Measurement of the coefficient of thermal expansion of ultra-high strength
超高速激光熔覆Ni625
第52卷第11期表面技术2023年11月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·237·超高速激光熔覆Ni625/WC复合涂层的耐磨性能李宝程1，崔洪芝1,2*，宋晓杰1，殷泽亮1，朱于铭1（1.山东科技大学 材料科学与工程学院，山东 青岛 266590；2.中国海洋大学 材料科学与工程学院，山东 青岛 266100）摘要：目的提高高铁制动盘用24CrNiMo铸钢的耐磨性和高温性能。
方法在24CrNiMo铸钢表面，通过超高速激光熔覆技术，制备Ni625/碳化钨（WC）复合涂层，并设计多层梯度熔覆，使得WC颗粒在涂层中呈均匀分布。
通过X 射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等分析涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构和元素分布。
分别采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、三维形貌仪等测试涂层的硬度、室温及600 ℃的摩擦系数和耐磨性，分析涂层的摩擦磨损机理。
通过同步热分析仪（TGA-DSC）测试涂层的抗高温氧化性能和组织的高温稳定性能。
结果涂层主要由γ-Ni固溶体、WC以及含W增强相W2C和M23C6等组成。
WC分布较为均匀，涂层平均显微硬度达440HV0.2~610HV0.2，是基体硬度的1.25~1.7 倍。
在室温条件下，体积磨损率仅为基体24CrNiMo铸钢的 4.2%~20.8%，摩擦系数略低于基体；在600 ℃条件下，体积磨损率为基体24CrNiMo铸钢的 80.1%~180.8%，摩擦系数高于基体，且稳定性好，熔覆涂层显著提高了24CrNiMo铸钢基体的耐磨性。
磨痕分析表明，涂层在室温下主要为磨粒磨损，600 ℃下除了磨粒磨损之外，并还伴随着轻微的氧化磨损，其中复合涂层S3的性能最佳。
结论在以高速强力磨损为主的工况下，Ni625/WC复合涂层具有优异的耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能，球形WC颗粒在提高涂层耐磨方面发挥了重要作用。
关键词：高铁制动盘；超高速激光熔覆；摩擦磨损，Ni基涂层中图分类号：TH117 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)11-0237-11DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.11.018Wear Resistance of Ultra-high Speed Laser CladdingNi625/WC Composite CoatingsLI Bao-cheng1, CUI Hong-zhi1,2*, SONG Xiao-jie1, YIN Ze-liang1, ZHU Yu-ming1(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong Qingdao 266590,China; 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Qingdao 266100, China) ABSTRACT: High-speed train brake disc is one of the important components to ensure the safe and reliable operation of收稿日期：2022-10-30；修订日期：2023-03-08Received：2022-10-30；Revised：2023-03-08基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51971121，U2106216）；山东省重大创新工程项目（2019JZZY010303，2019JZZY010360）Fund：The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51971121, U2106216); Major-special Science and Technology Projects in Shandong Province (2019JZZY010303, 2019JZZY010360)引文格式：李宝程, 崔洪芝, 宋晓杰, 等. 超高速激光熔覆Ni625/WC复合涂层的耐磨性能[J]. 表面技术, 2023, 52(11): 237-247.LI Bao-cheng, CUI Hong-zhi, SONG Xiao-jie, et al. Wear Resistance of Ultra-high Speed Laser Cladding Ni625/WC Composite Coatings[J]. Surface Technology, 2023, 52(11): 237-247.*通信作者（Corresponding author）·238·表面技术 2023年11月high-speed trains. Its main failure form is thermal damage and wear that occurs on or near the friction surface. The use of ultra-high-speed laser melting and other surface strengthening technologies to improve the wear resistance and high-temperature performance of brake discs and other key components is an effective way to ensure the safe operation of high-speed trains. At present, there are many studies on the wear performance of Ni-based WC coatings, but there are relatively few studies on the application of key parts such as brake discs in high-speed trains.In this paper, Ni625/WC composite coatings was prepared on the surface of 24CrNiMo cast steel for high-speed train brake discs using ultra-high-speed laser melting technology. Since the high specific gravity of WC affected the quality and wear resistance of the coatings, a three-layer gradient coating design was used to improve the distribution of WC particles in the coatings.The phase composition, microstructure and element distribution of the coatings were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hardness, coefficient of friction and wear resistance of the coatings at room temperature and 600 ℃were tested with a microhardness tester, a friction and wear tester and a 3D morphology tester, respectively, and the friction and wear mechanisms of the coatings were analyzed. The high-temperature oxidation resistance and tissue stability of the coatings were investigated with a TGA-DSC simultaneous thermal analyzer.The results showed that the coatings are well bonded to the substrate, metallurgically, and the total thickness of the coatings was about 300 μm. The coatings were mainly composed of γ-Ni solid solution, WC, W2C and M23C6 phases. The partial melting and decomposition of WC particles generated different types and multi-scale secondary carbide phases distributed in the intergranular region of the γ-Ni solid solution. In addition, there were lamellar fine eutectic tissues composed of γ-Ni and secondary carbides generated. The hardness distribution of the coatings were relatively uniform, and the average microhardness reached 440HV0.2~610HV0.2, which was 1.25~1.7 times of the matrix hardness (360HV0.2), and the thickness of the heat-affected zone was about 200 μm with a hardness of 410HV0.2. With the increase of WC content, the main wear mechanism at room temperature was abrasive wear, and the volume of wear decreased to 20.8%, 6.8%, 4.4% and 4.2% of the matrix, and the corresponding coefficients of friction were slightly lower than that of the matrix. At 600 ℃, it was mainly abrasive wear and slight oxidation wear, and the coefficients of friction were higher than that of the matrix. The high toughness γ-Ni was firmly combined with WC, diffusely distributed secondary carbides and other reinforcing phases, which played the role of wrapping and supporting WC particles, and the multi-scale carbides, mainly WC particles, could effectively resist the indentation of grinding balls, thus reducing plastic deformation and wear. The coatings have good oxidation resistance and tissue stability, which are beneficial to the stability of frictional wear at high temperature. The spherical WC particles play an important role in improving the wear resistance of the coatings.KEY WORDS: brake discs of high-speed trains; ultra-high-speed laser cladding; frictional wear; Ni-based coating高铁制动盘是保证高速列车安全可靠运行的重要部件之一。
LPMS-B2系列硬件手册说明书
LPMS-B2 Series Hardware Manual ver. 1.0LP-RESEARCH Inc.Version HistoryTable of Contents1.Introduction ....................................................................... - 1 -2.System Overview .............................................................. - 2 -3.Coordinate ........................................................................ - 3 -4.Specification ..................................................................... - 4 -5.Battery Charging .............................................................. - 7 -Charging ........................................................................................ - 7 -LED Indication ............................................................................... - 7 -6.Mechanical Information .................................................... - 8 -1.IntroductionWelcome to the LP-RESEARCH Motion Sensor LPMS-B2 Series hardware manual.In this documentation we will primarily introduce the hardware specifications of LPMS-B2 Series sensors. If you have any further questions or comments regarding this documentation please feel free to contact us anytime.For more information on the LPMS-B2 or other product series, please refer to related datasheets and user manuals, available from the LP-RESEARCH website at the following address: .Table 1-1. LPMS-B2 Series part number informationPart NumberBluetoothClassic 2.0Bluetooth LowEnergy 4.1EnclosureCaseEmbeddedBatteryLPMS-B2 ✓✓✓✓LPMS-B2 OEM ✓✓✗✗2. System OverviewFig. 2.1. LPMS-B2 series sensor structureCharger and Battery UnitMCU3 axis Accelerometer3 axis Gyroscope 3-axis MagnetometerPressure SensorFlash UnitBluetooth UnitData/Command5V DC3.CoordinateThe LPMS sensor calculates the orientation difference between a fixed sensor coordinate system (S) and a global reference coordinate system (G). Both coordinate systems are defined as right-handed Cartesian coordinate systems. The sensor coordinate system (S) is constructed as following images.Z YXZYXFig. 3.1. Sensor coordinates of LPMS-B2 and LPMS-B2 OEMThe global reference coordinate system (G) can be divided into two different cases. While the orientation calculation is using all acceleration, gyroscope and magnetic data (sensor filter mode set at acc+gyr+mag), (G)system is defined as following:•X positive when pointing to the magnetic north•Y positive when pointing to the magnetic west•Z positive when pointing up (gravity points vertically down with -1g)While the orientation calculation is using only acceleration and gyroscope data (sensor filter mode set at acc+gyr), (G) system is defined as following: •X positive aligned to ground plane horizontal projection of x axis of (S) when sensor powered on•Y positive based on right-handed Cartesian coordinate definition•Z positive when pointing up (gravity points vertically down with -1g)4.SpecificationTable 4-1. Overall parametersParameters LPMS-B2LPMS-B2 OEM Output range of Euler angle Roll: ±180°; Pitch: ±90°; Yaw: ±180°Bandwidth400HzResolution<0.01°Accuracy<0.5°(Static), <2°RMS (Dynamic) Max. instant impact (0.1 ms)10,000gOutput data type Raw data/Euler/Quaternion/Linear acceleration/Air pressure/Altitude/TemperatureLatency 20 msInternal sampling rate400Hz Communication interface Bluetooth Classic 2.0 (BLE4.1 Optional) Max. baudrate 921600 bps Communication protocol LPBUSSize39x39x8 mm 16x31x4 mm Weight12 g 2g Communication distance<20mMax. data update rate400HzPower consumption<**********Power supply Lithium Battery > 6h(3.7V@230mAh)3.3-5.5V DCWorking temperature-20~+60 °C -40 ~ +80 °CConnector*Micro USB, type B Micro USB, type B; SM02B-SURS-TF;*LPMS-B2 USB connector is only used for charging, the sensor is powered by the internal embedded lithium battery.Table 4-2. Accelerometer SpecificationParameters Typical Value Unit Measurement range±2/±4/±8/±16 g Sensitivity0.061/0.122/0.244/0.488 mg/LSBLinear accelerationsensitivity changevs. temperature±1 %Linear accelerationtypical zero-g leveloffset accuracy±40 mgLinear accelerationzero-rate changevs. temperature±0.5 mg/°CAcceleration noise density90(FS= ±2 g ODR = 104 Hz)μg/√HzParameters Typical Value Unit Measurement range±125/±245/±500/±1000/±2000 dps Sensitivity 4.375/8.75/17.50/35/70 mdps/LSBAngular ratesensitivity changevs. temperature±1.5 %Angular rate typicalzero-rate level±10 dps Angular rate typicalzero-rate levelchange vs.temperature±0.05 dps/°C Rate noise density7 mdps/√HzTable 4-4. Magnetometer SpecificationParameters Typical Value Unit Measurement range±4/±8/±12/±16 Gauss Sensitivity6842/3421/2281/1711 LSB/gaussZero-gauss level±1(FS=±4 gauss)gaussRMS noise(Ultra-high-perform ance mode)X axis 3.2 mgauss Y axis 3.2 mgauss Z axis 4.1 mgaussNon-linearity±0.12 %FSTable 4-5. Pressure and Humidity Sensor Specification Parameters Typical Value UnitPressuremeasurement range300~1100 hPa Temperaturecoefficient of offset±1.5 Pa/K Absolute accuracypressure±1.0 hPa Pressure sensitivity 0.18 Pa Pressure noise 1.3 Pa Humiditymeasurement range0~100 %RH Humidity accuracy ±3 %RH Humidity latency（10~90~10 %RH，25 °C）±1 %RH Humidity sensitivity 0.008 %RH Humidity noise 0.02 %RH Humidity stability（10~90 %RH,25 °C）0.5 %RH/year5.Battery ChargingChargingThe LPMS-B2 sensor can be charged through the micro USB port. In case of LPMS-B2 OEM, users have to specify the methods of power supply for their own designs.The charging voltage for LPMS-B2 is 5V and the required power current is at least 100mA for an efficient charging progress. Depending on the remaining power in the battery, the on-board LED will show different charging status by different colors. Detailed information of the LED status is introduced in the following section.LED IndicationTable 5-1. LED Status IndicationWork Mode LED Status LED Color Remaining BatteryNormalConnection off Blinking lightBlue >10%Red <10% Connection on Pulsating lightBlue >10%Red <10% Charging Always onGreen >90%Blue 20%~90%Red <20%6.Mechanical InformationFig. 6.1. LPMS-B2 DimensionFig. 6.2. LPMS-B2 OEM DimensionCopyright © 2020, LP-RESEARCH Inc. All rights reserved.。
两性离子-阴离子双交联P（AAm-co-AAc-co-SBMA-co-AMPS）
第 4 期第 183-191 页材料工程Vol.52Apr. 2024Journal of Materials EngineeringNo.4pp.183-191第 52 卷2024 年 4 月两性离子-阴离子双交联P（AAm-co-AAc-co-SBMA-co-AMPS）/Fe3+水凝胶的摩擦学性能研究Tribological properties of zwitterionic-anionicdual-crosslinked P（AAm-co-AAc-co-SBMA-co-AMPS）/Fe3+ hydrogel李子恒1，王斌斌1，尤德强1，李卫1，王小健1，2*（1 暨南大学先进耐磨蚀及功能材料研究院，广州 510632；2 暨南大学韶关研究院，广东韶关 512029）LI Ziheng1，WANG Binbin1，YOU Deqiang1，LI Wei1，WANG Xiaojian1，2*（1 Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials，Jinan University，Guangzhou 510632，China；2 Shaoguan ResearchInstitute of Jinan University，Shaoguan 512029，Guangdong，China）摘要：水凝胶是一种理想的软骨修复材料，但目前很难有人工材料能实现软骨的超低摩擦因数。
使用两性离子单体［2-（甲基丙烯酰氧基）乙基］二甲基-（3-磺丙基）（SBMA）和阴离子单体2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）合成一种两性离子-阴离子双交联P（AAm-co-AAc-co-SBMA-co-AMPS）/Fe3+水凝胶。
在水和PBS中进行摩擦学测试，以评估两性离子和阴离子基团对摩擦因数（CoF）的影响。
结果表明：SBMA和AMPS引入的物理交联点可以提高水凝胶的抗压强度，在水中实现了较低CoF（0.04）；此外，在PBS中观察到CoF进一步降低至0.015，CoF的降低是由于水凝胶在PBS中浸泡产生的高度水合上层所造成的。
DSMZ中文资料
DSMZ (Z-Foil)Vishay Foil ResistorsDocument Number: 63121For any questions, contact: foil@Ultra High Precision Bulk Metal ® Z-Foil Surface Mount VoltageDivider, TCR Tracking of < 0.1 ppm/°C, PCR of ± 5 ppm at Rated Power and Stability of ± 0.005 % (50 ppm)P R O V E D P R O D U CAny value at any ratio available within resistance rangeINTRODUCTIONBulk Metal ® Z-Foil T echnology out-performs all other resistor technologies available today for applications that require ultra-high precision and ultra-high stabilitly.The Z-Foil technology provides a significant reduction of the resistive element’s sensitivity to ambient temperature variations (TCR) and to self heating when power is applied (power coefficient).The DSMZ offers low TCR (both absolute and tracking), low PCR, excellent load life stability, tight tolerance match,excellent ratio stability, low thermal E MF, and low current noise - all in one package.The DSMZsurface mount divider provides a matched pair of Bulk Metal ® Z-Foil Resistors in a small epoxy molded package. The electrical specification of this integrated construction offers improved performance and better real estate utilization over discrete resistors and matched pairs.Our Application Engineering Department is available to advise and make recommendations. For non-standard technical requirements and special applications, please contact us.Notes1.Tighter performances are available2.100 Ω to 20 k Ωper resistor available in DSMFEATURES•Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR):Absolute:± 0.05 ppm/°C typical (0 °C to + 60 °C)± 0.2 ppm/°C typical(- 55 °C to + 125 °C, + 25 °C Ref.)Tracking:0.1 ppm/°C typical•Power Coefficient Tracking“ΔR due to self heating”: ± 5 ppm at Rated Power •Power Rating at 70 °C:Entire Package: 0.1 WEach Resistor: 0.05 W•Tolerance: Absolute: ± 0.02 %; Match: 0.01 %•Ratio Stability: 0.005 % (0.05 W at 70 °C, 2000 hours)•Resistance Range: 100 Ω to 10 k Ω per resistor •Large Variety of Resistance Ratios: 1:100•Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) above 25 000 V •Short Time Overload ≤ 0.005 %•Non Inductive, Non Capacitive Design •Rise Time: 1.0 ns without ringing •Current Noise: < - 40 dB•Thermal EMF: 0.05 µV/°C typical •Voltage Coefficient: < 0.1 ppm/V •Non Inductive: < 0.08 µH •Non Hot Spot Design•Terminals: silver coated copper alloy•For better performances, please contact Application EngineeringAPPLICATIONS•Instrumentation amplifiers•Bridge networks•Differential amplifiers•Ratio arms in bridge circuits •Medical and test equipment •Military•Airborne etc.* Pb containing terminations are not RoHS compliant, exemptions may apply TABLE 1 - RESISTANCE VALUES AND TOLERANCES 1)RESISTANCE VALUES100 Ω - 10 k Ω per resistor 2)ABSOLUTE TOLERANCE EACH RESISTOR ± 0.02 %, ± 0.05 %, ± 0.1 %RESISTANCETOLERANCE MATCH 0.01 %, 0.02 %, 0.05 %TCRAbsolute: (typical and maximum spread): ± 0.2 ± 2.0 ppm/°C - 55 °C to + 125 °C (+ 25 °C reference)T racking: (maximum) For R1/R2 = 10.5 ppm/°CFor 1 < R1/R2 ≤ 101.0 ppm/°CFor 10 < R1/R2 ≤ 100 2.0 ppm/°CRoHS*COMPLIANTDSMZ (Z-Foil)Vishay Foil ResistorsUltra High Precision Bulk Metal ® Z-Foil Surface Mount Voltage Divider, TCR Tracking of < 0.1 ppm/°C, PCR of ± 5 ppm at Rated Power and Stability of ± 0.005 % (50 ppm) For any questions, contact: foil@Document Number: 63121Document Number: 63121For any questions, contact: foil@DSMZ (Z-Foil)Ultra High Precision Bulk Metal ® Z-Foil Surface Mount Voltage Divider, TCR Tracking of < 0.1 ppm/°C, PCR of ± 5 ppm at Rated Power and Stability of ± 0.005 % (50 ppm)Vishay Foil Resistors I M P R O V E D P R O D U C TTABLE 2 - PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS (T est Method Per MIL-PRF-914)SPECIFICATIONS TYPICAL LIMITSPower rating at 70 °CEntire package: 0.1 W Each resistor: 0.05 WMaximum Working Voltage (each resistor) 25 VWorking Temperature Range - 65 °C to + 125 °C Thermal ShockΔR = 0.01 % (100 ppm)25 x (- 65 °C to + 125 °C)ΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Thermal Shock5 x (- 65 °C to + 125 °C) andΔR = 0.015 % (150 ppm)Power ConditioningΔRatio = 0.01 % (100 ppm)1.5 rated power at 25 °C, 100 hoursDWV atmospheric pressure, 200 V (A.C.), 1 minute Successfully passed Insulation Resistance 100 V (D.C.), 1 minute > 104 M ΩResistance to Soldering HeatΔR = 0.01 % (100 ppm) ΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Moisture ResistanceΔR = 0.02 % (200 ppm)+ 65 °C to - 10 °C; 90 % to 98 % RH; 0.1 x rated power, 240 hoursΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Shock (Specified Pulse)ΔR = 0.005 % (50 ppm)100 GΔRatio = 0.0025 % (25 ppm)Vibration, High FrequencyΔR = 0.01 % (100 ppm)(10 Hz - 2000 Hz), 20 GΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)High Temperature ExposureΔR = 0.01 % (100 ppm)100 hours at 125 °CΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Low Temperature StorageΔR = 0.005 % (50 ppm)24 hours at - 65 °CΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Load Life StabilityΔR = 0.005 % (50 ppm)2000 hours at + 70 °C; rated powerΔRatio = 0.005 % (50 ppm)Short Time OverloadΔR = 0.005 % (50 ppm)6.25 x Rated Power; 5 secondsΔRatio = 0.0025 % (25 ppm)Low Temperature OperationΔR = 0.005 % (50 ppm) ΔRatio = 0.0025 % (25 ppm)Weight0.04 gDSMZ (Z-Foil)Vishay Foil ResistorsUltra High Precision Bulk Metal ® Z-Foil Surface Mount Voltage Divider, TCR Tracking of < 0.1 ppm/°C, PCR of ± 5 ppm at Rated Power and Stability of ± 0.005 % (50 ppm) For any questions, contact: foil@Document Number: 63121I M P R O V E D P R O D U C TNote* For non-standard requests or additional values, please contact Application Engineering.Note1.Other values available upon request.TABLE 3 - GLOBAL PART NUMBER INFORMATIONNEW GLOBAL PART NUMBER:Y4485V0067QT9W (preferred part number format)DENOTES PRECISIONVCODE*TOLERANCE MATCHPACKAGING YRESISTANCE VALUE CODET = 0.01 %Q = 0.02 %A = 0.05 %R = T ape and Reel W = Waffle Pack L = Bulk PackPRODUCT CODE RESISTANCE TOLERANCEAER*4485 = DSMZQ = ± 0.02 %A = ± 0.05 %B = ± 0.10 %0 = Standard9 = Lead (Pb)-free 1 - 999 = CustomFOR EXAMPLE: ABOVE GLOBAL ORDER Y4485 V0067 Q T 9 W:TYPE: DSMZVALUES: 10K/400RABSOLUTE TOLERANCE: ± 0.02 %TOLERANCE MATCH: 0.01 %TERMINATION: Lead (Pb)-free PACKAGING: Waffle PackHISTORICAL PART NUMBER:DSMZ 10K 400R TCR0.2Q T S W (will continue to be used)DSMZ10K 400RTCR0.2QTSWMODELOHMIC VALUE TCRCHARACTERISTICABSOLUTE TOLERANCETOLERANCE MATCH TERMINATIONPACKAGINGR 1 = 10 k ΩR 2 = 400 ΩQ = ± 0.02 %A = ± 0.05 %B = ± 0.10 %T = 0.01 %Q = 0.02 %A = 0.05 %S = Lead (Pb)-free B = Tin/LeadT = T ape and Reel W = Waffle Pack B = Bulk PackTABLE 4 - RESISTANCE VALUE CODE LIST FOR POPULAR RATIOS 1)VCODES R1/R2RATIO R1R2VCODES R1/R2RATIO R1R2V005210010K 100RV00802.51K400R V00655010K 200R V0081500R 200R V00665K100R V0082210K 5KV0067V00682510K 5K 400R 200RV00832K 1KV00841K500R V0085400R 200RV00692010K 500R V0086200R100RV00702K100R V0087 1.25500R 400RV00711010K 1KV0001V0002V0059V0004V0091V0090V0089V0088110K 5K 2K 1K 500R 400R 200R 100R 10K 5K 2K 1K 500R 400R 200R 100RV00722K 200R V00731K100R V007455K1KV00752K 400R V00761K200R V0077500R 100R V0246410K 2K5V00782K 500R V0079400R100R485V67Y4T9QWDisclaimer Legal Disclaimer NoticeVishayAll product specifications and data are subject to change without notice.Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., its affiliates, agents, and employees, and all persons acting on its or their behalf (collectively, “Vishay”), disclaim any and all liability for any errors, inaccuracies or incompleteness contained herein or in any other disclosure relating to any product.Vishay disclaims any and all liability arising out of the use or application of any product described herein or of any information provided herein to the maximum extent permitted by law. The product specifications do not expand or otherwise modify Vishay’s terms and conditions of purchase, including but not limited to the warranty expressed therein, which apply to these products.No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document or by any conduct of Vishay.The products shown herein are not designed for use in medical, life-saving, or life-sustaining applications unless otherwise expressly indicated. Customers using or selling Vishay products not expressly indicated for use in such applications do so entirely at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Vishay for any damages arising or resulting from such use or sale. Please contact authorized Vishay personnel to obtain written terms and conditions regarding products designed for such applications.Product names and markings noted herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.元器件交易网Document Number: 。
温控仪中英文对照
干式变压器温度控制仪Temperature Controller for Dry-type Transformer安装使用说明书Installation Operation Instruction辽宁金立电力电器有限公司LIAO NING JIN LI ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT CO.,LTDNO.1在使用您所购置的温控仪之前，请务必仔细阅读我公司的使用说明书。
并妥善保管，以备使用中查阅。
By all means please carefully read the operation instruction of our company before using the temperature controller. And please keep it safely for reference.注意事项 Note☆ 本说明书由最终使用者保留！☆ The manual should be kept by the end users!☆ 安装操作前，请认真阅读本手册！☆ Please carefully read the manual before installation and operation!☆ ※在进行变压器耐压试验前应先将传感电缆插头与温控仪分离，以免损坏温控仪！！！☆ ※Separate the sensor cable plug and temperature controller before havingwithstand voltage test of transformer in order to avoid damage☆ 为让温控仪能够长时间稳定运行，在搬运、安装时尽可能小心轻放。
☆ Please be careful as much as possible when handling and installing in order that the temperature controller can have a long and stable operation.☆ 请勿将温控仪安装在高温、强腐蚀性、高场强的环境当中。
22B112A(ShadowMoiree)
The information included in JEDEC standards and publications represents a sound approach to product specification and application, principally from the solid state device manufacturer
JESD22-B108A measures device terminal coplanarity only at room temperature and cannot be used to predict warpage at elevated temperatures. The worst-case warpage may be at room temperature, maximum reflow temperature, or any temperature in-between; consequently, package warpage must be characterized during the entire reflow soldering thermal cycle. Critical engineering evaluations of the package and printed circuit board warpage should be conducted in the laboratory under simulated reflow conditions. For many packages, warpage can change with continued reflow cycles so this measurement should be made and reported for the first reflow cycle.
制冷行业中英文术语对照2019.8.22
制冷行业中英文术语对照2019.8.22空调、制冷词汇中英文对照表1 主题内容与适用范围本标准适用于本公司的所有空调产品及技术文件所使用的名词、术语。
本标准提供一套标准的，统一的制冷、空调名词，术语的中英文对照表，用作产品说明书，图样及有关技术文件的用词规范。
2 词汇中英文对照表2.1 通用词汇部分制冷refrigeration空气调节air conditioning环境条件environmental conditions标准工况standard test condition空调工况air conditioning condition制冷量refrigerating capacity(cooling capacity)标准制冷量standard cooling capacity能效比energy efficiency ratio(EER)性能系数coefficient of performance(COP)温度temperature湿度humidity压力pressure干空气dry air湿空气moist air大气压力atmospheric pressure饱和空气saturated air干球温度dry bulb temperature湿球温度wet bulb temperature露点温度dew point temperature机器露点apparatus dew point绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity含湿量specific humidity空气循环air circulation制冷系统refrigeration system制冷循环refrigeration cycle(cooling cycle) 制热循环heating cycle蒸发evaporation冷凝condensation过冷subcooling过热superheat过程process压缩compression膨胀expansion节流throttling灌注量refrigerant charge制冷剂refrigerant氟利昂22 freon22润滑油lubricant oil吸气端suction end排气端discharge end低压侧low pressure side高压侧high pressure side蒸发压力evaporating pressure冷凝压力condessing pressure吸气压力suction pressure排气压力discharge pressure蒸发温度evaporating temperature冷凝温度condensing temperature吸气温度suction temperature排气温度discharge temperature压缩比compression ratio制冷系统故障breakdown of the refrigeration system 冰堵ice blockage脏堵filth blockage油堵greasy blockage液击slugging结霜frost formation除霜defrosting自动除霜automatic defrosting定时除霜time defrosting空气净化air cleaning空气除臭air deodorization空气离子化air ionization循环风量air flow volume制热量heating capacity噪声noise空气动力性噪声air power noise机械噪声mechanical noise消声sound attenuation声强级sound intensity level产品product图纸drawing技术文件technical file尺寸dimension技术要求technical requirement长度length宽度width高度height超薄ultra—thin系列series保护装置protection devices纠正correct(correction)更改modification(modify)编制compile标准化standardize校对proofread工艺technology(workmanship)审核check 审定examine and approve批准approve签名signature(sign)日期date爆炸图assembly drawing组件components零件parts结构structure厂商manufacturer认证资料approved information附录attachment方案procedure标题栏underline明细栏specification list绝缘电阻insulation resistance起动电流starting current运转电流running current泄漏电流leakage current耐压试验high-voltage test安全试验safety test温升试验temperture-raise test溢水试验water over-flow test潮态试验humidity-state test把手handle功率power电流current起动试验starting test非正常运行abnormal operation堵转试验locked test机械强度试验mechanical strength test 接地方式earthing methods开路circuit-open断路circuit-break短路circuit-short接线端子wiring terminal爬电距离creepage distance电气间隙clearance基本绝缘basic insulation附加绝缘supplementary insulation 加强绝缘reinforced insulation对重绝缘double insulation额定电压rated voltage额定电压范围rated voltage range工作电压working voltage额定输入功率rated input power额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency额定频率范围rated frequency range电源软线power supply cordX连接type X attachmentY连接type Y attachmentZ连接type Z attachment电源引线supply leadsI类器具class I appliance正常负截normal load气候类别climate type塑料件plastic parts内部结构internal structure流线型streamline特点(性) features数据data性能参数specification诊断diagnostic直径diameter公差tolerance用户手册owner’s manual产品说明书product instruction manual 包装箱package carton 装箱单packing list铭牌nameplate型号model型号标识model mark图样目录index of drawing文件目录index of files汇总表specifications list自制件self-making part外协件cooperation part外购件purchased part商标trademark合格证quality certificate保修卡guarantee card用户档案files of consumer项目item外形尺寸outlines and dimensions控制系统controlling systems功能function液晶显示liquid crystal indicate加工工艺machine workmanship装饰decoration装配质量assembly quality抗干扰immunity机械制图mechanic drawing标准件stardard parts总装general assembly工艺总结sunmary of technological work喇叭口outlet with flare检漏leakage test防潮moisture resistance电气强度electric strength工艺性technological efficiency工艺性审查review of technological efficiency 可加工性machinability生产过程production process工艺过程process序号item no代号code no名称description规格specification页数page no.备注remarks幅面size工艺文件technological documentation工艺路线process route工艺设计process design工艺要素process factor工艺规范process specification工艺参数process parameter工艺准备process preparation of production 工艺设备manufacturing equipment生产纲领production program生产类型type of production生产批量production batch生产周期production cycle原材料raw material主要材料primary material，辅助材料auxiliary material工件workpiece在制品work-in-process半成品semifinished product成品final product合格品conforming product不合格品non-conforming product废品scrap焊接welding热处理heat treatment表面处理surface treatment机械加工machining装配assembly工序operation安装set up基准datum工艺孔auxiliary hole工艺尺寸process dimension尺寸链dimension chain加工精度machining accuracy表面粗糙度surface roughness夹具jigs and fixtures弯管pipe bending扩口flaring缩口necking去毛刺deburring除锈rust removal清洗cleaning2.2机器词汇部分房间空调器room air conditioner单元式空调机unitary air conditioner窗式空调机window-type air conditioner 分体式空调器split-type air conditioner室内机indoor unit室外机outdoor unit蒸发器evaporator冷凝器condenser毛细管capillary压缩机compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor(回转)转子式压缩机rotary compressor涡旋式压缩机scroll compressor气缸cylinder吸气阀suction valve排气阀discharge valve理论排量theoretical displacement实除排量actual displacement热交换器heat exchangerU形管U-shape tube吊顶式ceiling suspended吸顶式ceiling cassettes(ceiling concealed)壁挂式wall mounted落地式floor standing光管plain copper pipe内螺纹管inner groove copper pipe翅片管finned tube四通换向阀4-way reversing valve单向阀one-way valve轴流风机axial flow fan(propeller fan)离心风机centrifugal fan(sirocco fan)贯流风机cross flow fan(linefrow fan)截止阀cut-off valve(ball valve)过滤器strainer底盘(底板) chassis(lower panel)安装板installation sheet前(后)面板front(rear) panel侧板side plate(side panel)边板end plate (end panel)风扇电机fan motor电机支架motor support中间隔板mid．isolation sheet(separator support plate)网罩protection grill nets扫风电机swing motor(louver motor)步进电机step motor (vane motor)进风格栅air intake grill步进电机座vane crank继电器引线relay assy lead电器安装板electrical supporting plate盖板cover plate(top plate)电容capacitor电容夹capacitor clamp胶圈o-gasket管路系统tubing systems排气管discharge pipe吸气管suction pipe电气原理图electrical schematic diagram 电气接线图electrical wring diagram线路图circuit diagram保温管thermal insulation pipe连接管堵头connection pipe cap电器安装盒electrical box汽液分离器liquid-gas separator接线板T erminal Board交流接触器AC contactor贮液器liquid accumlator波纹软管corrugated pipe四芯(六芯)控制线signal cable with 4(6)cores 电热管heater element扫风叶片支架louver support左右端盖side box (L,R)电源线power cord控制器controller红外遥控器remote controller继电器relay主令开关main switch温控器thermostat螺钉screw螺栓bolt螺母nut垫圈gasket排水管drainage pipe油分离器oil separator插片inset block插孔inset bolt电机保护器motor protector保险丝fusePTC发热元件PTC electrical heater 变压器transformer控制面膜controlling panel脚轮castor固定螺丝set screw底板under plate水位开关water-level switch触摸开关touch switch热断路thermal cut-out限温器temperature limiter电脑芯片IC集成电路integrated circuit可控硅controlled silicon蜂鸣器buzzer插座socket插头plug过滤网air filter过滤栅filter grille蜗壳propeller housing水箱water tank水箱盖tank cover上隔板upper inner cover下隔板lower inner cover上卡板top cover下卡板bottom cover扫风叶片swing louver支撑条support bar导风叶片louver出风格栅air outlet grill出水管drainage duct出水槽outlet for water模具mould灯箱light box机壳body感温包temp.sensor电磁阀solenoid valve电磁线圈solenoid coil压缩机过载保护thermal switch高压保护high pressure switch低压保护low pressure switch吊顶机风扇蜗壳casing set集水盘drain pan安装螺钉盖screw cover(screw cap) 壁挂机安装板wall frame电机固定件motor holder电机固定圈rubber mount风叶护网fan guard2.3 仪器,仪表词汇部分温度计thermometer水银温度计mercurial thermometer 电阻温度计resistance thermometer 热敏电阻thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouple thermometor 量热计calorimeter 表压gauge pressure绝对压力absolute pressure压力计pressure gauge真空vacuum真空计pressure gauge真空压力计compound gauge干球温度计dry bulb thermometer温球温度计wet bulb thermometer温度计hygrometer干湿球温度计dry-wet bulb hygrometer流量计flowrator喷嘴flow nozzle质量流量计mass flowmeter温度传感器temperature sensor湿度传感器humidity sensor风速仪anemometer机械风速仪mechanical anemometer数字风速仪digital anemometer热线风速仪hot-wire anemometer声级计sound level meter工具tool测量放大器measurement amplifier电容传声器condenser microphone绝缘电阻表insolation resistance meter耐压测试仪high_voltage reliability meter接地电阻测试台testing station of earthing resistance泄漏电流测试装置testing equipment of leaking current直流电阻电桥electric bridge of DC resistance灼热丝试验装置testing equipment for scorching漏电起痕试验装置testing equipment of scrap with leaking current 球压装置ball-pressure apparatus扩口器rube-outlet expamder弯管器rube bender卤素检漏仪halogen leak detector电子检漏仪electrical leak detector板子wrench冲击钻electric driven rotary hammer3.0 附录附录一按英文字母顺序排列的词汇表附录二按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的词表附加说明：附录一按英文字母顺序排列的词汇表空气调节air conditioning空调工况air conditioning condition大气压力atmospheric pressure机器露点apparatus dew point绝对湿度absolute humidity空气循环air circulation自动除霜automatic defrosting空气净化air cleaning空气除臭air deodorization空气离子化air ionization循环风量air flow volume空气动力性噪声air power noise批准approve爆炸图assembly drawing认证资料approved information附录attachment非正常运行abnormal operation装配质量assembly quality辅助材料auxiliary material装配assembly工艺孔auxiliary hole实除排量actual displacemant轴流风机axial flow fan (propeller fan)进风格栅air intake grill交流接触器AC contactor过滤网air filter绝对压力absolute pressure风速仪anemometer制冷系统故障breakdown of the refrigeration system 基本绝缘basic insulation螺栓bolt蜂鸣器buzzer下卡板bottom cover机壳body球压装置ball-pressure apparatus性能系数coefficient of performance冷凝condensation压缩compression冷凝压力condensing pressure冷凝温度condensing temperature压缩比compression ratio纠正correct (correction)编制compile审核check组件components电流current开路circuit-open断路circuit-break短路circuit-short爬电距离creepage distance电气间隙clearanceI类器具class I appliance气候类别climate type外协件cooperation part控制系统controlling systems代号code no合格品conforming product清洗cleaning冷凝器condenser毛细管capillary tube压缩机compressor气缸cylinder吊顶式ceiling suspended吸顶式ceiling cassettes (ceiling concealed)单向阀check valve 离心风机centrifugal fan (sirocco fan)贯流风机cross-flow fan (linefrow fan)截止阀cut-off valve (ball valve)底盘(底板) chassis(lower panel)盖板cover plate(top plate)电容capacitor电容夹capacitor clamp线路图circuit diagram连接管堵头connection pipe cap波纹软管corrugated pipe控制器controller控制面膜controlling panel脚轮castor可控硅controlled silicon吊顶机风扇蜗壳casing set量热计calorimeter真空压力计compound gauge电容传声器condenser microphone 干空气dry air干球温度dry bulb temperature露点温度dew point temperature 排气端discharge end排气压力discharge pressure排气温度discharge temperature 除霜defrosting图纸·drawing尺寸dimension日期date对重绝缘double insulation数据data诊断diagnostic直径diameter装饰decoration电气强度dielectric strength名称description基准datum尺寸链dimension chain去毛刺deburring排气阀discharge valve排气管discharge pipe排水管drainage pipe出水管drainage duct集水盘drain pan干球温度计dry bulb thermometer干湿球温度计dry-wet bulb hygrometer数字风速仪digital anemometer环境条件environmental conditions蒸发evaporation膨胀expansion蒸发压力evaporating pressure蒸发温度evaporating temperature审定examine and approve接地方式earthing methods蒸发器evaporator边板end plate(end panel)电器安装板electrical supporting plate电气原理图electrical principle diagram电气接线图electrical wring diagram电器安装盒electrical box电子检漏仪electrical leak detector直流电阻电桥electric bridge of DC rdsistance 冲击钻electric driven rotary hammer 氟时昂22 freon22脏堵filth blockage结霜frost formation特点(性) features用户档案files of consumer功能function成品final product扩口flaring落地式floor standing翅片管finned tube风扇电机fan motor保险丝fuse过滤栅filter grille出风格栅front grill风叶护网fan guard测量计flowrator喷嘴flow nozzle油堵greasy blockage保修卡guarantee card总装general assembly垫圈gasket表压gauge pressure湿度humidity制热循环heating cycle高压侧high pressure side制热量heating capacity耐压试验high-voltage test潮态试验humidity-state test把手handle高度height热处理heat treatment热交换器heat exchanger电热管heater element高压保护high pressure switch湿度计hygrometer热线风速仪hot-wire anemometer耐压测试仪high-voltage reliability meter 卤素检漏仪halogen leak detector温度传感器humidity sensor冰堵ice plug绝缘电阻insulation resistance内部结构internal structure图样目录index文件目录index of files项目item抗干扰immunity序号item no室内机indoor unit内螺纹管inner groove copper pipe安装板installation sheet插片inset block插孔inset bolt电脑芯片IC集成电路integrated circuit绝缘电阻表insolation resistance meter 夹具jigs and fixtures润滑油lubricant oil低压侧low pressure side长度length校对look through泄漏电流leakage current堵转试验locked test液晶显示liquid crystol indicate检汛leakage test汽液分离器liquid-gas separator贮液器liquid accumlator扫风叶片支架louver support下隔板lower inner cover导风叶片lower louver灯箱light box低压保护low pressure switch湿空气moist air机械噪声mechanical noise更改modification (modify)厂商manufacturer机械强度试验mechanical strength test型号model型号标识model mark加工工艺machine workmanship机械制图mechanic drawing防潮moisture resistance可加工性machinability工艺设备manufacturing equipment机械加工machining加工精度machining accuracy电机支架motor support中间隔板mid isolation sheet(separator support plate)主令开关main switch电机保护器motor protector模具mould电机固定件motor holder水银温度计mercurial thermometer质量流量计mass flowmeter机械风速仪mechanical anemometer测量放大器measurement amplifier噪声noise正常负截normal load铭牌nameplate不合格品non-conforming product缩口necking螺母nut用户手册owner’smanual外形尺寸outlines and dimensions喇叭口outlet with flare工序operation室外机out door unit胶圈o-gasket油分离器oil separator出水槽outlet for water压力pressure过程process产品product保护装置protection devices零件parts方案procedure功率power电源软线power supply cord塑料件plastic parts产品说明书product instruction manual包箱package carton装箱单packing list外购件purchased part生产过程production process工艺过程process页数page no工艺路线process route工艺设计process design工艺要素process factor工艺规范process specification工艺参数process parameter工艺准备process preparation of production 工艺纲领production program工艺批量production batch生产周期production cycle主要材料primary material工艺尺寸process dimension弯管pipe bending光管plain copper pipe前（后）面板panel front（rear）网罩protection grill nets电源线power cordPTC发热元件PTC electrical heater插头plug蜗壳propeller housing压力计pressure gauge真空计vauucn gauge合格证quality certificate制冷refrigeration制冷量refrigerating capacity (cooling capacity)相对湿度relative humidity制冷系统refrigeration system制冷循环refrigeration cycle灌注量refrigerant charge制冷剂refrigerant运转电流running current加强绝缘reinforced insulation额定电压rated voltage额定电压范围rated voltage range额定输入功率rated input额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency额定频率范围rated frequency range工艺性审查review of technological efficiency 备注remarks原材料raw material除锈rust removal房间空调器room air conditioner往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor转子式压缩机rotary compressor继电器引线relay assy lead无线遥控器remote controller继电器relay电机固定圈rubber mount电阻温度计resistance thermometer标准工况standard condition标准制冷量standard rating饱和空气saturated air含湿量specific humidity过冷subcooling过热superheat吸气端suction end吸气压力suction pressure吸气温度suction temperature液击slugging消声sound attenuation声强级sound intensity level系列series标准化standardize签名signature(sign)结构structure明细栏specification list起动电流starting current安全试验security test起动试验starting test附加绝缘supplementary insulation电源引线supply leads流线型streamline性能考数specsifications汇总表specifications list自制件self-making part标准件stardard parts工艺总结summary of technological work 规格standards幅面size半成品semifinished product废品scrap表面处理surface treatment安装set up表面粗糙度surface roughness分体式空调器split-type air conditioner涡旋式压缩机scroll compressor吸气阀suction valve过滤器strainer侧板side plate (side panel)扫风电机swing motor (louver motor)步进电机step motor(vane motor)吸气管suction pipe四芯(六芯)控制线signal cable with 4(6) cores 左右端盖side box(L.R)螺钉screw固定螺丝set screw插座socket扫风叶片swing louver支撑条support bar电磁阀solenoid valve电磁线圈solenoid coil安装螺钉盖screw cover (screw cap)声级计sound level meter温度temperature节流throttling定时除霜time defrosting技术文件technical file技术要求technical requirement工艺technology (workmanship)温升试验temperture-raise testX连接type X attachmentY连接type Y attachmentZ连接type Z attachment公差tolerance商标trademark工艺性technologicul efficiency工艺文件technological documentation 生产类型type of production理论排量theoretical displacement管路系统tubing systems保温管thermal insulation pipe温控器thermostat变压器transformer触摸开关touch switch热断路thermal cut-out限温器temperature limiter水箱盖tank cover上卡板top cover感温包temp. sensor压缩机过载保护thermal switch温度计thermometer热敏电阻thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouple thermometor温度传感器temperature sensor工具tool扩口器tube-outlet expamder接地电阻测试台testing station of earthing resistance泄漏电流测试装置testing equipment of leaking current灼热丝试验装置testing equipment for scorching漏电起痕试验装置testing equipment of scrap with leaking current 弯管器tube bender超簿ultra-thin标题栏underline单元式空调机unitary air conditionerU形管U-shape tube底板underplate。
HDSP-U3xx资料
DevicesAlGaAs Red HER Orange Yellow Green Circuit HDSP-HDSP-HDSP-HDSP-HDSP- DescriptionDiagramU101U201U401U301U501Common Anode, RightA Hand Decimal, Gray Surface U103U203U403U303U503Common Cathode, Right B Hand Decimal, Gray Surface U111U211U411U311U511Common Anode, RightA Hand Decimal, Black Surface U113U213U413U313U513Common Cathode, RightBHand Decimal, Black Surface8 mm (0.31 inch) Ultra Mini Seven Segment Displays Technical Data• High Light Output • High Peak Current• Excellent for Long Digit String Multiplexing • Intensity and Color Selection OptionDescriptionThe 8 mm (0.31 inch) LED seven segment displays are Agilent’s most space-efficient character size. They are designed forviewing distances up to 3 metres (10 feet). The numeric devices feature a right hand decimalpoint. All devices are available as either common anode or common cathode.Typical applications include appliances, temperature con-trollers, and digital panel meters.HDSP-U1xx Series HDSP-U2xx Series HDSP-U3xx Series HDSP-U4xx Series HDSP-U5xx SeriesFeatures• Compact Package• 8 mm (0.31 inch) Character Height• Choice of Colors Wide Range of Colors • Excellent Appearance Evenly Lighted Segments Mitered Corners on Segments Gray/Black Surface Gives Optimum Contrast ±50° Viewing Angle • Design FlexibilityCommon Anode or Common CathodeRight Hand Decimal Point • Categorized for Luminous IntensityYellow and Green also Categorized for ColorUse of Like Categories Yields a Uniform DisplayPart Numbering System5082-x xx x-x x x xxHDSP-x xx x-x x x xxMechanical Options[1]00: No mechanical option36: Special dimensional tolerancesColor Bin Options[1,2]0: No color bin limitationMaximum Intensity Bin[1,2]0: No maximum intensity bin limitationMinimum Intensity Bin[1,2]0: No minimum intensity bin limitationDevice Configuration/Color[1]1: Common Anode3: Common CathodeDevice Specific Configuration[1]Refer to respective data sheetPackage[1]U: 8 mm (0.31 inch) Ultra Mini Single Digit Seven Segment Display Notes:1. For codes not listed in the figure above, please refer to the respective data sheet or contact your nearest Agilent representativefor details.2. Bin options refer to shippable bins for a part-number. Color and Intensity Bins are typically restricted to 1 bin per tube(exceptions may apply). Please refer to respective data sheet for specific bin limit information.Package Dimensions12345BFUNCTIONPINA B 12345678910CATHODE a CATHODE f CATHODE g CATHODE e CATHODE d CATHODE DP ANODE DP CATHODE c ANODECATHODE bANODE a ANODE f ANODE g ANODE e ANODE dCATHODE DP ANODE DP ANODE c CATHODE ANODE b1458A32Internal Circuit DiagramHDSP-UXXX CIRCUITCOLOR BINAbsolute Maximum RatingsAlGaAs Red HER/Orange Yellow GreenHDSP-HDSP-HDSP-HDSP-U1xx U2xx/-4xx U3xx U5xx Description Series Series Series Series Units Average Power per Segment or DP3710580105mW Peak Forward Current per45[1]90[3]60[5]90[7]mA Segment or DPDC Forward Current per Segment15[2]30[4]20[6]30[8]mA or DPOperating Temperature Range–20 to +90 –25 to +90°C Storage Temperature Range–30 to +90°C Reverse Voltage per Segment or DP 3.0V Wavesoldering Temperature for250°C 3 Seconds (1.60 mm [0.063 in.]below body)Notes:1. See Figure 1 to establish pulsed conditions.2. No derating over specified temperature range.3. See Figure 5 to establish pulsed conditions.4. Derate above 53°C at 0.45 mA/°C (see Figure 8).5. See Figure 6 to establish pulsed conditions.6. Derate above 81°C at 0.52 mA/°C (see Figure 8).7. See Figure 7 to establish pulsed conditions.8. Derate above 39°C at 0.37 mA/°C (see Figure 8).Electrical/Optical Characteristics at T A = 25°CAlGaAs RedDevice Test Series P arameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Conditions HDSP-Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2]I V315600µcd I F = 1 mA3600I F = 5 mA Forward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 1.6I F = 1 mA1.7V I F = 5 mA1.82.2I F = 20 mAPeak WavelengthλPEAK645nmDominant Wavelength[3]λd637nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP[4]V R 3.015V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of∆V F/°C-2mV/°CV F/Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED RθJ-Pin255°C/W/Junction-to-Pin SegU1xx(Digit Average)Electrical/Optical Characteristics at T A = 25°C, continuedHigh Efficiency Red Device Test Series Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Conditions HDSP-Luminous Intensity/Segment [1,2]I V360980µcd I F = 5 mA 5390I F = 20 mA Forward Voltage/Segment or DPV F 2.0 2.5V I F = 20 mAPeak WavelengthλPEAK 635nm Dominant Wavelength [3]λd 626nm Reverse Voltage/Segment or DP [4]V R 3.030V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of ∆V F /°C -2mV/°C V F /Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED R θJ-Pin200°C/W/Junction-to-PinSegU2xx (Digit Average)Orange Device Test Series ParameterSymbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Conditions HDSP-Luminous Intensity/Segment [1,2]I V360980µcd I F = 5 mA 5390I F = 20 mA Forward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 2.0 2.5V I F = 20 mAPeak WavelengthλPEAK 600nm Dominant Wavelength [3]λd 603nm Reverse Voltage/Segment or DP [4]V R 3.030V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of ∆V F /°C -2mV/°C V F /Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED R θJ-Pin200°C/W/Junction-to-PinSeg(Digit Average)U4xxHigh Performance Green Device Test Series Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Conditions HDSP-Luminous Intensity/Segment [1,2]I V8603000µcd I F = 10 mA 6800I F = 20 mA Forward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 2.1 2.5V I F = 10 mAPeak WavelengthλPEAK 566nm Dominant Wavelength [3,5]λd 571nm Reverse Voltage/Segment or DP [4]V R 3.050.0V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of ∆V F /°C -2mV/°C V F /Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED R θJ-Pin200°C/W/Junction-to-PinSegNotes:1. Case temperature of device immediately prior to the intensity measurement is 25°C.2. The digits are categorized for luminous intensity. The intensity category is designated by a letter on the side of the package.3. The dominant wavelength, λd , is derived from the CIE chromaticity diagram and is that single wavelength which defines the color of the device.4. Typical specification for reference only. Do not exceed absolute maximum ratings.5. The Yellow (HDSP-U3XX) series and Green (HDSP-U5XX) series displays are categorized for dominant wavelength. The category is designated by a number adjacent to the luminous intensity category letter.(Digit Average)U5xxYellow Device Test Series ParameterSymbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Conditions HDSP-Luminous Intensity/Segment [1,2]I V225480µcdI F = 5 mA 2740I F = 20 mA Forward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 2.2 2.5V I F = 20 mAPeak WavelengthλPEAK 583nmDominant Wavelength [3,5]λd 581.5586592.5nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP [4]V R 3.050.0V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of ∆V F /°C -2mV/°CV F /Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED R θJ-Pin200°C/W/Junction-to-PinSegU3xx(Digit Average)AlGaAs RedFigure 1. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. PulseDuration – AlGaAs Red.Figure 2. Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage.Figure 3. Relative Luminous Intensity vs. DC Forward Current.Figure 4. Relative Efficiency (Luminous Intensity per Unit Current) vs. Peak Current.t – PULSE DURATION – µsP 101100R A T I O O F M A X I M U M O P E R A T I N G P E A K C U R R E N T T O T E M P E R A T U R E D E R A T E DM A X I M U M D C C U R R E N TI P E A K FI M A X D CI F – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T P E R S E G M E N T – m AV F – FORWARD VOLTAGE – V R E L A T I V EL U M I N O U S I N T E N S I T Y (N O R M A L I Z E D T O 1 A T 20 m A )0I F – FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT – mA2.001.501.250.750.2520401.751.000.5010305152535I PEAK – PEAK FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT – mAηP E A K – N O R M A L I Z E D R E L A T I V E E F F I C I E N C Y (N O R M A L I Z E D T O 1 A T 20 m A )HER, Orange, Yellow, GreenFigure 5. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. PulseDuration – HER, Orange.Figure 6. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Pulse Duration – Yellow.Figure 9. Forward Current vs.Forward Voltage Characteristics.Figure 10. Relative LuminousIntensity vs. DC Forward Current.Figure 11. Relative Efficiency(Luminous Intensity per Unit Current)vs. Peak Current.40051015202530352010090807060504030T – AMBIENT TEMPERATURE – °CA I M A X – M A X I M U M D C C U R R E N TP E R S E G M E N T – m AD C 1201105045Figure 8. Maximum Allowable DC Current vs. Ambient Temperature.Figure 7. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. PulseDuration – Green.010080604020I – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T P E R S E G M E N T – m AF 2.04.03.01.0V – FORWARD VOLTAGE – VF 05.0η – R E L A T I V E L U M I N O U S I N T E N S I T Y (N O R M A L I Z E D T O 1 A T 5 m A F O R H E R A N D Y E L L O W A N D T O 1 A T 10 m A F O R G R E E N )P E A K 150102205301025I – FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT – mAF 0η – R E L A T I V E E F F I C I E N C Y (N O R M A L I Z E D T O 1 A T 5 m A F O R H E R ,O R A NG E A N D Y E L L O W , A N D 10 m A F O R G R E E N )P E AK I – PEAK FORWARD CURRENTPER SEGMENT – mAPEAK R A T I O O F M A X I M U M O P E R A T I N G P E A K C U R R E N T T O T E M P E R A T U R E D E R A T E D D C C U R R E N TI P E A K FI M A X D C t – PULSE DURATION – µs P 101100DCR A T I O O F M A X I M U M O P E R A T I N G P E A K C U R R E N T T O T E M P E R A T U R E D E R A T E D D C C U R R E N TI P E A K F I M A X D C t – PULSE DURATION – µsP 101100R A T I O O F M A X I M U M O P E R A T I N G P E A K C U R R E N T T O T E M P E R A T U R E D E R A T E D D C C U R R E N TI P E A K F I M A X D C t – PULSE DURATION – µs P 101100Intensity Bin Limits (mcd)AlGaAs RedHDSP-U1xxIV Bin Category Min.Max.E0.3150.520F0.4280.759G0.621 1.16H0.945 1.71I 1.40 2.56J 2.10 3.84K 3.14 5.75L 4.708.55HERHDSP-U2xxIV Bin Category Min.Max.B0.3420.630C0.5160.946D0.774 1.418E 1.160 2.127F 1.740 3.190G 2.610 4.785H 3.9157.177OrangeHDSP-U4xxIV Bin Category Min.Max.C0.4430.677D0.5540.846E0.692 1.057F0.856 1.322G 1.082 1.652H 1.352 2.066I 1.692 2.581J 2.114 3.227K 2.641 4.034L 3.300 5.042M 4.127 6.303N 5.1577.878HDSP-U3xxIV Bin Category Min.Max.B0.2290.387C0.3170.582D0.4760.872E0.714 1.311F 1.073 1.967G 1.609 2.950H 2.413 4.425 YellowHDSP-U5xxIV Bin Category Min.Max.H0.86 1.58I 1.29 2.37J 1.94 3.55K 2.90 5.33L 4.378.01 GreenColor CategoriesNote:All categories are established for classification of products. Products may not be available in all categories. Please contact your local Agilent representatives for further clarification/information.Electrical/OpticalFor more information on electrical/optical characteristics, please see Application Note 1005.Contrast Enhancement For information on contrast enhancement, please see Application Note 1015.Soldering/Cleaning Cleaning agents from the ketone family (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.) and from the chorinated hydrocarbon family (methylene chloride, trichloro-ethylene, carbon tetrachloride, etc.) are not recommended for cleaning LED parts. All of these various solvents attack or dissolve the encapsulating materials used to form the package of plastic LED parts.For more information on soldering LEDs, please refer to Application Note 1027.元器件交易网/semiconductorsFor product information and a complete list ofdistributors, please go to our web site.For technical assistance call:Americas/Canada: +1 (800) 235-0312 or(916) 788-6763Europe: +49 (0) 6441 92460China: 10800 650 0017Hong Kong: (+65) 6756 2394India, Australia, New Zealand: (+65) 6755 1939Japan: (+81 3) 3335-8152(Domestic/Interna-tional), or 0120-61-1280(Domestic Only)Korea: (+65) 6755 1989Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand,Philippines, Indonesia: (+65) 6755 2044Taiwan: (+65) 6755 1843Data subject to change.Copyright © 2004 Agilent Technologies, Inc.Obsoletes 5964-6424EJuly 12, 20045988-2220EN。
C100超高强混凝土强度影响因素分析
C100超高强混凝土强度影响因素分析于方;熊建波;邓春林;曾俊杰;范志宏【摘要】在成功配制出C100超高强混凝土的基础上,系统研究了室内环境下搅拌方式、模具材质、试件尺寸、养护方式、压力机量程等因素对混凝土强度的影响.结果表明:搅拌方式主要影响混凝土的工作性,而对强度影响不大;钢模成型的试块强度比塑模的要高,且强度差值随试件尺寸的增大而增大.塑模成型的100 mm立方体试块强度换算系数为0.89,抗压强度随试块的平均高度偏差增大而降低;3 d、80℃快速蒸养可预测混凝土的标养28 d强度;采用较大量程压力机测试时,强度结果离散性较小.%Based on the successful preparation of C100 ultra-high strength concrete,this paper systematically studied the in-fluence of stirring mode,mold material,specimen size,curing way and press range on concrete strength in indoor environment. The results show that:the mode of agitation mainly affected the workability of the concrete,but affected the strength little. The compres-sive strength of the steel mold was higherthan that of the plastic mold,and the strength difference value increases with the size of the test piece. The conversion coefficient of the 100 mm cube specimen strength is 0.89,and the compressive strength decreases with the increase of the average size deviation of the specimen. 3 days 80℃ fast steaming can predict the strength of concrete for 28 days,when usinga larger range of presses,the strength results have small discreteness.【期刊名称】《新型建筑材料》【年(卷),期】2017(044)012【总页数】5页(P32-36)【关键词】C100;超高强混凝土;强度;影响因素【作者】于方;熊建波;邓春林;曾俊杰;范志宏【作者单位】中交四航工程研究院有限公司,水工构造物耐久性技术交通行业重点实验室,广东广州510230;中交四航工程研究院有限公司,水工构造物耐久性技术交通行业重点实验室,广东广州510230;中交四航工程研究院有限公司,水工构造物耐久性技术交通行业重点实验室,广东广州510230;中交四航工程研究院有限公司,水工构造物耐久性技术交通行业重点实验室,广东广州510230;中交四航工程研究院有限公司,水工构造物耐久性技术交通行业重点实验室,广东广州510230【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TU528.06随着社会的发展，超高层建筑的兴建，超高强混凝土的应用也越来越多。
日本共和应变片选型手册
Resistance (Ω)Gage Length (mm) Suffix N indicates base and grid widths are narrow.Series DesignationGage PatternSELCOM® GageRefer to page 44.Type and Length ofLeadwire CableA1:A4:A7:A9:B2:B4:C1:C2:C3:C9:C11:C12:C15:C16:C20:D1:D2:D3:D4:D6:D9:D16:D17:D19:D20:D22:D25:D28:D31:D34:D35:E3:E4:E5:F2:F3:G4:G6:G8:G9:G10:G11:G12:G13:G15:H1:H2:H3:J1:UniaxialUniaxialUniaxialUnaxialBiaxial, 0°/90° stacked rosetteTriaxial, 0°/90/45° stacked rossetteUniaxialUniaxialUniaxialUniaxialUniaxial, 2-elementUniaxial, 2-elementUniaxial (for shearing strain)Uniaxial (for shearing strain)Uniaxial (for bolt axial tension)Biaxial, 0°/90°Biaxial, 0°/90° (for torque)Triaxial, 0°/90°/45°Triaxial, 0°/120°/120°Quadraxial, 0°/30°/90°/120°Uniaxial, 5-elementBiaxial, 0°/90° stacked rosetteTriaxial, 0°/90°/45° stacked rosetteUniaxial, 5-elementBiaxial, 0°/90°Triaxial, 0°/90°/45°Triaxial, 0°/90°/45°Triaxial, 0°/135°/90°Biaxial, 0°/90° (for torque)Biaxial, 0°/90°Triaxial, 0°/90°/45°Uniaxial, gage lead at both endsUniaxial, gage leads at one endUniaxial, gage lead at both ends (with no base)Uniaxial, 2-elementBiaxial, 0°/90°UniaxialUniaxialUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxialUniaxialUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxialUniaxialUniaxial, active/dummy 2-elementUniaxial1:2:5:6:9:11:13:16:23:27:65:CFRP for composite materialsAmber (1.1)Diamond (1.2)GFRP for composite materialsSilicon (2.3)Sulfur (2.7)GFRP for composite materialsTungsten (4.5)Lumber (5.0)Molybdenum (5.2)Zirconim (5.4)Kobar (5.9)GFRP for composite materialsT antalum (6.6)CFRP, GFRP for composite materialsTitanium alloy (8.5)Platinum (8.9)Soda-lime glass (9.2)Common steel (11.7)SUS631 (10.3)SUS630 (10.6)Cast iron (10.8)Nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel(11.3)Beryllium (11.5)Inconel X (12.1)NCF for corrosion- and heat-resistant alloyNickel (13.3)Stainless steelSUS304 (16.2)Beryllium copper (16.7)Copper (16.7)2014-T4 aluminium (23.4)Brass (21.0)Tin (23.0)2024-T4 aluminium (23.2)Magnesium alloy (27.0)Composite material GFRP (35.0)Acrylic resin (65.0)Polycarbonate (66.6)KFG: KFGT: KFR: KFW: KFWS: KCW:KC:KM: KFRP:KFP: KFML:K: KSP: KSN: KSPH:KSPL: KHCX: KHCD: KHCS: KHCM: KHC: KFU:KH: KFH: KFL: KLM: KFEL: KFN: KFS: KFF: KCH: KMP:KV: KTB:General-purpose foil strain gageFoil strain gage with temp. sensorFoil strain gageWaterproof foil strain gageSmall waterproof foil strain gageWeldable waterproof foil strain gageWire strain gageEmbedded strain gageFoil strain gage for compositematerialsFoil strain gage for plasticsFoil strain gage for low-elasticitymaterialsWire strain gageSemiconductor strain gageSelf-temperature-compensatingsemiconductor strain gageHigh-output semiconductor straingageUltralinear semiconductor strain gageEncapsulated strain gageEncapsulated strain gageEncapsulated strain gageEncapsulated strain gageEncapsulated strain gageHigh-temperature foil strain gageHigh-temperature strain gageHigh-temperature foil strain gageLow-temperature foil strain gageUltrahigh-elongation wire strain gageHigh-elongation foil strain gageNoninductive foil strain gageShielded foil strain gageFoil bending strain gageFoil strain gage with protectorEmbedded foil strain gageCrack gageBondable temperature gageApplicable linear expansioncoefficient (x10–6/°C) KFG-2-120-C1-11 L1M3RGenerally, most of the KYOWA strain gages are equipped with leadwire cables. A strain gage with a leadwire cable eliminates the need for soldering gage leads to the conductors of a separate leadwire cable, thereby ensuring effective and labor-saving gage bonding work. To meet each individual application, leadwire cables attached to strain gages are available in different types and lengths as shown in the table below. When ordering strain gages, specify the type and length of the leadwire cable by entering the proper code after the model number, with one space inserted in between.ExampleTo order the KFG-5-120-C1-11 equipped with a vinyl-coated 2-wire flat cable 50cm long, specify:KFG-5-120-C1-11 L50C2RAs a rule, if no code is suffixed, the strain gage is delivered with only gage leads (silver-clad copper wires, 25mm long).Note: Table above includes leadwire cable lengths which are optionally available on special order. When ordering, contact your KYOWA sales representative to confirm.KFG Gages Uniaxial/Biaxial/Triaxial/QuadraxialKFG Gages UniaxialKFR Gages Uniaxial/TriaxialKFG Gages For TransducersKFG Gages For TransducersKFGT Gages Foil Strain Gages with Temperature Sensor Having a temperature sensor (T-type thermocouple) integrated into foil strain gages in the KFG series,the foil strain gages in the KFGT series can simultaneously measure strain and temperature of up to120°C or so. This not only ensures increased work efficiency in places subjected to temperaturechange or temperature gradient and thus requiring temperature detection for correct strain measurement but also enables highly precise correction of temperature-induced apparent strain.KYOWA data logger such as UCAM-20PC is recommended to connect to these gages.Applicable Adhesives and Operating T emperature Ranges after CureCC-33A: –10 to 120°C, CC-35: –10 to 120°C, EP-34B: –10 to 120°CKFW/KFWS/KCWKFWWaterproof Foil Strain GagesKFWSSmall-sized Waterproof Foil Strain GagesKCWWeldable Waterproof Foil Strain GageKFW series foil strain gages have a surface covered by a special resin to provide a waterproof structure (thickness of the waterproof resin layer: approx. 2mm). The waterproof structure enables the user to use these gages outdoors or underwater simply by bonding them to the measuring object with adhesives (operation for over 100 hours under an underwater pressure of approximately 10MPa causes virtually no deterioration of the insulation resistance). In addition,the resin is flexible enough to easily apply these gages on a curved surface.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature Ranges CC-33A: –10 to 80°C EP-18: –10 to 80°CSmall-sized waterproof foil strain gages in the KFWS series are suitable for outdoor or underwater strain measurement where the gage bonding space is limited. The waterproof resin layer made as thin as 1.3mm is flexible to permit sticking onto a curved surface of 10mm diameter.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature Ranges CC-33A: –10 to 80°C EP-18: –10 to 80°CThe KCW weldable foil strain gage ensures easy handling in the field. The gage does not require coating for use under severe high-pressure or underwater environments. It can endure a water pressure of approximately 10MPa. The operating temperature range is –20 to 100°C and the gage provides a self-temperature-compensating capability (1-gage 3-wire system).Mounting: Spot welding (applicable welding machine: GW-3C with a capacity of 20W-second)KFW Gages Waterproof Foil Strain Gages(All come with leadwires. When ordering, specify the length and type of leadwires.)DimensionsKFW Gages Waterproof Foil Strain GagesKC Gages Wire Strain GagesKFRP Gages Foil Strain Gages for Composite MaterialsKSP/KSN/KSPH/KSPLSemiconductor strain gages have high gage factors enabling micro-strain measurement. Applicable to general stress measurement and to transducers, KSW series gages ensure stable performance. The F2 type provides a half-bridge formed by 2 elements of p and n to make self-temperature-compensation, and thus it can suitably be applied to common steel materials. Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesPC-12: –50 to 150°C CC-33A: –50 to 120°CThe n-type silicon adopted for the resistive element controls the resistance-temperature coefficient of the material according to the linear expansion coefficient of the measuring object, thereby minimizing resistance change due to temperature.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesPC-12: –50 to 150°C CC-33A: –50 to 120°C EP-17: –50 to 150°C (applicable to E5 type only) KSPN series gages have the resistance especially increased, thereby making high bridge voltage applicable to obtain high output voltage.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesPC-12: –50 to 150°C CC-33A: –50 to 120°CSuperior linearity of the resistance change against strain in a comparatively wide range enables the KSP gages suitable for transducers.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesPC-12: –50 to 150°C CC-33A: –50 to 120°CSemiconductor Strain GagesKSPSemiconductor GagesKSNSelf-temperature-compensatingSemiconductor GagesKSPNHigh-outputSemiconductor GagesKSPUltralinearSemiconductor GagesKSP Gages Semiconductor GagesKSPH Gages High-output Semiconductor GagesDedicated Capsule Gage Adaptor The HDB adaptor is designed to connect to an en-Dedicated Capsule Gage AdaptorThe base is made of highly heat-resistant polyimide and the gage element is made of nichrome alloy foil, thereby letting the KFU gages exhibit superlative characteristics over a wide temperature range. (Patent pending)Applicable Adhesive and Operating Temperature Range PI-32: –196 to 350°CThe base is made of highly heat-resistant polyimide and the gage element is made of nichrome alloy foil, thereby ensuring less thermal output and excellent temperature characteristics.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesPC-6: –196 to 250°C PI-32: –196 to 250°C EP-34B: –55 to 200°CThe 350Ω KH gage is available in two types: G4 and G6. The G4 type with metal base ensures easy mounting with a small spot-welder. The G6 type with ceramic base is an adhesive, high-temperature gage suitable for measurement of strain occurring on materials with a small elastic modulus such as refractory bricks. (Patent pending; registered as utility model)Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesG4 type Spot welding: –50 to 350°C G6 type HC-29: –50 to 500°CHigh-temperature Strain GagesKFU 350°CHigh-temperature Foil Strain GagesKFH 250°CHigh-temperature Foil Strain Gages KH 350°C/500°CHigh-temperature Foil Strain GageKFU Gages 350°C High-temperature Foil Strain GagesKH Gage High-temperature (350°C) Weldable Foil Strain GageUniaxial, 350ΩAvailable with high/low-temperature fluorine-coated 3-wire cable 30, 50cm, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15,20 or 30m long. Listed below are models with 5m long leadwire.KFL Gages Low-temperature (–269°C) Foil Strain GagesApplicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature RangesUC-26: –196 to 50°C (mainly for concrete and lumber), UC-27A: –269 to 70°C (mainly for metals), PC-6: –269 to 150°C, CC-33A: –196 to 120°CKFEL/KLM/KLDeveloped to measure strain in elastic to plastic regions on structures,these gages can measure strain as large as 10 to 15% with simple tension strain. Thus, these gages are applicable for large strain measurement and destructive testing of metals (steel, stainless steel and aluminum) and plastics (polyethylene and polypropylene). (Utility model pending)Note: T o mount the gages to difficult-to-adhere materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene,the surface treatment agent S-9 should be applied after ordinary sandpaper treatment and then they should be adhered using the adhesive CC-36. For bonding to other special materials, contact us.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature Ranges CC-36: –10 to 80°C EP-18: –10 to 80°CThe special resin film used for the base makes it hard to concentrate stress at the joint of the gage element and gage leads. The gage can also be used for strain measurement on materials of small elastic modulus such as hard rubber and plastics.Applicable Adhesives and Operating Temperature Ranges EC-30: –10 to 60°C CC-36: –10 to 80°CKFELHigh-elongation Foil Strain GagesKLMSelf-temperature-compensating Ultrahigh-elongation Wire Strain GageKFEL Gages High-elongation Foil Strain GagesKFS Gages Shielded Foil Strain GagesStrain gages in the KFF series have one sensing element on both the upper and lower sides ofthe thick plastic base. Thus, if a gage cannot be bonded directly to the inside of the objectunder testing as in the case of measuring stress due to internal pressure in high-pressure KFFFoil Strain Gagesfor Bending-strainEmbedded in resin, the KMP gage measures cure-shrinkage or internal strain. The compact design enables embedment in shaped resins and makes the gage suitable for internal stress measurement of products made by combining epoxy resin and metal.Operating T emperature Range: 20 to 150°CDesigned to be bonded to the object under testing, the KTB/KTG gages can detect surface temperature change. The KTG is a self-bonding type and the KTB requires an adhesive or an adhesive tape to be bonded. These gages can connect to a strain amplifier for measurement.The KV gages are designed to be bonded to structures and materials under testing to measure the propagation length and speed of an expected or existing crack. Different from general strain gages, the KV gages have the grid cut as a crack develops and thereby change the resistance. (Utility model pending) Applicable Adhesives: CC-33A, PC-6KMPEmbeddable Gage KTBTemperature Gages KVCrack GagesKMP Gage Embeddable GageKTB Gage T emperature GageFeatures: • Wide temp. meas. range & highly accurate • Varied temp. transduc-ers can be designed to meet applications. • Small thermal capacitance & high responsibility • Can also be used as a detector for temp. control • Thermal characteristics of multiple channels can be detected in a short time.AdaptorsKV Gages Crack GagesKMP/KTB/KTG/KVGage Bonding Tool Kit GTK-77Gage Pressers G-MATE/Gage Picker G-PICKERG-MATE-BCompact Spot Welder GW-3CHow to form strain gage bridges。