1.英语句子结构及分类

英语句子结构及分类

I 句子成分 (1)

II 句子结构 (2)

III 英语句子分类 (3)

IV 练习 (4)

I 句子成分

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

1、主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当，如，名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）

We often speak English in class.（代词）

One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）

Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）

The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）

It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

2、谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语的构成如下：

简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.

复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.

3、宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词（介宾）后面。

宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）

He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）

I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）

I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）

4、表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）

Is it yours?（代词）

The weather has turned cold.（形容词）

The speech is exciting.（分词）

Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）

His job is to teach English.（不定式）

His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）

The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）

Time is up. The class is over.（副词）

The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

5、定语：修饰限定名字、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等。可作定语的有形容词、名词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。

Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）

There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）

He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

6、状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。

Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）

He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）

He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）

Wait a minute.（名词）

Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）

状语种类如下：

How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）

Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）

She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）

I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

7、宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

His father named him Dongming.（名词）

They painted their boat white.（形容词）

Let the fresh air in.（副词）

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）

We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）

We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）

We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）

8、同位语：当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：Laura Myers,a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉·迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。

Influenza,a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。

Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。

Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁?

We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。

II 句子结构

英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式构成的。这五个基本句式如下：

S十V主谓结构

S十V十P主系表结构

S十V十O主谓宾结构

S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构

S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构

说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语

1．S十V句式

在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：

He runs quickly．他跑得快。

They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。

2．S十V十P句式

在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，