大学类替代贴吧计划ms
历年计算机二级MS_Office真题及答案
基础一、选择题1、世界上首先实现存储程序的电子数字计算机是____。
A、ENIACB、UNIVACC、EDVACD、EDSAC2、计算机科学的奠基人是____。
A、查尔斯.巴贝奇B、图灵C、阿塔诺索夫D、冯.诺依曼2、世界上首次提出存储程序计算机体系结构的是____。
A、艾仑?图灵B、冯?诺依曼C、莫奇莱D、比尔?盖茨3、计算机所具有的存储程序和程序原理是____提出的。
A、图灵B、布尔C、冯?诺依曼D、爱因斯坦4、电子计算机技术在半个世纪中虽有很大进步，但至今其运行仍遵循着一位科学家提出的基本原理。
他就是____。
A、牛顿B、爱因斯坦C、爱迪生D、冯?诺依曼5、1946年世界上有了第一台电子数字计算机，奠定了至今仍然在使用的计算机____。
A、外型结构B、总线结构C、存取结构D、体系结构在计算机应用领域里，____是其最广泛的应用方面。
A、过程控制B、科学计算C、数据处理D、计算机辅助系统6、1946年第一台计算机问世以来，计算机的发展经历了4个时代，它们是____。
A、低档计算机、中档计算机、高档计算机、手提计算机B、微型计算机、小型计算机、中型计算机、大型计算机C、组装机、兼容机、品牌机、原装机D、电子管计算机、晶体管计算机、小规模集成电路计算机、大规模及超大规模集成电路计算机7、以下属于第四代微处理器的是____。
A、Intel8008B、Intel8085C、Intel8086D、Intel80386/486/5868、Pentium IV处理器属于____处理器。
A、第一代B、第三代C、第四代D、第五代9、计算机能够自动、准确、快速地按照人们的意图进行运行的最基本思想是____。
A、采用超大规模集成电路B、采用CPU作为中央核心部件C、采用操作系统D、存储程序和程序控制10、计算机工作最重要的特征是____。
A、高速度B、高精度C、存储程序和程序控制D、记忆力强11、计算机业界最初的硬件巨头“蓝色巨人”指的是____。
二级MS Office高级应用汇总
全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷二级MS Office高级应用目录全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(1) (1)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(2) (4)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(3) (7)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(4) (10)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(5) (13)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(6) (16)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(7) (19)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(8) (22)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(9) (25)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(10) (28)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(11) (31)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(12) (34)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(13) (37)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(14) (40)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(15) (43)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(16) (47)全国计算机等级考试无纸化真考题库试卷(1)二级MS Office高级应用1. 程序流程图中带有箭头的线段表示的是（）。
A）图元关系B）数据流C）控制流D）调用关系解析：在数据流图中，用标有名字的箭头表示数据流。
在程序流程图中，用标有名字的箭头表示控制流。
【正确答案】 C2. 结构化程序设计的基本原则不包括（）。
A）多态性B）自顶向下C）模块化D）逐步求精解析：结构化程序设计的思想包括：自顶向下、逐步求精、模块化、限制使用goto语句，【正确答案】 A3. 软件设计中模块划分应遵循的准则是（）。
A）低内聚低耦合B）高内聚低耦合C）低内聚高耦合D）高内聚高耦合解析：软件设计中模块划分应遵循的准则是高内聚低偶合、模块大小规模适当、模块的依赖关系适当等。
模块的划分应遵循一定的要求，以保证模块划分合理，并进一步保证以此为依据开发出的软件系统可靠性强，易于理解和维护。
国家高技术研究发展计划(86计划)课题申请书(推荐doc59)
13.01 attachment requirement for GSM mobile station:access
13.01-1 attachment requirement for GSM mobile station:access
02.06 types of mobile stations
02.07 mobile station feature
03.05 technical performance objectives
03.13 discontinuous reception in the gsm system
03.22 functions related to mobile station in idle mode
04.02 gsm public land mobile network access reference configuration
04.03 mobile station-base station system interface channel structure and access capability
该项目的实施将会带动国内企业的发展、推进第三代移动通信SOC的开发、给国内的移动通信厂商的无线通信及网络通信设备的开发和产业化提供新一代专业解决方案。
本项目将研究第三代移动通信SOC平台，定位于WCDMA/GSM多模终端的基带处理SOC的开发。该平台同时支持WCDMA、GSM、GPRS系统的通信标准；集成高性能嵌入式微处理器、高性能数字信号处理器、大容量非挥发存储器、若干个数据存储器、若干个数模、模数转换器、其他类型的外设接口和驱动器、嵌入式操作系统以及必要的应用程序接口；该SOC平台可以根据需要进行重构和再配置；利用该SOC平台可以实现至少两种应用。
统计学期末大作业题目及答案
统计学实践作业参数估计练习题1. 某大学为了解学生每天上网的时间，在全校7500名学生中采取不重复抽样方法随机抽取36人，调查他们每天上网的时间（单位：小时),得到的数据见表。
求该校大学生平均上网时间的置信区间，置信水平分别为90%、95%和99%。
平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数36最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数36最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数36最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间 2.2.某机器生产的袋茶重量（g）的数据见。
构造其平均重量的置信水平为90%、95%和99%的置信区间。
平均 3.标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数21最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间平均 3.标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数21最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间 3.平均 3.标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数21最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间3. 某机器生产的袋茶重量（g）的数据见。
构造其平均重量的置信水平为90%、95%和99%的置信区间。
平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数35最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数35最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间平均标准误差中位数众数标准差方差峰度偏度区域最小值最大值求和观测数35最大(1)最小(1)置信度%)置信区间资料整理练习题1. 为评价家电行业售后服务的质量，随机抽取了由100家庭构成的一个样本。
服务质量的等级分别表示为：A.好；B.较好；C.一般；D.差；E.较差。
调查结果见表。
通信学习：LTE室内覆盖解决方案-京信
➢ 在邻区加扰50%的干扰下，同频与异频组网下的性能测试结果
同频组网 异频组网
SINR均值对比
27.81 25.14 27.32
22.33
23.4 18.29
21.98
23.54
13.26
12.07
下载速率均值对比（Mbps）
75.24 61.12 69.18 58.35
与其他系统的连接点: 切换，重选 作为与外系统的唯一接口，简化整网邻区关系
切换，重选
树干
——
无切换，高移动性
综合模式-规模组网方案
Tree
树叶
——Smallcell
加厚网络：提升热点容量及系统整体吞吐
=20 用户
主小区: 100用户, 100Mbps吞吐 VIP
树叶为20个VIP 用户专享的小区
网管系统
建筑 #1
DP_1 4楼西区
DP_2 1楼主入口
精细化的远程监控: 无盲区的端到端管理: 简易化的单节点管理:
1
DP_3 3楼
DP_4 2楼东区
Small Cell 4楼西区
回传网络
精确到天线头级别 天线/DP， 线缆， eNB， 回传 Small Cell对DP进行代管，将多节点归一为单个网元
移动集团一体化皮基站(Nanocell)新型室分测试情况、成果
移动研究院实验室测试概况
一体化皮基站（Nanocell）、网关、网管、AAA设备均严格按照中国移动集团制定的相 关规范进行开发，并且已经全部通过中移动实验室测试验证，京信属业界第一批。
移动集团一体化皮基站(Nanocell)新型室分测试情况、成果
Smallcell
大学英语外报外刊阅读教程(第二版)课后习题参考答案
大学英语外报外刊阅读教程教学参考手册第二版端木义万主编Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. B 2. B 3. D 4. AVI.1. According to Ms. Wellington, Gen X’ers are attracted to their organizations for utterly traditional reasons: reputation of the organization, opportunities to advance.2. Catalyst and other research organizations caution that this age group has high demands for employers. If their demands are not met, they will leave. And they are highly sensitive to the way in which they are treated. If the Gen X’er believes that his employer is not making a commitment to him, he will leave.3.The survey found that more than 70 percent of them rated companionship, a loving family and enjoying life as extremely important. In contrast, fewer than 20 percent of them said earning a lot of money and becoming an influential leader were extremely important goals.4. According to Robert Morgan, the corporate loyalty is rising in the current economic climate partly because of job insecurities. Besides, there is the war for talent. As labor shortages intensified in recent years, employers have worked hard at retaining good workers.OutlineI.(1) Summary leadIncreasing job loyalty of Gen X’ersII. (2 –6) Catalyst’s survey about job loyalty of Gen X’ers1. General situation of the job loyalty2. Findings about the similarities between Gen X’ers and the previous generationsa. Old-fashioned goalsb. Traditional attractions3. Findings about the differences between Gen X’ers and the previous generationsa. High demands for employersb. High sensitiveness to the way they are treatedIII. (7 – 8) Specific example of Colleen GalleReasons for staying: job satisfactionjob loyaltyIV. (9 – 11) More details of the survey1. Scope, objects and focus of the survey2. Findings about the factors in job loyalty:Companionship, loving family, enjoying life3. Statistics showing job loyaltyV. (12 – 15) Analysis of job loyalty1. Not surprising in the current economic climate2. Comparison between 1999 and 2001 in job loyalty3. Reasons for the increase of job loyaltya. Present job insecurityb. Employers’ efforts at retaining the talentedAnswers to the QuestionsV. 1.A 2.A 3. B 4. DVI.1.The purpose of the debate between Mateo and Martinez is to focus on the specific needs ofLatinos that both parties are courting.2.The problems pointed out by Martinez are bad education, unemployment and lack of healthinsurance.3.The author says Latino turnout and preference will be decisive in the election because they arethe majority minority and more of Latinos than ever before are expected to go to the polls, anda large number of those people are not tied to either political party.4.According to the article, a candidate who figure out how to talk to Latinos about educationand healthcare in a compelling way can lock up Latinos’ vote.5.The term ―Hispanic‖ came into official use in 1973, when the Nixon administration formallydivided Americans into five races. Liberals prefer the term ―Latino‖ on the grounds that the Spaniards were the very people who destroyed the indigenous cultures of Latin Americans) 6.The author thinks that the term ―Hispanic‖is a marketing term and it’s a term used bypoliticians at election time.7.The author thinks that the term ―Hispanic‖is a marketing term and it’s a term used bypoliticians at election time. It cannot reflect cultural realities.OutlineI. (1 – 2) Debate between Mateo and Martinez1. Main issues for the debate and the purpose of the debate2. Audience’s response: louder opponents’ voicesII. (3 – 5) Latinos’ importance in election1. Decisive role of Latino voter turnout and preference2. Reason for the importance of Latino vote: Latinos’ ascent to the majority minority in 20033. Factors limiting Latinos’ voting strengtha. Many of them are not yet US citizens.b. One third of Latinos are under 18.III. (6 – 8) Latinos’ prime concerns1. Importance of education and healthcare to Latinos2. Reasons for the importance of those issuesa. U.S. – born Latinos form the majority.b. It’s more likely for Latinos to lack healthcare and education.IV. (9 – 10) Discussion about the term ―Hispanic‖1. The origin of the term and the problems with the term2. Rich diversity of LatinosV. (11) Increased visibility of LatinosLesson 3Answers to the QuestionsV. 1.C 2.D 3.C 4. AVI.1.WWII led to women’s entry into the workforce. As men marched off to fight, women tooktheir husbands’ places in factories and on the farms. They never looked back. Most now take it for granted that women have as much to offer at work as men do.2.No, it is more than a financial issue because it raises social as well as economic questions andits resolution will involve governments, employers and people.3.The babyboom generation is far larger than the generation that follows it or any that precededit. Its achievement will cast a shadow over the companies it is set to leave.4.The present ways of dealing with a falling supply of labor are shifting work offshore, laxerimmigration rules and use of new equipment.5.If they were offered the chance of staying on at work, many older employees would jump atthe chance because they will no longer be able to retire in the style they have been led to expect. Corporate pension schemes and health benefits are becoming even less generous.Besides the need for money, many elderly people want to continue working for mental stimulation.6.The author thinks that older workers need to adapt and accept a relative decline in salary andstatus7.The significance of babyboomers’changing the world of work will be more profound andlonger lasting than the changes they have brought since the 1960s.OutlineI. (1 – 2) Social changes in western countries after WWII1.Women’s entry into the work force2.Retirement pensions for the elderlyII. (3 – 4) Problems caused by the present retirement pensions1. Heavy burden of financing retirement pensions for babyboomers2. Companies’ shortage of skilled workersIII. (5 – 7) Need to keep the elderly at work1. Present ways of dealing with a falling supply of labour2. Elderly people’s desire for worka. Elderly people’s need for moneyb. Elderly people’s desire for mental stimulationIV. (8 – 10) Suggestions to governments and companies about how to keep the elderly people at work1. Separation of pension from their final salaries2. Freeing up labor markets instead of focusing on legislating to ban discrimination on grounds of age3. Offering flexible work scheduleV. (11) Suggestion to the elderly workersNeed to adapt to a relative decline in salary and statusVI. (12) Significance of babyboomers’ changing the world of workLesson 4Answers to the QuestionsV. 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.BVI.1.According to the new government figures, British female full time workers will be paid£ 369,000 less than their counterparts over their lifetime.2.That lifetime disparity would be enough to pay for 31 years of childcare or 22 new cars, or topay off the average student debt 18 times over.3.Britain’s gender pay gap of 2008 was larger than that of 2007. Men were paid 17.1% morethan women for full-time work while the disparity in part-time wages was 36.6%, up from35.8% in 2007.4.The Fawcett Society has called on the government to include mandatory pay auditing in theequalities bill, scheduled to be introduced in next month’s Queen’s speech.5.According to the article, Sri Lanka is judged the fifth most equal in the world on politicalempowerment because of the long incumbencies as prme minister and president of Sirimavo Bandaranaika and Chandrika Kumaratunga.6.According to Yvonne Galligan, younger parliaments, in general, were often much morerepresentative.7.Dr. Selvi Thriuchandran felt puzzled by the WEF findings, pointing out that aside from theBandaranaikes, Sri Lanka had the worst record in South Asia in terms of representation in the legislature and executive.OutlineI. (1 – 4) ONS’s finding about gender pay gap in Britain1. Lifetime pay gap for female full-time workers2. Gender pay gap’s widening in 20083. Concrete value of the lifetime disparity4. Rake’s comment on the pay gap’s wideningII. (5 – 7) WEF’s finding about UK women’s status’s drop from 11th to 13th in terms of economic, political, health and educational status2. UK’s ranking in terms of progress on equal pay3.Sectors with wide gender pay gapsIII. (8 – 9) Efforts made to address the problem1. Fawcett Society’s call for the inclusion of mandatory pay auditing in the equality bill2. Harriet Harman’s announcement of a requirement to publish gender pay gapsIV. (10 – 12) Analysis of women’s political empowerment1. Analysis of Sri Lanka’s high ranking on political empowerment2. Yvonne Galligan’s analysis of UK women’s political empowermenta. Low percentage in the House of Commonsb. Healthier gender balance in the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly3. Women’s higher representation in younger parliamentsV. (13 – 14) Dr. Selvi Thriuchanara’s view on women’s status in Sri Lanka1. Disputing WEF’s conclusion2. Problems faced by women in Sri LankaLesson 5Answers to the QuestionsV. 1.A 2. B 3.D 4. BVI.1.The first power shift is a rebalancing of moral authority. The major factor in the shift is the receding moral superiority of the west.2. The double standard in Paragraph 3 refers to the US different rules for the two financial crises. During the Asian financial crisis, the US bashed Hong Kong when its government intervened in August 1998 in the stock market to fend off the western investment banks and hedge funds bent on destroying the city’s currency. Yet only a month later, the US intervened in the market to bail out LTCM.3. The author thinks that the minor adjustment in voting rights in the World Bank and International Monetary Fund is symbolic of the increase of the east’s say in decision making in global economic affairs.4. Reminbi has gained an elevation in status. Over time , some countries will keep more Reminbi, making it more like reserve currency.5. The recent crisis shows that blindly seeking growth is dangerous. To many wealthy countries, it is unrealistic.6. The five power shifts are for the most part desirable. They provide a more balanced and stable world.OutlineI. (1) Appearance of global rebalancingII . (2 – 6) Rebalancing of moral authority1. Double standard maintained by the West to financial crisis2. Many conflicts of interest inherent in the West’s investment banking3. The West’s moral dilemma in dealing with China4. Equal footing of the two sidesIII. (7 – 8 ) The West’s loss of domination in global economic affairs1. Increase of the East’s say in global economic affairs2. Approach of relative balance between the East and the WestIV. (9) Shift in the center of economic gravity from the Atlantic to the Pacific1. Earlier rise of Japan2. China’s growth momentum and increased economic powerV. (10) Decline of the US dollar’s statusVI. (11) Most developed economies’ switch to the attempt to maintain present growthVII. (12) Effects of the five power shiftsLesson 6Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. D 2.C 3 A 4.AVI.1.The letters which millions of Americans got were quarterly reports telling them what hadhappened to their savings invested in the stockmarket. They have been more effective than any campaign ad.2.Accoring to the Wisconsin Advertising Project, 73% of McCain’s ads and 61% of Obama’sads are negative.3.He thinks that negative campaign ads are more informative than positive ones.4.Obama’s ads attack McCain for the many ways he plans to make life wretched for nearlyeveryone.5.McCain’s attacks on Obama focus on his slender résumé, his dodgy associates and thepossibility that he will raise taxes.6.Some Democrats complain that McCain’s attacks are stoking up violent racial hatred againstObama.7.The author thinks that they are unfounded.OutlineI. (1) Effects of factual adsHelping Obama double his lead over McCainII. (2 – 4) Both sides’ use of negative campaign ads1. Attack ads’ percentage and John Geer’s view on their function2. Obama’s ad attacks on McCain3.McCain’s ad attacks on ObamaIII. (5) Expenditure on attack ads and ways of running those adsIV. (6 – 7) Effects of negative campaign ads1. Worry and complaints about ad attack s’ possible effect of fanning up violence2.Author’s view: unfounded predictionsLesson 7Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. DVI.1. The Conservative Party and the Liberal-Democratic Party have formed the British coalition government.2. Clegg decided that he could not form a coalition with the Labour Party due to a revolt inside the parliamentary Labour Party at the concept of a deal, as well as its likely terms.3. If the deal works, it will change the shape of the Conservative Party.4. The Lib Dems secured 5 cabinet posts and a commitment to 15 other ministerial jobs across Whitehall. On the Conservative side, George Osborne will the chancellor of the exchequer andWilliam Hague foreign secretary.5. The serious problems confronting the coalition government are a huge deficit, deep social problems and a political system in need of reform.6. In the negotiations, the Tories agreed to drop their plans to raise the threshold for inheritance tax and provide extra money for disadvantaged pupils.7. When the Lib Dem-Con deal was secured, George Brown went to the Queen to tender his resignation. Later, he told party workers he was resigning immediately as party leader, leaving Harriet Harman in charge.OutlineI. (1 – 4 ) Formation of the Conservative Party – the Liberal Democratic Party coalition1. Coalition with Cameron as Prime Minister and Clegg as his deputy2. Labour Party’s failure to forge a coalition with Lib Dems3. End of five-day power struggle4. Cameron’s resolveII. ( 5 – 7) The deal and its impact1. The deal making2. The deal impact on the two parties3. Power division between the two partiesIII. (8 – 10) The new government’s resolve1. Admission of some deep and pressing problems2. Call on the people for support3. Promise to form a new kind of governmentIV. (11 – 13) Negotiations and results1. Agreements and compromises reached in the negotiations.2. Lib Dems’ endorsement of the derailed condition dealV. (14 – 16) Brown’s resignation and apology1. Tendering the resignation to the Queen2. Statement about his resignation as party leader3. Apology for his failure to forge a coalitionVI. (17 – 18) Recriminations by the Lib Dems and the Labour on each other1. Lib Dems’ attack on the Labour2. Lord Adonis’s attack on the Lib DemsLesson 8Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. AVI.1. America’s standing in world opinion is at an all-time low. Even its closest allies oppose U.S. policies.2. Its unpopularity is dangerous and expensive. It leads to high military costs abroad, skyrocketingsecurity costs at home, and the loss of trade as America’s goods become shunned overseas. All this causes an economic drain.3. If Americans travelled more, they’d better understand their place on this complex planet and fit in more comfortably, and eventually the U.S. wouldn’t need to spend as much as the rest of the world combined on its military to feel safe.4. Travel helps Americans celebrate, rather than fear, diversity of culture.5. Travel gives Americans a perspective that can translate, through the voting booth, into American policies that will not alienate them from the family of nations. And when that happens, Americans’ safety will be improved.OutlineI (1-2) Need for Americans to gain a better understanding of the world by travellingII (3-5) America’s unpopularity and its harmfu l effects1．America’s low standing in world opinion2．Being routinely outvoted at the U.N. on a variety of issuesIII (6-18) Benefits of thoughtful travel1．Gaining a better understanding of America’s place on the complex planet2．Getting a clear idea about how the world sees America3．Gaining a better understanding about other societiesa. Getting a firsthand look at the complexity and struggles of other societiesb. Helping Americans celebrate diversity of culturec. Helping Americans appreciate the challenges other societies face4．Combating ethnocentrism5．Helping to ensure sound policiesLesson 9Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4.BVI.1. It is a non-profit group that promotes the importance of family and fatherhood. It is based in New York.2.The sexual revolution of the 1960s and '70s swept away a concept of dating in which there was an implicit understanding that each party was shopping for a mate and not just for sex.3.If women are not hooking up, they frequently fall into fast-moving, "joined-at-the-hip" relationships with men, spending nights in one another's rooms.4.In the author’s opinion, the rules of courtship in the 1950s were clearer than those of the present. But they proved unfulfilling either, because at that time those who were courting got to know each other under artificial circumstances. They were well dressed and put their best foot forward. This was not the best way to get to know people.OutlineI. (1) News leadSummary of the survey’s reportII. (2—3) The dating scene on college campuses1. Two choices for women2. Women’s desire for long-term relationship and marriageIII. (4) The surveyThe agency doing the investigation; aim, objects and means of the surveyIV. (5—7) Reasons for the appearance of the dating scene1. The sexual revolution2. Women’s lower proportion3. Lack of clear rulesV. (8—10) Main forms of sexual relationship1. Hook-upForms of hookup: kissing, oral sex and intercourse2. Intense, but vague relationship3. Women’s tendency to act like me nVI. (11—12) Impact of the dating scene on marriage1. Less likely to marry or find happiness in marriage2. More likely to marry laterVII. (13—14) The past dating scene1. Rules of courtship: Clearer in the past2. Artificial circumstancesVIII. (15) The problem with both dating scenes: not the right way to know menLesson 10Answers to the QuestionsV. 1.C 2. B 3. C 4. CVI.1. The American traditional family is a family made up of two biological parents and two or threechildren with the father as the only breadwinner.2. No. The traditional family has lost its predominant place. Today only about 20 percent ofAmerican families fit the traditional structure.3. The new American family is a household with fewer children, with both parents working, and with mothers giving birth to their children at an ever older age, having fewer children, and spacing them further apart.4. The stable family of two biological parents is the ideal vessel for molding character, fornurturing, for inculcating values, and for planning for a child’s future.5. The result of America’s family changes is a serious new divide in the American society between the children of poorer, less educated, single parents and those of richer, better educated, and married parents.6. Mother-only families produce harmful effects on children. They are more likely than those with two parents to suffer poverty, to be suspended from school, to have emotional problems, to become delinquent, to suffer from abuse, to take drugs, and to perform poorly on virtually every measure.7. Today, 81 percent of American women think she should have her own career, and 70 percent think that both husband and wife should earn money. The vast majority of working mothers say that even if the family did not need the income, they would continue working.8. The author thinks that America’s Social Security and welfare should be reformed so as to nourish marriage and raise the proportion of children who grow up in two-parent families.OutlineI. (1)Traditional famil y’s loss of its predominanceII. (2)Reasons for traditional family’s loss of its predominance1. Late marriage2. Increased divorce rates3. Cohabitation4. Births to unmarried mothersIII. (3-5)Effects of family changes1. Importance of family stability for children2. Result of family changes3. Harmful effects of single-parent families on childrenIV. (6)Women’s changed concepts on family rolesV. (7-8)Ways to nourish marriage1. Reforming Social Security and welfare2. Educating people about the importance of marriage3. Giving incentives for couples to form and sustain healthy marriageVI. (9)Family trend and the way to deal with the trend1. Shift from traditional to contemporary family2. Tempering the trend by nurturing the American family with public policy in favor ofmarriageLesson 11Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. CVI.1.Kaiser Permanente Bellflower Medical Center had organized a 52-member medical team for delivering the babies with each of them designated and assigned to nurses, doctors and surgical assistants. At 10:43 a.m. on January 26, they were all ready.2. Before the multiple birth, Nadya Suleman was a recently-divorced single mother who already had six children ranging in age from 2 to 7, two of them 2-year-old twins and one of them autistic.3. The news report stoked the furor created by the delivery of the octuplets.4. Nadya Suleman used the last of her remaining embryos and got impregnated through in-vitro fertilization.5. Nad ya Suleman’s mother sees it less glowingly. She believes that her daughter is obsessed and misguided for she already had six beautiful children.6. After being released from the hospital, Nadya Suleman will be faced with problems of child support and child care.OutlineI. (1) Deilvery of Nadya Suleman’s eight babies at Kaiser1. Kaiser’s preparation for the delivery2. Delivery of seven babies3. Delivery of the eighth baby4. Present condition of Nadya Suleman and her eight babiesII. (2) Contr oversy over Nadya Suleman’s multiple birth1. Nadya Suleman’s way of impregnation2. Her mother’s view3. Society’s responses4. Her neighbour’s viewsIII. (3) Nadya Suleman’s obsession with having kids1. Angela Suleman’s explanation of her daughter’s obsession2. Yolanda Novak’s explanation of Nadya’s obsession3. More information about Nadya’s way of impregnationIV. (4) Issue of Nadya Suleman’s impregnation1. Fertility doctor’s stand2. No detail about the impregnation3. K aiser’s advice to Nadya SulemanV. (5-6) Problems facing Nadya Suleman1. Financial support problem2. Childcare problemLesson 12Answers to the QuestionsV. 1.C 2. D 3. A 4. BVI.1. The author suggests that the husband and the wife should offer each other more positive statements, less negative statements, heart-felt and specific compliments and thank-yous.2. Human touch aids the release of feel-good endorphins for giver and receiver.3. To build a fortress of love, he or she should fully support his or her spouse, take his or her spouse’s side whenever possible if trouble arises in the ―outside world‖.4.Trying to improve the spouse puts him/her on the defensive and cast you in a dreary role. The result is that everyone is unhappy.5. When a marriage needs improvement, the true solution is that you should change yourself first,address your own flaws and seek the best in your spouse.6. Good feelings can improve marriage. The happier you feel, the happier your marriage will be and the easier it will be to manage conflicts.7. When conflict is handled with the right tools and attitude, it becomes a gateway to deeper intimacy –the chance to be seen and lived for who you truly are, to accept your mate’s adorable, vulnerable real self and build a strong union without caving in or silently seething.8. A couple should avoid tough talks when they’re not rested well, well fed and when drunk. OutlineI. (1-2) Introduction to the 7 secrets of sexy marriageII. (3-5) Build up love balance1. Function of love balance2. Way to build up love balanceIII. (6-7) Reach out1. Function of human touch and the way to improve it2. Function of fortress of love and the way to build the fortressIV. (8-10) Remember that nobody’s perfect1. Desire to blame your spouse and change him/her2. Harmful effects of trying to change your spouse3. Need to change yourselfV. (11) Add some zing1. Function of attraction2. Way to enhance attractionVI. (12-14) Always fight fairly1. Function of conflict solution2. Right way to handle conflictsVII. (15-17) Pick the right time and place1. The right time for tough talks2. The right place for tough talksVIII. (18) Open your ears1. Importance of listening more2. Right way to respond to a combative talkLesson 13Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. BVI.1. Sam Zell blamed ―a perfect storm‖ of factors behind the Tribune Company’s bankruptcy filing.2.Newspaper Association of America figures show that advertising revenues have been falling since the summer of 2006.3.It was the acceleration of advertising revenues’ fall, coupled with the sheer amount of debt Mr Zell took on to buy Tribune, which led the Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune to thebankruptcy courts.4.Moody’s last Month predicted ―dire straits‖ for some publishers in 2009.5.Publishers’ options are shrinking because prospective buyers struggle to find acquisitions.6. The fact that the New York Times wroke down the value of its newspapers showed that asset sales may yield less than once hoped.7. According to Paper Cuts, more than 15,000 U.S newspaper positions have been cut.8. Moody expects most publishers that default to be able to restructure their debt, rather than close titles.OutlineI. (1-4) Newspaper industry’s decline.1.Tribune Company’s bankruptcy filing2. Causes of newspaper industry’s declinea. Debates about the causesb. David Hamburger’s viewII. (5-7) Worsening situation this year1. Acceleration of the deterioration during the four quarters2. Bankruptcy of the Los Angeles Times and Chicago TribuneIII. (8-10) Impact of the financial crisis1. Taking a toll on newspaper groups2. Moody’s prediction of dire straits for some publishers in 20093. Advertising revenue’s, sharp drop resulting form the crisisIV. (11-15) Publishers’ efforts to cope with the situation1. Selling newspapers to raise cash2. Shrinking options for publishers3. Sharp decline of newspaper assets in value4. Reducing staff sizeV. (16-17) Newspaper industry’s prospects1. Most publishers’ ability to restructure their debt rather than close titles2. Staff reduction’s lasting damaging effects on newspaper brandsLesson 14Answers to the QuestionsV. 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. AVI.1. Because they want to improve their public image. They believe that reputations and jobs can belost based on the smallest slip in rank.2. Because they intended to make their colleges more selective. They thought top applicants mightopt for more prestigious i nstitutions, lowering the school’s crucial ―yield‖ and making it appear less desirable.3. If accepted, enrollees tend to boost a school’s yield and its statistical cachet. But the process。
微电影的崛起对高校思想政治教育的影响
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微 电 影 的 内 涵 与 特 点
（ 一 ） 微 电 影 的 内 涵
２ ０ １ １年 ． 一部 《 老男孩》 彻底掀 开了 中国“ 微 电影 ” 走 向 主 流媒 体 的序 幕 。 就 其 内涵 而 言 ， 很 多 专 家 也 有 不 同 角 度 的
诠释 。 “ 中 国传 媒 大 学 戏 剧 影 视 学 院 教 授 胡 克 对 微 电影 的概
础 的各种软体 平台上 ， 比如 ＭＳ Ｎ， ＱＱ， 贴吧 ， 论 坛 或 各 大 视 频 网站 中 ． 随处 可见 微 电影 的身 影 。 这 些 微 电影 不 仅 可 以 让 我们投入其 中． 甚 至 可 以 无 限 量 转 发 和 转 载 。让 微 电 影 的 扩 散 速 度 和 扩 散 范 围进 一 步增 强 。 ２ ． 互 动 性 和娱 乐 性 一 体 的思 想 政 治 教 育新 载体 微 电 影 之 所 以 可 以 作 为 思 想 政 治 教 育 的 新 载 体 ， 源 于
的 思维 方 式 和价 值 观 念 。 随着“ 微时代” 的来 临 。 微 电影 以其 自身快 速 、便 捷 的特 点 在 ２ ｏ １ ２年 的 电 影 产 业 中 迅 速 崛 起 ， 在 ２ ｏ １ ３年 也 大 放 异 彩 。 而 近 两 年 来 ， 微 电影 的崛 起 为 高校 思 想 政 治教 育 提 供 了契 机 和 宣 传 渠 道 ， 可 见 ， 我 们 已 经 不 能 仅 仅 将 微 电 影 看 作 是 简 单 的 “ 广告” ， 微 电影 承 载 了一 定 的 文 化 内涵 ， 比传 统 形 式 的 电影 形式更加 自由。 我们在地铁里 、 电视 里 、 网络上 ， 尤 其 以手 机 为 代 表 的便 捷 媒 体 终 端 上 ．都 能 发 现 并 观 看 各 式 各 样 的微 电影 ． 而 它 已 然 已 经 渗 透 人 人 们 的 日常 生 活 中 。 而在高校的大学生 ， 更 容 易 接 触 到 微 电影 。 他 们 更 熟 识 网络 ． 能 更 快 的 接 收 来 自媒 体 终 端 的 直 接 输 出 。 微 电影 本 身 可 以承 载 思 想 政 治 教 育 的 内容 ，对 人 们 的价 值 观 念 和 思 想 动 向 因 此 微 电影 对 高 校 思 想 政 治 教 育 有 着 不 可 忽 视 的 影
2020燎原学院手册说明书
2020Sapere Aude Ignis Doctrinae Alea Iacta Est燎原学院至今已历时三届。
而这本手册是对第四届燎原学院的详细阐述。
第一届燎原学院更像是人文通识课程的简单集合。
第二届燎原学院是对第一届的继承与小幅度优化。
该届燎原学院也开始将整个教育进程集成在虚拟课堂（CCtalk）和虚拟自习室（孤阅学习管理系统）中。
第三届燎原学院发生了近乎于「回炉重塑」的变化。
我们开始探索在线上学习场景完成从教师为中心到学生为中心的转型，因为教育不等于教学。
教学更多强调的是教师做什么，但无论教师采用哪些讲课的技巧和方法，其最终目的都应该是学生获得真正的成长。
第四届燎原学院的变化看似很大，实则是对第三届的进一步完善。
其一，给项目制学习配套对应的高阶能力原理课。
尽管每个项目可以训练的能力有很多，但当学习者明确了解要训练的目标能力时，效果会显著增加，同时降低从项目制学习迁移到其他实际场景应用的难度。
其二，进一步优化了反馈机制。
我们在设计时，充分考虑到学院成员的时间安排，故而在2020年，各种能力的训练营和项目制学习的成果反馈将会循环进行，赋予成员更宽松的选择空间。
其三，孤阅学习管理系统（LR LMS）正在进行大规模优化升级，功能的集成也将使成员更加自如和便利地管理学习进程和作业。
第一个话题：商业化教育的引诱与隐忧首先，我想提出一个这样的命题：⚫教育的普世性和神圣使命，同商业的逐利本质之间的矛盾，在对自由市场的片面理解下，不可调和；⚫而在康德原则规范下的自由市场中，可以通过理性调和。
这是一个晦涩的命题。
我不期待有多少人有耐心去读下面的论述，我也不能保证下面的论述能在超越我认知边界的范围内被证明。
但我仍然想试一试。
出于各种难以言说而又心知肚明的特殊国情，教育者对于公立教育改革幅度的耐心正在逐渐丧失。
就过去的四十年历史巨变来看，但凡商业化程度彻底的行业，都实现了大幅度的扩张与升级。
然而，商业的本质是追逐利润（工具价值）的最大化，教育的本质是追逐人性光辉（内在价值）的最大化。
单片机数字电子钟及波形发生器实施方案报告
数字电子钟及波形发生器实验报告1.设计题目LED显示器件显示地电子时钟2.设计要求要求电子钟有复位功能，整点报时，六只LED数码管显示当前地时分秒，并且具有闹钟功能.3.所用设备与器材电子钟有以下几个部件组成：单片机89c51等，电源，时分秒显示部件.4.硬件方案时分秒显示采用动态扫描，以降低对单片机端口数地要求，同时也降低了系统地功耗.电源部分：电源部分有两部分组成.一部分是由220v地市电通过变压，整流稳压来得到+5v电压，维持系统地正常工作.5.软件方案该系统地软件方案主要分为主程序和定时器中断程序两大模块.主程序完成系统地初始化.中断程序完成时间计数，时间调整，误差消除等功能.#include<reg51.h> //#define uint unsigned intuint flag;sbit LED=P3^6; //定义LED端口sbit LED1=P3^7; //定义LED端口sbit LED2=P0^0; //定义LED端口sbit key1=P3^0; //定义按键位置sbit key2=P3^1;//code unsigned chartab[]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x6f}; //共阴数码管 0-9code unsigned char tab[]={0xc0,0xf9,0xA4,0xB0,0x99,//0-40x92,0x82,0xf8,0x80,0x90//5-9};unsigned char h_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char h_gewei; //定义个位unsigned char m_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char m_gewei; //定义个位unsigned char s_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char s_gewei; //定义个位unsigned char colck_h_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char colck_h_gewei; //定义个位unsigned char colck_m_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char colck_m_gewei; //定义个位unsigned char colck_s_shiwei;//定义十位unsigned char colck_s_gewei; //定义个位unsigned charhour=0,minute=0,second=0,count=0,AA=0,zd_flag,zd_count; unsigned charcolck_hour=0,colck_minute=0,colck_second=0,colck_flag,colc k_count;void delayms(unsigned int delay)//1ms延时函数{unsigned int i,x;for (x=0;x<delay;x++){for (i=0;i<100;i++);}void delay(unsigned int cnt) {while(--cnt);}void Init_shumaguan(void) {h_shiwei=tab[0];h_gewei=tab[0];m_shiwei=tab[0];m_gewei=tab[0];s_shiwei=tab[0];s_gewei=tab[0];colck_h_shiwei=tab[0];colck_h_gewei=tab[0];colck_m_shiwei=tab[0];colck_m_gewei=tab[0];colck_s_shiwei=tab[0];colck_s_gewei=tab[0];}void Init_Timer1(void)TMOD |= 0x10; //使用模式1，16位定时器TH1=(65535-50000)/256; //给定初值TL1=(65535-50000)%256;EA=1; //总中断打开EX0=1; //外部中断0开IT0=1; //电平触发EX1=1; //外部中断1开IT1=1; //电平触发ET1=1; //定时器中断打开TR1=1; //定时器开关打开}/*------------------------------------------------ 主程序------------------------------------------------*/ main(){Init_Timer1();Init_shumaguan();LED1=0;LED=0;second=30;while(1){if(flag==2){P2=0x01;P1=colck_h_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x02;P1=colck_h_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);P2=0x08;P1=colck_m_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x10;P1=colck_m_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);P2=0x40;P1=s_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x80;P1=s_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);}else{P2=0x01;P1=h_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x02;P1=h_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);P2=0x08;P1=m_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x10;P1=m_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);P2=0x40;P1=s_shiwei;//显示秒十位delay(300);//短暂延时P2=0x80;P1=s_gewei; //显示秒个位delay(300);}if(!key1){delayms(1);if(!key1){while(!key1);if(flag==1){ minute++;if(minute==60){minute=0;}m_shiwei=tab[minute/10];//十位显示值处理 m_gewei=tab[minute%10]; //个位显示处理}if(flag==2){ colck_minute++;if(colck_minute==60){colck_minute=0;}colck_m_shiwei=tab[colck_minute/10];//十位显示值处理colck_m_gewei=tab[colck_minute%10]; //个位显示处理}}}if(!key2){delayms(1);//去抖动if(!key2) //检测按键确实按下，进行按键处理{while(!key2);if(flag==1){hour++;if(hour==24){hour=0;}h_shiwei=tab[hour/10];//十位显示值处理h_gewei=tab[hour%10]; //个位显示处理}if(flag==2){colck_hour++;if(colck_hour==24){colck_hour=0;}colck_h_shiwei=tab[colck_hour/10];//十位显示值处理colck_h_gewei=tab[colck_hour%10]; //个位显示处理}}}}}/*------------------------------------------------* 名称 : Time0_Int()* 功能 : 定时器中断------------------------------------------------*/void Timer1_Int(void) interrupt 3 using 1{TH1=(65535-50000)/256; //给定初值，这里使用定时器最大值从0开始计数一直到65535溢出TL1=(65535-50000)%256;//LED=~LED; //指示灯反相，可以看到闪烁count++;if(count==20){second++;if(zd_flag==1){zd_count++;LED=1;if(zd_count>5){LED=0;zd_count=0;zd_flag=0;}}if(colck_flag==1){colck_count++;LED1=1;if(colck_count>15){LED1=0;colck_count=0;colck_flag=0;}}count=0;}if(second==60){minute++;second=0;if(minute==60){zd_flag=1;hour++;minute=0;if(hour==24){hour=0;}h_shiwei=tab[hour/10];//十位显示值处理h_gewei=tab[hour%10]; //个位显示处理 }if(minute==colck_minute&&hour==colck_hour){colck_flag=1;}m_shiwei=tab[minute/10];//十位显示值处理m_gewei=tab[minute%10]; //个位显示处理 }s_shiwei=tab[second/10];//十位显示值处理s_gewei=tab[second%10]; //个位显示处理}/*------------------------------------------------ * 名称 : 中断函数* 功能 :void ISR_Key(void) interrupt 0 using 1 //调时调分{AA=~AA;TR1=AA; //定时器开关打开if(AA==0){flag=1;//LED1=1;}else{flag=0;//LED1=0;}}/*------------------------------------------------ * 名称 : 中断函数* 功能 : naolingvoid ISR_Key2(void) interrupt 2{AA=~AA;TR1=AA; //定时器开关打开if(AA==0){flag=2;//LED=1;}else{flag=0;//LED=0;}}}6.方案论证P1口对应赋值地四个switch按键，由上到下分别控制秒分时，复位和闹钟.P2口对应显示位显示，，P0口对应显示段显示，abcdefg每个代表一段.还有晶振电路，蜂鸣器电路.中断程序采用单片机内部T0实现，定时时间为125ms，当时间到达125乘以8，即1秒时，秒计数缓冲器增加1，到达一分钟时，分计数缓冲器加1，到达一小时时，时计数缓冲器增加1，并将秒分时地个位十位百位放入显示缓冲器.当秒分时计数缓冲器分别到达60sec60min24h时，则对他们清零，以便重新计数.7.调试过程8.运行结果及收获体会电子钟有复位功能，整点报时，六只LED数码管显示当前地时分秒，并且具有闹钟功能.通过这次设计是我认识到我对单片机方面知识地匮乏，对于书本上地很多知识不能熟练应用，有很多知识需要自己去掌握，等待自己去认真学习，我会在以后地学习生活中弥补我所缺少地知识.本次试验使我学到了一些重要地东西，理论到实践地转化，怎样将自己学到地东西用到以后地工作中去.在大学课堂地学习仅仅只是被灌输了专业知识，而对与实践却是少之又少，此次电子钟设计给自己奠定了实践基础，我会在以后地学习生活中磨练自己，使自己适应于以后地竞争.波形发生器地设计1.设计题目设计一个能产生正弦波、方波、三角波、梯形波、锯齿波地波形发生器.2.设计要求利用单片机P1.0引脚输出频率范围1HZ~1000HZ地正弦波方波、三角波、梯形波、锯齿波并用示波器观察.3.所用设备与器材DAC0832、89C51、OPAMP、button、GROUND、示波器、电源.4.硬件方案采用单片机和数模转换DAC0832实现波形产生，波形地产生是通过AT89C51执行波形程序，向D/A转换器地输入端按一定地规律发生数据，从而在D/A转换电路输出端得到相关电压波形.以AT89C51单片机为控制核心，P0口接DAC0832信号输入并进行数模转换，P2口接button.5.软件方案DAC0832采用单缓冲方式.#include<reg51.h>#include<ABSACC.H>#define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned int#define DAC0832_Adr XBYTE [0x7FFF]char code sindat[]={0x80,0x83,0x86,0x89,0x8d,0x90,0x93,0x96,0x99,0x9c,0x9f,0xa2,0xa5,00xab,0xae,0xb1,0xb4,0xb7,0xbc,0xbf,0xc2,0xc5,0xc7,0xca,0xcc,0xcf,0 xd1,0xd4,0xd6,0xd8,0xda,0xdd,0xdf,0xel,0xe3,0xe5,0xe7,0xe9,0xea,0xec,0 xee,0xf1,0xf2,0xf4,0xf5,0xf6,0xf7,0xf8,0xf9,0xfa,0xfa,0xfb,0xfc,0xfd,0xfd, 0xfe,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xfe,0xfd,0xfd,0xfc,0xfb,0xfa,0xf9,0xf8,0xf7,0xf6,0xf5, 0xf4,0xf3,0xf2,0xf1,0xef,0xee,0xec,0xea,0xe9,0xe7,0xe5,0xe3,0xe1,0xd e,0xdd,0xda,0xd8,0xd6,0xd4,0xd1,0xcf,0xcc,0xca,0xc7,0xc5,0xc2,0xbf,0 xbc,0xba,0xb7,0xb4,0xb1,0xae,0xab,0xa8,0xa5,0xa2,0x9f,0x9c,0x99,0x96, 0x93,0x90,0x8d,0x89,0x86,0x83,0x80,0x80,0x7c,0x79,0x76,0x72,0x6f,0x6c,0 x69,0x66,0x63,0x60,0x5d,0x5d,0x5a,0x57,0x55,0x51,0x4e,0x4c,0x48,0x45, 0x43,0x40,0x3d,0x3a,0x3a,0x38,0x35,0x33,0x30,0x2e,0x2b,0x29,0x27,0x25, 0x22,0x20,0x1e,0x1c,0x1a,0x18,0x16,0x15,0x13,0x11,0x10,0x0e,0x0d,0x0b,00x09,0x08,0x07,0x06,0x05,0x04,0x03,0x02,0x02,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x02,0x02,0x03,0x04, 0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08,0x09,0x0a,0x0b,0x0d,0x0e,0x10,0x11,0x13,0x15,0x16, 0x18,0x1a,0x1c,0x1e,0x20,0x22,0x25,0x27,0x29,0x2b,0x2e,0x30,0x33,0x35,0 x38,0x3a,0x3d,0x40,0x43,0x45,0x48,0x4c,0x4e,0x51,0x55,0x57,0x5a,0x5d, 0x60,0x63,0x66,0x69,0x6c,0x6f,0x72,0x76,0x79,0x7c,0x80};bit flag=0;void delay(uint N){uint i;for(i=0;i<N;i++);}void DAC0832_ConversionOnce(uchar out_data){DAC0832_Adr=out_data;delay(10);}uchar Key_Scan (void){uchar key;if(P2!=0xff){delay(10);key=P2;if(key!=0xff)flag=~flag;return (key);}else return (key=0xff);}void Fun_Triangle(void){uchar i;for (i=0;i<255;i++)DAC0832_ConversionOnce(i);for (;i>0;i--)DAC0832_ConversionOnce(i); }void Fun_Rectangular (void){DAC0832_ConversionOnce(0xff);delay(1000);DAC0832_ConversionOnce(0x00);delay(1000);}void Fun_SawTooth(void){uchar i;for (i=0;i<255;i++)DAC0832_ConversionOnce (i);}void Fun_Sin (void){uchar i;for (i=0;i<255;i++){DAC0832_ConversionOnce (sindat [i]); }}void main (){uchar Key_Num;while (1){Key_Num=Key_Scan ();switch (Key_Num){case 0xfe:do {Fun_Triangle ();} while (Key_Scan () && (flag==1));break;case 0xfd:do {Fun_SawTooth ();} while (Key_Scan () && (flag==1));break;case 0xfb:do {Fun_Rectangular ();} while (Key_Scan () && (flag==1));break; case 0xf7:do {Fun_Sin ();} while (Key_Scan () && (flag==1));break;default:break;}}}6.方案论证采用AT89C51单片机作为控制器，波形选择通过按键选择，波形通过DAC0832.这样设计占用单片机端口少，具有电路简单，设计方便，显示亮度高，可靠性高等特点.7.调试过程按下P2.0按下P2.1按下P2.2按下P2.39.运行结果及收获体会实现了利用AT89C51单片机输出正弦波、矩形波、三角波、锯齿波.通过对波形发生器地设计，是我收获很多，虽然实验结果不完美，但是这次设计真正是自己长进很多，是我更加深一步地了解了单片机系统地软硬件设计过程，方法及实现，培养了我分析问题解决问题地能力，为以后地设计和实现更难地设计打下良好基础.要设计一个成功地电路，必须要有耐心，要有坚持地毅力，同时还要有较强地查阅资料地能力，我希望在以后地实践和工作中能在这些方面得到更大更好地提升.版权申明本文部分内容，包括文字、图片、以及设计等在网上搜集整理.版权为个人所有This article includes some parts, including text, pictures, and design. Copyright is personal ownership.ORjBn。
数学建模美国赛历年试题.
历年美国大学生数学建模赛题目录MCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理 (3)MCM85问题-B 战购物资储备的管理 (3)MCM86问题-A 水道测量数据 (4)MCM86问题-B 应急设施的位置 (4)MCM87问题-A 盐的存贮 (4)MCM87问题-B 停车场 (5)MCM88问题-A 确定毒品走私船的位置 (5)MCM88问题-B 两辆铁路平板车的装货问题 (5)MCM89问题-A 蠓的分类 (5)MCM89问题-B 飞机排队 (6)MCM90-A 药物在脑内的分布 (6)MCM90问题-B 扫雪问题 (6)MCM91问题-B 通讯网络的极小生成树 (6)MCM 91问题-A 估计水塔的水流量 (7)MCM92问题-A 空中交通控制雷达的功率问题 (7)MCM 92问题-B 应急电力修复系统的修复计划 (7)MCM93问题-A 加速餐厅剩菜堆肥的生成 (7)MCM93问题-B 倒煤台的操作方案 (8)MCM94问题-A 住宅的保温 (8)MCM 94问题-B 计算机网络的最短传输时间 (9)MCM-95问题-A 单一螺旋线 (9)MCM95题-B A1uacha Balaclava学院 (10)MCM96问题-A 噪音场中潜艇的探测 (10)MCM96问题-B 竞赛评判问题 (10)MCM97问题-A Velociraptor(疾走龙属)问题 (11)MCM97问题-B为取得富有成果的讨论怎样搭配与会成员 (11)MCM98问题-A 磁共振成像扫描仪 (12)MCM98问题-B 成绩给分的通胀 (13)MCM99问题-A 大碰撞 (13)MCM99问题-B “非法”聚会 (13)MCM2000问题-A空间交通管制 (13)MCM2000问题-B: 无线电信道分配 (14)MCM2001问题- A: 选择自行车车轮 (14)MCM2001问题-B 逃避飓风怒吼（一场恶风...） .. (15)MCM2001问题-C我们的水系-不确定的前景 (15)MCM2002问题-A风和喷水池 (15)MCM2002问题-B航空公司超员订票 (16)MCM2002问题-C (16)MCM2003问题-A: 特技演员 (17)MCM2003问题-B: Gamma刀治疗方案 (18)MCM2003问题-C航空行李的扫描对策 (18)MCM2004问题-A：指纹是独一无二的吗？ (18)MCM2004问题-B：更快的快通系统 (18)MCM2004问题-C安全与否？ (19)MCM2005问题A.水灾计划 (19)MCM2005B.Tollbooths (19)MCM2005问题C：不可再生的资源 (20)MCM2006问题A: 用于灌溉的自动洒水器的安置和移动调度 (20)MCM2006问题B: 通过机场的轮椅 (20)MCM2006问题C : 抗击艾滋病的协调 (21)MCM2008问题A:给大陆洗个澡 (23)MCM2008问题B：建立数独拼图游戏 (23)MCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理在一个资源有限，即有限的食物、空间、水等等的环境里发现天然存在的动物群体。
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大学类替代贴吧计划
————民间的一个贴吧举措
管理员你好，我想对贴吧提出一些我的建议。我们不选择贴吧投诉里反馈，而是通过
这样的方式提建议，是因为不想予人口实。我们只是贴吧的一群爱好者组成的联盟罢了，和
官方无关，但需要百度的一些支持。
一、大学类贴吧的重要性
1、大学生是贴吧的一个强大的群体。他们因为自己大学的贴吧而凝聚在一起，活跃
在贴吧的每一个角落，对整个百度贴吧的建设和发展起着不可估量的作用，为贴吧注入更多
活力和内涵。
2、一直以来，贴吧在很多大学生的生活里起着举足轻重的作用，几乎很多大学的官
方论坛都沦为摆设，不得不说是百度贴吧的成功。对于有官方论坛的学校是这样，更别说没
有官方论坛的大学了。
3、但是2009年5月26日的大学类贴吧改版却终结了这个神话（相信百度也是不愿
意看到的）。贴吧被分化了，可以说，百度在那一刻丢失了一个很大的群体。俱乐部的形式
与其说人气被分散了，不如说人气消失了。
二、改版后的大学类贴吧现状
5月26日，百度在各方面的要求下不情愿的改版了大学类贴吧，改版后的各个大学吧
无外乎采取了以下几种方案：
1.乖乖的听话，采用班级俱乐部形式，人数上限500；如：很多大学班级俱乐部排在
第一位的都是XX大学吧
2.推出俱乐部，人数上限10000，但俱乐部的形式相当于腾讯QQ群般没有象征性，无
法给人一种归属感和自由感；如：四川大学俱乐部
3.采用替代贴吧形式，如：郑大家园吧，工大小窝、henu吧等等。
4.离开百度，寻找新的网上栖息地。
可以说，前二者都由于制度的限制根本无法发展起来，想要达到人气较高的水平可谓
困难重重。而离开百度却是百度最不愿意看到的，但也确实真是存在并发生着。而第三个选
择却由于种种原因未能流行开来。
三、大学类贴吧改版后的危害
发展到现在，可是说百度贴吧是最大的中文社区，为百度聚集了大量的用户和潜在用
户。可以说，有百度的搜索引擎撑腰，贴吧不在乎没有人气，即使几年后国家政策改了，大
学贴吧恢复了，人气恢复虽然简单，但也是几个月的事情。如同百度郑州大学吧，2006年
封锁至2008年3月1日解封，解封时帖子只有两万，而到08年底已经总帖量近20万，至
被封时总帖量为27万。
但是一个贴吧的发展，离不开一个熟悉贴吧为贴吧尽心的成熟的吧务团队，如郑州大
学吧的替代贴吧郑大家园吧，2009年5月26日总帖量一万多点，而今天已经超过了原郑州
大学吧帖子量，接近了30万。
而对于百度贴吧大学类贴吧来说，如果几年后恢复普通形式可以使用，那时候面对的
除了大学生人气外流的问题外，我想更重要的吧主团队的问题。
所以，我认识改版后的危害主要体现在以下几个方面：
1、人气外流，百度大学类贴吧关闭后，越来越多的类似网站如雨后春笋般冒出来，
如腾讯搜吧，天涯说吧，搜狐论坛等等，校内网改为人人网后也逐步开始打入这个区域，尤
其是大学生论坛的区域，并且有的甚至开始从贴吧挖人，如搜狐论坛郑州大学版块的版主辉
山酸牛奶就是我们贴吧的人。除此之外，还有各个大学的论坛，原来在贴吧的“压抑”下人
气寥寥，但现在各个都扬眉吐气了，对于没有替代贴吧的大学来说，论坛，即使是非官方论
坛也成了上网必去的地方之一，慢慢会养成习惯的。
2、百度大学类贴吧原任吧主大都是大三大四的，几年后已经毕业找工作，即使继续
玩贴吧，相信 也没有心思尽心管理了。贴吧需要新的吧主，而新的接班人却由于贴吧几年
的空白不好选择，即使仓促选择，也难保证其对贴吧的热情和能力。如果一个不懂贴吧不爱
贴吧的人坐上了吧主，那么对那个贴吧的桎梏是很大的。
3、改版后，很多热心的贴吧人都感觉百度丢弃了。
四、最佳的解决方案：大学替代贴吧
上面已经介绍过几个替代贴吧，发展都还很不错，原来排名大学类第一和第二的河南
大学吧与河南工业大学吧都已经有其替代贴吧（henu吧与工大小窝吧），08年3月解封的郑
州大学吧也有其替代贴吧（郑大家园吧），聚集了一大批曾经的吧友也加入了许多新人，使
大学类贴吧文化得到了延续。百度十周年郑州活动，郑大家园吧就去了16位吧友，超过总
人数的一半，《三枪拍案惊奇》的点映礼，郑州活动那个时，郑大也去了不少人，这些一定
程度上可以体现替代贴吧的作用了。
但是由于百度的升级，新建贴吧，申请吧主，申请分类以及开通模块越来越困难。即
使申请上分类和模块，人气稍微上去后，申请活动又是一个难题。由于为了性质太多敏感，
我们替代贴吧都心照不宣的采用了网友俱乐部分类或其他校园话题分类，但是这样的弊端就
是在申请活动时，100度吧给予的支持很少，原因是分类问题，如上次郑大家园吧申请活动，
du美丽的回复就是：“您好，因为我们对网友俱乐部性质的贴吧支持较少，所以本次活动只
提供5张鼠标垫和百度胸贴若干”，事实上，经过我们在学校的宣传，我们的郑大家园吧已
经完全不是网友俱乐部的性质了，可以说已经是一个完整的大学贴吧。
在新建贴吧和吧主的申请上，我觉得百度的谨慎是非常好的，是对整个百度的负责，
也是对广大用户的负责，因为百度毕竟不知道其是否有能力和热情对待这个贴吧，而且如果
替代贴吧的吧主和原吧主不认识甚至有过节的情况下，将限制未来大学类贴吧恢复后的相关
转移事宜。所以说，百度有其谨慎的理由。如在河南农业大学吧的替代贴吧henau问题上，
就长期没有批准吧主，帖子数已经增到6000+才终于找到管理员通过一个。这无形中限制了
大学贴吧的发展，增加了人气流失。
【具体方案】：
1、自发成立百度贴吧大学类替代贴吧民间联盟；
2、联合大学类贴吧原吧主，或者让其推荐其信得过的人，挑选并建立替代贴吧；
联合原吧主的原因：
①.虽然贴吧改版了，但原吧主的手里依然握着不少人气，可以最快的增加替代贴吧的
人气；
②.原吧主是经过几年贴吧发展留下来的贴吧骨干吧友，有管理经验和能力；
③．为了在未来贴吧恢复时便于转移，所以替代贴吧的吧主要和原贴吧吧主一心；
④．也可以在方便的在原贴吧图片库视频库自定义链接出给出替代贴吧地址。
由于此举动完全是民间的，所以不需要百度做任何技术上的改动。
3、百度给予一定程度上的支持（也不算特殊支持，只是例如在建立贴吧，申请吧主，
申请分类，开通模块，申请活动等方面的支持而已）给替代贴吧一个良好的发展环境。
4、替代贴吧建立后，各个替代贴吧之间分享管理和宣传方面的经验，一起做线上线
下活动，增加人气开创一片新天地。
如：建立同名班级俱乐部做跳转，吧主制度安排，活动举行等等
例：http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=zzu，第一个班级俱乐部就是郑大家园的内容，只要搜
索郑州大学或zzu都会看到这个，为替代贴吧增加人气。
5、没有百度稍微的支持，我们做不起来。百度可以增加其用户，和长期发展，大学
也能有一个方便的交流空间。希望百度给予暗中支持。
百度郑州大学吧代表 霓暮
2009年12月17日
附：
1、郑州大学吧历程：
2007年进入百度郑州大学吧，当时郑大吧处于封锁状态，只能浏览不能发帖。中共十七大的时候，
贴吧限制了很多类型贴吧的权限为“所有发帖需要审核”，这个时候郑大吧也属于这个状态，我趁这个机会
申请上了郑大吧的吧主。我这个吧主一直坚持到2008年3月1日，终于郑大吧解封了，我们郑大吧迎来的
新的发展。
在过去的几年里，百度郑州大学吧已经几乎没有人听过，无法发言的它已经被所有已经毕业的人淡忘，
更没有资格进入新生的视野了，所以解封后发展路途依然艰难。好在经过一些热情的郑大人的帮助，我们
郑大吧总算建设起来了，从08年3月1日到09年5月26日改版，帖子数目由原来的两万发展到27万。
2、郑大家园吧历程：
郑大家园吧原来只是一个聊天的地方（http://baike.baidu.com/view/2888115.html），贴吧改版前，我预
感到国家政策的变化，提前让人发了一个转移帖后删掉，待到封锁后，我便让人恢复，于是郑大的同学没
有离开贴吧一天。郑大家园也就这样开始发展。09年11月1日，郑大家园吧举行了热闹的家园周年庆活
动；09年12月8日，郑大家园吧总帖量超过原郑州大学吧。期待恢复的那一天。
周年庆相关帖子合集：http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=662504937
周年庆线下照片视频：http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=665759996