs, or feel disconnected from their cultural identity whileliving abroad. Returning home can provide these students with a sense of belonging and connection that they may struggle to find in a foreign country. Additionally, some students may be inspired to return home by a desire to make a difference in their communities and contribute to positive change in their home countries.In conclusion, there are multiple factors driving the trend of international students returning to their home countries after studying abroad. From economic opportunities to personal and cultural considerations, each student's decision is influenced by a unique set of circumstances. As more and more students choose to return home, it will be interesting to see how this trend shapes the future of global education and international connectivity.。
利弊类的英语作文
利弊类的英语作文Title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media。
In today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our lives. While it offers numerous benefits, it also comes with its own set of drawbacks. This essay explores the advantages and disadvantages of social media.Advantages:1. Connectivity: Social media platforms facilitate instant communication and connectivity with people across the globe. It allows individuals to stay in touch with friends, family, and acquaintances irrespective of geographical barriers.2. Information Sharing: Social media serves as a vast repository of information on various subjects. Users can access news, articles, and educational content effortlessly,enhancing their knowledge and awareness.3. Networking: Platforms like LinkedIn offer professionals the opportunity to expand their professional network, discover job opportunities, and showcase their skills and expertise to a wider audience.4. Business Promotion: Businesses can leverage social media to promote their products and services, engage with customers, and increase brand visibility. It provides cost-effective marketing channels, especially for small businesses and startups.5. Entertainment: Social media offers a plethora of entertaining content, including videos, memes, and live streams. It serves as a source of relaxation and amusement for users, helping them unwind after a long day.Disadvantages:1. Privacy Concerns: One of the major drawbacks of social media is the compromise of privacy. Users oftenshare personal information without realizing the potential consequences, making them vulnerable to identity theft, cyberbullying, and other security threats.2. Addiction: Excessive use of social media can lead to addiction, affecting individuals' productivity, mental health, and interpersonal relationships. The constant need for validation through likes and comments can create acycle of dependency.3. Misinformation: The spread of fake news and misinformation is rampant on social media platforms. False information can easily go viral, leading to confusion, panic, and mistrust among users. It undermines thecredibility of legitimate sources and contributes tosocietal polarization.4. Cyberbullying: Social media provides a platform for cyberbullying, harassment, and online trolling. Individuals, especially teenagers, are vulnerable to bullying behavior, which can have serious psychological repercussions and even lead to self-harm or suicide.5. Distraction: Social media can be a significant source of distraction, especially for students and professionals. The constant notifications, messages, and updates can disrupt concentration and hinder academic or work-related tasks.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media offers a wide range of benefits, including connectivity, information sharing, networking, business promotion, and entertainment. However, it also poses several challenges, such as privacy concerns, addiction, misinformation, cyberbullying, and distraction. It is essential for users to exercise caution, maintain a healthy balance, and use social media responsibly to maximize its advantages while minimizing its drawbacks.。
社会资本——林南、陈志柔
林The course will explore (1) the theories of capital and theories of social capital, (2) the empirical work on social capital, (3) linkages between social capital and instrumental and expressive actions, (4) new directions for theoretical and research extensions of the theory.TextBooksNan Lin, Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action, 2001, Cambridge University Press.ReferencesColeman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. NY: Simon & Schuster.Dasgupta, Partha and Ismail Serageldin. 2000. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald S. Burt, editors, Social Capital: Theory and Research. 2001. Chicago: Aldine de Gruytel.Topics and ReadingsRequired readingI. Theories of Capital:The classical theory: Marx’s capitalismMarx, Karl (David McLellan, editor). 1995 (1867, 1885, 1894). Capital: A New Abridgement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Marx, Karl. 1933 (1849). Wage-Labour and Capital. New York: International Publishers Co.*Brewer, Anthony. 1984. A Guide to Marx's Capital. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.The Neo-capital theories:Human Capital:Johnson, Harry G. 1960. "The Political Economy of Opulence." Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 26:552-64.* Schultz, Theodore W. 1961. "Investment in Human Capital." The American Economic Review LI(1):1-17, 1.Becker, Gary S. 1964/1993. Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Cultural Capital:Bourdieu, Pierre. 1972/1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1977. Reproduction in Education, Society, Culture. Beverly Hills: Sage. Book 1.* Jenkins, Richard. 1992. Pierre Bourdieu. London: Loutledge. Chapter 5.* Lin, 2001, Chapter 1. Theories of Capital: The Historical FoundationII. Social Capital: Defining and ConceptualizingSocial Networks and Embedded ResourcesFormative Works→Interactions and Homophily*Homans, George C. 1950. The Human Group. NY: Harcourt, Brace. Chapters 2, 4, and 6.*Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Robert K. Merton. 1954. "Friendship as Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis." Pp. 298-348 in The VariedSociology of Paul F. Lazarsfeld, edited by P. L. Kendall. NY: ColumbiaUniversity Press.Marsden, Peter V. 1988. "Homogeneity in Confiding Networks." Social Networks 10:57-76.→Network Locations and Tie Strength:*Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.________. 1974. Getting a Job. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.________. 1982. "The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited." Pp.105-30 in Social Structure and Network Analysis, edited by Peter V.Marsden and Nan Lin. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.*Lin, Nan, Paul Dayton, and Peter Greenwald. 1978. "Analyzing the Instrumental Use of Relations in the Context of Social Structure." Sociological Methods andResearch 7:149-66.Marsden, Peter V. and Karen E. Campbell. 1984. "Measuring Tie Strength." Social Forces 63 (December):482-501.*Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.2002 “ 聯 度 理” 163-209.Conceptualizing*Lin, Nan. 1982. "Social Resources and Instrumental Action." Pp. 131-45 in Social Structure and Network Analysis, edited by Peter V. Marsden and Nan Lin.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.*Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983/1986. "The Forms of Capital." Pp. 241-58 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G.Richardson. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.________. 1980. "Le Capital Social: Notes Provisoires." Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 3:2-3.*Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chapter 12.Pizzorno, Alessandro. 1991. "On the Individualistic Theory of Social Order." Pp.209-31 in Social Theory for a Changing Society, edited by Pierre Bourdieuand James S. Coleman. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.Additional Readings→ Embedded Resources and StructureSewell, William H., Jr. 1992. "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, andTransformation." American Journal of Sociology 98(1):1-29.→ Values of Embedded ResourcesWeber, Max. 1946. Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Translated by H. H. Gerth andC. Wright Mills). New York: Oxford University Press.Burt, Ron. 1997. "The Contingent Value of Social Capital." Administrative Science Quarterly 42:339-65.→ Integrating*Lin, Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5ch2. Social Capital: Capital Captured through Social Relationsch3. Resources, Hierarchy, Networks, and Homophily: The Structural Foundationch4. Resources, Motivations, and Interactions: The Action Foundationch5. The Theory and Theoretical Propositions*Ronald S. Burt. 2001. "Structural Holes Versus Network Closure as Social Capital."InSocial Capital: Theory and Research, edited by N. Lin, K. Cook and R. S.Burt. Hawthorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Civic Engagement*Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Especially Chapter 12, pp. 360-363, 590-597)*Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.Generalized Trust*Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Especially Chapter 12, pp. 360-363, 590-597)*Putnam, Robert D. 1995b. "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America." The 1995 Itheiel de Sola Pool Lefcture.American Political Science Association. September.III. Empirical Evidence of Social CapitalSocial Resources Theory*Lin, Nan, Walter M. Ensel, and John C. Vaughn. 1981. "Social Resources and Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment."American Sociological Review 46(4):393-405.*Marsden, Peter V. and Jeanne S. Hurlbert. 1988. "Social Resources and Mobility Outcomes: A Replication and Extension." Social Forces 66(4):1038-59, 4. *De Graaf, Nan Dirk and Hendrik Derk Flap. 1988. "With a Little Help from My Friends." Social Forces 67(2):452-72.Flap, Hendrik Derk and Nan Dirk De Graaf. 1988. "Social Capital and Attained Occupational Status." Netherlands Journal of Sociology.Boxman, E. A., W., P. M. de Graaf, and Henk D. Flap. 1991. "The Impact of Social and Human Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers." SocialNetworks 13:51-73.. 1992. " " 16:107-38.*Bian, Yanjie. 1997. "Bringing Strong Ties Back In: Indirect Connection, Bridges, and Job Search in China." American Sociological Review 62(3):36-385, 3. Bian, Yanjie and Soon Ang. 1997. "Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore." Social Forces 75:981-1006.Name Generator versus Position Generator: Methodological Debates and Advances:*Campbell, Karen E., Peter V. Marsden, and Jeanne S. Hurlbert. 1986. "Social Resources and Socioeconomic Status." Social Networks 8(1).Ron Burt. 1998. "The Gender of Social Capital." Rationality and Society 10(1):5-46,1.*Lin, Nan and Mary Dumin. 1986. "Access to Occupations Through Social Ties."Social Networks 8:365-85.*Erickson, Bonnie H. 1996. "A Structural Approach to Network and Cultural Resources." American Journal of Sociology.*Lin, Nan, Yang-chih Fu, and Ray-may Hsung. 1998. "Position Generator: A Measurement for Social Capital." Social Networks and Social Capital. DukeUniversity, November.Structural PositionsGeletkanycz, Marta A. and Donald C. Hambrick. 1997. "The External Ties of Top Exectuvies: Implications for Strrategic Choice and Performance."Administrative Science Quarterly 42:654-81.Pennings, Johannes M., Kyungmook Lee, and Arjen van Witteloostuijn. 1998."Human Capital, Social Capital, and Firm Dissolution." Academy ofManagement Science 41:425-40.Stuart, Toby E. and Joel M. Podolny. 1999. "Positional Causes and Correlates of Strategic Alliances in the Semiconductor Industry." Pp. 161-82 in Researchin the Sociology of Organizations, edited by S. Andrews and D. Knoke.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Baum, Joel A. C., Tony Calabrese, and Brian S. Silverman. 2000. "Don't Go It Alone: Alliance Network Composition and Startups' Performances in CanadianBiotechnology." Strategic Management Journal 21:267-94.Burt, Ronald S. 2000. "The Network Structure of Social Capital." Pp. 345-423 in Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by R. I. Sutton and B. M. Staw.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.____ 2001. "Structural Holes Versus Network Closure as Social Capital." In Social Capital: Theory and Research, edited by N. Lin, K. Cook and R. S. Burt.Hawthorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Civic Engagement*Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. NY: Simon & Schuster.Putnam, Robert D. 1995a. "Bowling Alone, Revisited." The Responsive Community, Spring, 18-33.Putnam, Robert D. 1995b. "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America." The 1995 Itheiel de Sola Pool Lefcture.American Political Science Association. September.Greeley, Andrew. 1997a. "Coleman Revisited: Religious Structures as a Source of Social Capital." American Behavioral Scientist 40(5, March/April):587-94. ____ 1997b. "The Other Civic America: Religion and Social Capital." The American Prospect 32 (May-June):68-73.____ 1997c. "The Strange Reappearance of Civic America: Religion andV olunteering," Department of Sociology, University of Chicago. Paxton, Pamela. 1999. "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment." American Journal of Sociology 105(1, July):88-127. Lemann, Nicholas. 1996. "Kicking in Groups." The Atlantic Monthly, April, pp.22-26.Samuelson, Robert. 1996? "The "Bowling Alone" Phenomenon Is Bunk." Detroit News (Detroit).Schudson, Michael. 1996. "What If Civic Life Didn't Die?" The American Prospect 25 (March-April):17-20.Wolfinger, Raymond E and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who V otes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. V oice and Equality: Civic V oluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.____ 1997. "The Big Tilt: Participatory Inequality in America." The American Prospect 32 (May-June):74-80.Generalized TrustPutnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. NY: Simon & Schuster.Lochner, Kimberly, Ichiro Kawachi,and Bruce P. Kennedy. 1999. "Social Capital: A Guide to Its Measurement."Health and Place 5:259-70.Kenneday, B. P., I. Kawachi, and E. Brainerd. 1998. "The Role of Social Capital in the Russian Mortality Crisis." World Development 26:2029-43.Kawachi, Ichiro and Lisa Berkman. 2000. "Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and Health." Pp. 174-90 in Social Epidemiology, edited by L. Berkman and I.Kawachi. NY: Oxford University Press.Kawachi, Ichiro, Bruce P. Kenneday, Kimberly Lochner, and D. Prothrow-Stith.1997b. "Social Capital, Income Inequality and Mortality." American Journalof Public Health 87:1491-98.Kawachi, Ichiro, Bruce P. Kennedy, and Roberta Glass. 1999. "Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: A Contextual Analysis." American Journal of PublicHealth 89(8):1187-93.Kawachi, Ichiro, Bruce P. Kennedy, and Kimberly Lochner. 1997a. "Long Live Community: Social Capital as Public Health." The American Prospect 35(November-December):56-59.Torsvik, Gaute. 2000. "Social Capital and Development: A Plea for the Mechanisms."Rationality and Society 12(4):451-76.Sociological analysis of trustDurkheim, Emile. 1956. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press. Simmel, Georg (ed. Donald N. Levine). 1971. Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Simmel, Georg (trans. and edited by Kurt H. Wolff). 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Simmel, Georg. 1978. The Philosophy of Money. London: Routledge.Parsons, Talcott. 1963. "On the Concept of Influence." Public Opinion Quarterly 27:37-62.Luhmann, N. 1979. Trust and Power. Chichester: Wiley.Barber, Bernard. 1983. The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Misztal, Barber A. 1996. Trust in Modern Societies. Cambridge, UK: Polity.Economical analysis of trustWilliamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.____1993. "Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization." Journal of Law and Economics 36(1-2, April):453-86.IV. ExtensionsSocial Capital in Institutional TransformationV olker, Beate and Henk Flap. 1996. "Getting Ahead in the GDR: Human Capital and Social Capital in the Status Attainment Process Under Communism."Universiteit Utrecht, the Netherlands.Angelusz, Robert and Robert Tardos. 1998. "Shifts in Access to Social Network Resources in Hungary Under Transformation." Social Networks and SocialCapital. Duke University, November.Collective Social Capital*Portes, Alejandro and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1993. "Embeddedness and Immigration:Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action." American Journalof Sociology 98(6):1320-50, 6.Hagan, John, Ross MacMillan, and Blair Wheaton. 1996. "New Kid in Town: Social Capital and the Life Course Effects of Family Migration on Children."American Sociological Review 61:368-85.Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Felton Earls. 1999. "Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children." American Sociological Review 64(5,October):633-60.Social Capital and Inequality*Green, Gary P., Leann M. Tigges, and Irene Browne. 1995. "Social Resources, Job Search, and Poverty in Atlanta." Research in Community Sociology5:161-82.*Lin, 2001. Chapter 7. AInequality in Social Capital: A Research Agenda: V. Syntheses and DebatesMark Granovetter. 1995. Getting a Job (Revised Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.*Portes, Alex. 1998. "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 22:1-24.*Lin, Nan. 1999. Social Networks and Status Attainment. Annual Review of Sociology. Or, Lin, 2001, Chapter 6.*Woolcock, Michael. 1998. "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework." Theory and Society27:151-208.*Woolcock, Michael and Deepa Narayan. 2000. "Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy." The World Bank ResearchObserver 15(2, August):225-49.Serageldin, Ismail and Christiaan Grootaert. 2000. "Defining Social Capital: An Integrating View." Pp. 40-58 in Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective,edited by P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin. Washington, D. C.: The WorldBank.* Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards. 1999. "Is It Time to Disinvest in Social Capital." Journal of Public Policy 19(2):141-73.Sandefur, Rebecca L. and Edward O. Laumann. 1998. "A Paradigm for Social Capital." Rationality and Society 10:481-95.Starr, Paul. [August 14] 2000. "The Public Vanishes," by R. D. Putnam, The New Republic, 35-37Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity. Simon & Schuster.*Marsden, Peter V. and Elizabeth H. Gorman. Forthcoming. "Social Networks, Job Changes, and Recruitment." In Sourcebook on Labor Markets: EvolvingStructures and Processes, edited by I. Berg and A. L. Kalleberg.Lynch, J., P. Due, C. Muntaner, and G. Davey Smith. 2000. "Social Capital -- Is It a Good Investment Strategy for Public Health." Journal of Epidemiology andCommunity Health 54:404-08.Baum, Francis E. 2000. "Social Capital, Economic Capital and Power: Further Issues for a Public Health Agenda." Journal of Epidemiology and CommunityHealth 54:409-10.Wrong, Dennis. 1961. "The Oversocialized Conception of Man in Modern Sociology." American Sociological Review 26(2):183-93. Granovetter, Mark. 1985. "Economic and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510.Zhou, Xueguang., Zhao Wei., Li Qiang., and Cai He (2003) ‘Embeddedness and contractual relationships in China’s transitional economy’, AmericanSociological Review, 68: 75-102.VI. Theoretical ExtensionsEmergence of Social Capital*Nan Lin. 1994a. "Action, Social Resources, and the Emergence of Social Structure:A Rational Choice Theory." Advances in Group Processes 11:67-85. Or, Lin,2001, Chapter 8. Social Capital and the Emergence of Social Structure: ATheory of Rational ChoiceSocial Exchange and Reputation: Rent of Social CapitalSmart, Alan. 1993. "Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu's Social Capital." Cultural Anthropology 8(3):388-408, 3.Nan Lin. 1997. "Guanxi: A Conceptual Analysis." Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. Toronto, August 8.*Nan Lin, 2001, Chapter 9. Reputation and Social Capital: The Rational Basis of Social ExchangeSocial Capital in OrganizationsLin, 2001, Chapter 10. Social Capital in Hierarchical StructuresOr, Nan Lin. 1990. "Social Resources and Social Mobility: A Structural Theory of Status Attainment." Pp. 247-171 in Social Mobility and Social Structure,edited by Ronald L. Breiger. NY: Cambridge University Press.Social Capital and Social ChangeNan Lin. 1995d. "Institutions and Networks: The Infrastructure of Society."International Social Network Conference. London, July 6-10. Or, Lin, 2001.Chapter 11. Institutions, Networks and Capital Building: SocietalMaintenance and TransformationsAscent of Social Capital: Cybernetworks*Nan Lin, 2001. Chapter 12.Cybernetworks: The Rise of Social Capital*Nan Lin, Bai Gao, and Marc Magee. 2001. ACybernetworks and the Social Capital-Based Economy.Additional readingsBrecher, Jeremy and Tim Costello. 1998. Global Village or Global Pillage. Costells, Manuel. 1998. End of Millennium. Blackwell.Costells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell.________. 1997. The Power of Identity: The Information - Economy, Society and Culture. Blackwell.Graham, Stephen and Simon Marvin. 1996. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places. London: Rutledge.Kelly, Kevin. New Rules for the New Economy: Ten Radical Strategies for a Connected World. Penguin Putnum.McLuhan, Marshall and Bruce R. Powers. 1992. The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century. NY: Oxford University Press. Mulgan, Geoff. Connexity: How to Live In a Connected World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Sassen, Saskia. 1998. Globalization and Its Discontents. New Press.Wellman, Barry. ed. 1998. Networks in the Global Village. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.References李 , 2000. 北 羅 ‧ 列, 來 : 利 , 2001[ 90]‧ 理論 北 : , 1999.Angelusz, Robert and Robert Tardos. 1991. "The Strength and Weakness of "Weak Ties"." Pp. 7-23 in Values, Networks and Cultural Reproduction in Hungary,edited by P. Somlai. Budapest: The Coordinating Council of Programs. Angelusz, Robert and Robert Tardos. 1991. "The Strength and Weakness of "Weak Ties"." Pp. 7-23 in Values, Networks and Cultural Reproduction in Hungary,edited by P. Somlai. Budapest: The Coordinating Council of Programs. Barber, Bernard. 1983. The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Barbieri, Paolo. 1996. "Household, Social Capital and Labour Market Attainment."ECSR Workshop. Max Planck Institute for Human Development andEducation, Berlin, August 26-27.Baum, Francis E. 2000. "Social Capital, Economic Capital and Power: Further Issues for a Public Health Agenda." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54:409-10.Baum, Joel A. C., Tony Calabrese, and Brian S. Silverman. 2000. "Don't Go It Alone: Alliance Network Composition and Startups' Performances in CanadianBiotechnology." Strategic Management Journal 21:267-94.Becker, Gary S. 1964/1993. Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bian, Yanjie. 1995. "China: Getting a Job in a Web of Guanxi." In Networks in the Global Village, edited by Barry Wellman. Boulder, CO: Westview.Bian, Yanjie. Forthcoming-a. "Bringing Strong Ties Back In: Indirect Connection, Bridges, and Job Search in China." American Sociological Review.________. forthcoming-b. "Getting a Job Through a Web of Guanxi in Urban China."In Networks in the Global Village, edited by Barry Wellman. Boulder, CO:Westview.Bian, Yanjie and Soon Ang. forthcoming. "Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore." Social Forces.Bourdieu, Pierre. 1972/1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.________. 1980. "Le Capital Social: Notes Provisoires." Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 3:2-3.________. 1983/1986. "The Forms of Capital." Pp. 241-58 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson.Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.________. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity.Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1977. Reproduction in Education, Society, Culture. Beverly Hills: Sage.Boxman, Ed. 1992. "Contacts and Careers." diss, the Netherlands: University of Utrecht.Boxman, E. A., W. and Hendrik Derk Flap. 1990. "Social Capital and Occupational Chances." The International Sociological Association XII World Congress ofSociology. Madrid, July.Boxman, E. A., W., P. M. de Graaf, and Henk D. Flap. 1991. "The Impact of Social and Human Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers." SocialNetworks 13:51-73.Boxman, E. A., W., Hendrik Derk Flap, and P. M. De Graaf. 1989. "Social Capital, Human Capital, and Income Attainment: The Impact of Social Capital andHuman Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers in 1986." TheEuropean Conference on Social Network Analysis. Groningen, Netherlands,June.Brecher, Jeremy and Tim Costello. 1998. Global Village or Global Pillage. Brewer, Anthony. 1984. A Guide to Marx's Capital. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Browne, Ray Broadus and Marshall William Fishwick. 1998. The Global Village: Dead or Alive. Bowling Green State University.Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressBurt, Ronald S. 1995. "The Contingent Value of Social Capital." University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, April.________. 1997. "The Contingent Value of Social Capital." Administrative Science Quarterly 42:339-65.________. 1998. "The Gender of Social Capital." Rationality and Society 10(1):5-46,1.Burt, Ronald S. 2000. "The Network Structure of Social Capital." Pp. 345-423 inResearch in Organizational Behavior, edited by R. I. Sutton and B. M. Staw.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.________. 2001. "Structural Holes Versus Network Closure as Social Capital." In Social Capital: Theory and Research, edited by N. Lin, K. Cook and R. S. Burt.Hawthorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Campbell, Karen E., Peter V. Marsden, and Jeanne S. Hurlbert. 1986. "Social Resources and Socioeconomic Status." Social Networks 8(1).Costells, Manuel. 1998. End of Millennium. Blackwell.Costells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell.________. 1997. The Power of Identity: The Information - Economy, Society and Culture. Blackwell.Coleman, James S. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital."American Journal of Sociology 94:S95-S121.Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Especially Chapter 12, pp. 360-363, 590-597) Dasgupta, Partha and Ismail Serageldin. 2000. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.De Graaf, Nan Dirk and Hendrik Derk Flap. 1988. "With a Little Help from My Friends." Social Forces 67(2):452-72.DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1991. "Introduction." Pp. 1-38 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell andPaul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.DiMaggio, Paul. 1988. "Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory." Pp. 3-22 in Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, edited byLynne G. Zucker. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.________. 1991. "Social Structure, Institutions, and Cultural Goods: The Case of the United States." Pp. 133-55 in Social Theory for a Changing Society, edited byPierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman. Boulder: Westview.DiMaggio, Paul. J. and Walter W. Powell. 1983. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in OrganizationalFields." American Sociological Review 48:147-60.Durkheim, Emile. 1956. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press. Ensel, Walter M. 1979. "Sex, Social Ties, and Status Attainment." Albany, NY: State University of New York at Albany.Erickson, Bonnie H. 1995. "Networks, Success, and Class Structure: A Total View."Sunbelt Social Networks Conference. Charleston, S.C., February. Erickson, Bonnie H. 1996. "A Structural Approach to Network and Cultural Resources." American Journal of Sociology..Fernandez, Roberto M. and Nancy Weinberg. 1996. "Getting a Job: Networks and Hiring in a Retail Bank." Stanford University, March.Flap, Henk D. 1991. "Social Capital in the Reproduction of Inequality." Comparative Sociology of Family, Health and Education 20:6179-202.________. 1994/1995. "No Man Is An Island: The Research Program of a Social Capital Theory." World Congress of Sociology. Bielefeld, Germany, July. Flap, Henk. 1995. "No Man is an Island: The Research Program of a Social Capital Theory." International Network Conference. London, July 6-10.Flap, Hendrik Derk and Nan Dirk De Graaf. 1988. "Social Capital and Attained Occupational Status." Netherlands Journal of Sociology.Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards. 1999. "Is It Time to Disinvest in Social Capital."Journal of Public Policy 19(2):141-73.Geletkanycz, Marta A. and Donald C. Hambrick. 1997. "The External Ties of Top Exectuvies: Implications for Strrategic Choice and Performance."Administrative Science Quarterly 42:654-81.Graham, Stephen and Simon Marvin. 1996. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places. London: Rutledge.Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.________. 1974. Getting a Job. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.________. 1982. "The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited." Pp.105-30 in Social Structure and Network Analysis, edited by Peter V. Marsdenand Nan Lin. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.________. 1985. "Economic and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness."American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510.________. 1995. Getting a Job (Revised Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Granovetter, Mark. 1994. Getting a Job (Revised Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Greeley, Andrew. 1997a. "Coleman Revisited: Religious Structures as a Source of Social Capital." American Behavioral Scientist 40(5, March/April):587-94.________. 1997b. "The Other Civic America: Religion and Social Capital." The。
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Social Network Analysis for Startups 基于社交网络的创业分析 Does your startup rely on social network analysis? This concise guide provides a statistical framework to help you identify social processes hidden among the tons of data now available. 你的创业项目是基于社交网络分析吗？这本导读将为你提供一个统计学意义上的框架，以帮助你认知那些隐藏于浩瀚的可用数据中的社交过程 Social network analysis (SNA) is a discipline that predates Facebook and Twitter by 30 years . Through expert SNA researchers, you’ll learn concepts and techniques for recognizing patterns in social media, political groups, companies, cultural trends, and interpersonal networks. You’ll also learn how to use Python and other open source tools---such as NetworkX, NumPy, and Matplotlib---to gather, analyze, and visualize social data. This book is the perfect marriage between social network and practice, and a valuable source of insight and ideas. 社交网络分析（SNA）作为一个独立学科，比Facebook和Twitter的兴起还要早30年。通过对社交网络进行深入研究，你不仅可以学习一些相关模式的概念和技术，以用于加深对社会媒体、政治组织、公司企业、文化发展和人际关系的认知；同时，也可以学习使用Python和NetworkX、NumPy、Matplotlib等其他开源工具，以用于收集、分析和形象化展示社交数据。这本书将社交网络的理论与实践进行了很好地融合，并能够促进洞察力的提升和新想法的产生。 Discover how internal social networks affect a company’s ability to perform. 发现 Follow terrorists and revolutionaries through the 1998 Khobar Towers bombing, the 9/11 attacks, and the Egyptian uprising 通过1998年Khobar Towers爆炸案、911恐怖袭击和埃及起义等追踪恐怖主义和革命发展趋势 Learn how a single special-interest group can control the outcome of a national election 学习一个特殊地位的组织如何操控国民选举 Examine relationships between companies through investment network and shared boards of directors. 监测通过投资网络关联的企业与共享董事会之间的关系 Delve into the anatomy of cultural fads and trends----offline phenomena often mediated by Twitter and Facebook. 探索与文化相关的时尚及其发展趋势-----线下行为往往基于Twitter和Facebook等线上工具所联系。 Purchase the ebook edition of this O’Reilly title at oreilly.com and get free updates for the life of the edition. Our ebooks are optimized for several electronic formats, including FDP, EPUB, Mobi, APK, and DAISY----all DRM-free. 你可以在oreilly.com上购买本书的电子版本O’Reilly，并获得该版本的免费更新。我们的电子书具备包括FDP, EPUB, Mobi, APK, and DAISY----all DRM-free等多种格式，是你的最佳选择。
Social Network Analysis for Startups 面向创业的社会网络分析 Social Network Analysis for Startups by Maksim Tsvertovat and Alexander Kouznetsov Preface 序 Almost every startup company in 2011 uses the word “social” in their business plans-----although few actually know how to analyze and understand the social processes that can result in their firms’ success or failure. If you are working in social media, social CRM, social marketing, organizationalconsulting, etc., you should read this book for insights on how social systems evolve and change, and how to detect what is going on. 2011年新创业的公司几乎都在他们的企划中使用“社会”这个词——尽管几乎没有几家公司真正懂得如何分析并理解能够导致其创业成功或者失败的社会过程。如果你在社会媒体、社会客户关系管理、社会市场营销、组织咨询等部门工作，你就应该读一读这本书来提高你对社会系统演变的洞察，同时也能够帮助你更好地察觉你周围正在发生的相关事件。 Despite the title, the book is not just for startups. In fact, it is a “course-in-a-book”, encapsulating nearly a semester’s worth of theoretical and practical material----read it and you will know enough about social network analysis to be “dangerous”. If you are a student in the field, we strongly encourage you to seek out and read every paper and book referred to in the footnotes. This will make you conversant in the classic literature of the field and enable you to confidently start your own research project. 尽管以《面向创业的社交网络分析》为题，但是本书却并非只针对创业公司。实际上，这是一本将相当于一个学期需要学习的理论和实践内容概括在内的教科书，通过阅读该书你将会对社交网络分析的重要意义有足够的了解。如果你是这个领域的研究生，我们强烈建议你能够去搜索并阅读在脚注中涉及的论文和书籍。因为这将使你逐渐熟悉该领域的经典文献，并且建立起你开展自己研究项目的信心。 If you are of a technical or computer science background, this book will introduce you to major sociological concepts and tie them back into things that can be programmed, and data that can be analyzed. If your background is social sciences or marketing, you may find some of the background material familiar, but at the same time will learn the quantitative and programmatic approaches to understanding humans in a social setting. 如果具备本专业或者计算机科学相关背景，你会通过该书掌握一些主要的社会学概念，以及通过对这些概念的整合实现对其编程和相关数据的分析。如果具备社会科学或者市场营销相关背景，你可能会发现与你较为熟悉的背景材料，而你同时也会学得定量和规划的方法，以加深对生活在社会环境中的人们的理解。 Prerequisites 前言 This bookis written to be accessible by a wide audience. We keep jargon to a minimum, and explain terms as they come along. However, there is a serious amount of technical content (as one expects from an O’Reilly book). 该书面向广大的读者而写作。我们尽量少用术语，并对出现的相关术语进行一定的解释。尽管如此，该书依然存在极大篇幅的专业内容（当然，这也是一部分读者对于O’Reilly的期待）。 We expect you to be at least marginally conversant in Python----i.e., able to write your own scripts, understand the basic control structures and data structures of the language. If you are not yet there, we suggest starting with an online Python tutorial or Head First Python by Paul Barry (O’Reilly). 我们希望读者至少对Python稍微熟悉——即能够自己写脚本，理解基本的控制结构和该语言的数据结构。如果尚未对Python没有达到该熟悉程度，我们建议读者先在线学习一