L11 On Human Nature and Politics
人文英语1考试和答案
人文英语1考试和答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "humanities" is derived from the Latin word "humanitas," which means ________.A. Human natureB. Human cultureC. HumanismD. Human behavior答案：C2. The Renaissance movement originated in ________.A. EnglandB. ItalyC. FranceD. Germany答案：B3. The Enlightenment was a significant intellectual movement in the ________ century.A. 15thB. 16thC. 17thD. 18th答案：D4. The concept of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" is associated with which country's revolution?A. EnglandB. FranceC. RussiaD. America答案：B5. The Romantic movement emphasized the importance of________.A. RationalityB. EmotionC. TraditionD. Order答案：B6. The term "Modernism" is often used to describe the cultural and artistic movements of the ________ century.A. 18thB. 19thC. 20thD. 21st答案：C7. Postmodernism is characterized by a skepticism towards________.A. AuthorityB. TraditionC. Grand narrativesD. All of the above答案：D8. The Beat Generation was a literary movement that emerged in the ________.A. 1940sB. 1950sC. 1960sD. 1970s答案：B9. The feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s is often referred to as ________.A. First-wave feminismB. Second-wave feminismC. Third-wave feminismD. Fourth-wave feminism答案：B10. The concept of "post-truth" became prominent in public discourse following the ________.A. 2008 financial crisisB. 2016 US presidential electionC. 9/11 attacksD. Brexit referendum答案：B二、阅读理解题（每题5分，共20分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。
2012年考研英语一真题-答案及详解
2012年考研英语一答案详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave likereputation for politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’sbeing independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes itless likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to thecode of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court andpolitics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. Theygave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have noneed to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politicsprecisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ asunjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is Come on –Everybody’swhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contendsthat peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets outto make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamenessof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,Dare to be different, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” please don’t smoke!” p leads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’sHaze failed once presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against thestate funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peerlike the teacher who breaks up the groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’stroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic neverlem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real really works. And that’s the probworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energysupplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced itwas reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge theconstitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep itsVermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporatio n bought Vermont’s onlynuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for thesale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006,the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’slicense be subject toVermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t fo what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about bothmanagement–especially after the company madeVermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smisle ading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. Thelegal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have someregulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer aprecedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about thepatchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept itsword, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged thatit has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the UnitedStates, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the companyhas applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the NuclearRegulatory Commission (NRC) reviews th e company’s application, it should keep it mind whatpromises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will testmises.[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its pro[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatt be affected.[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere migh[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observedand collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. Butin the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicatedroute. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deceptionabound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance totransform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through whichthe individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlikewith mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex socialstructure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act asgatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit theirown purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery andpossibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, theinteraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and thediscovery claim into the community’s credibletechnology involved transforms an individual’sdiscovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus onsome aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little rewardaccompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal isnew-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and crediblediscoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge andpotential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequentlyprovokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once describedButdiscovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted andappreciated.to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what In the end, credibility “happens” philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together,challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American governmentWhen Hoffa’sworkers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s publ sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half ofpublic-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things downwithout suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright andwell-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, theynow dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Pa as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the PublicPolicy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. T eep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups onteachers’ unions khealth care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. Butthe real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especiallypensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charterschools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty ofevidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions havefought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. InWisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardlineRepublican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western John Donahue at Harvard’scivil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only Americanpublic-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and thepresident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of40. John Donahue’s a[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise thatyou are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifyingthat content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing tomove beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape ourcollective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one formatbeing replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century,much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - andtelevision is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encouragethoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientificenterprise. In some ways, t his quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theoryof everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, thatsuch a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail,nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable tosuppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as thebewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed byuniversal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understandhow complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online todaysupplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider theevolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans areborn with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A fewgenerative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which iswhy children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biasesthat result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that betweenthem represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns oflanguage change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. WhereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-orderrelations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of thelanguages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section Ⅰ Use of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times,一文。
试题555
Part 3 Banked Cloze(每小题：1 分)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words from the word bank. Each word can be used only once.Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.A. calculateB. assertsC. distinguishD. literallyE. securedF. broadenedG. performs H. insight I. accumulateJ. inserts K. just L. extremelyM. bound N. perceive O. sightWhy study the humanities? The 19th-century English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1) asserts calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight that, instead of places for pure learning, universities ought to be places that (2) literally calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight encourage students to become good human beings.This assertion may sound out-of-date since most college students today are (3) bound calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight to learn knowledge and special skills. According to Mill, human beings are (4) just calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight human beings before they are lawyers or doctors. Mill further explains that a strong liberal arts curriculum will make lawyers or doctors see differently with (5) broadened calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight horizons.But can someone be a successful lawyer of great inner (6) insight calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight without studying the humanities? Yes. Can someone succeed in business or medicine without the liberal arts? Sure. But we ought to (7) distinguish calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight "the goodness of the operation" from the "goodness of the operator". How well someone (8) performs calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight in a specialized field is not necessary to do with how well a person behaves as a good human being.The study of the humanities, therefore, prepares students for their future "philosophic habit of mind" —something (9) extremely calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight different from an Internet and Information Age which values speed and instant satisfaction. On the contrary,studying the humanities enables us to (10) accumulate calculate asserts distinguish literally secured broadened performs insight accumulate inserts just extremely bound perceive sight slow, on-going knowledge to respond to the basic questions of our age, a means of human betterment.Questions 11 to 20 are based on the following passage.A. spectacularB. speculateC. spanD. scopeE. availableF. compelledG. bothered H. accumulated I. prospectJ. boost K. humanities L. liableM. knowledgeable N. expelled O. stimulatedMany people like to save books. If you walk into their home, you are (11) liable spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated to see anywhere from a single bookshelf to a whole library full of all kinds of books. They have (12) accumulated spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated such a wealth of books that the shelves in their study rooms reach up to the ceilings. The (13) spectacular spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated book collections they keep on the shelves are dusted and lined up neatly. There are two important reasons why people save books.One reason people save their books is to use them as reference materials. People whose job includes studying a lot of textbooks might feel (14) compelled spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated to save some of those books for future reference. Those interested in electronic equipment keep their books to (15) speculate spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated about the mystery of computer technology and the like. Many families keep encyclopedias (百科全书) for their children to (16) boost spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated their knowledge.Another reason people save books is to make a good impression. Some think that a library full of the books of the (17) humanities spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated , such as literatures and the books about art and history makes them look (18) knowledgeable spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated . Some people have never (19) bothered spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanitiesliable knowledgeable expelled stimulated to read those books. Also, some people like to show to visitors their wide (20) scope spectacular speculate span scope available compelled bothered accumulated prospect boost humanities liable knowledgeable expelled stimulated of tastes and interests. In fact, it's just a good feeling they want to have.Part 4 Vocabulary and Structure(每小题：1 分)Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete each sentence.1. _D_______, Malcolm X would not have been able to join the world community of thoughts and actions.A. If he didn't study English very hard through self-learningB. Were he to study English very hard through self-learningC. Had he didn't study English very hard through self-learningD. Hadn't he studied English very hard through self-learning2. A pen is to a writer ____B______ a gun is to a fighter.A. asB. whatC. thatD. like3. Malcolm X would rather be fully occupied with copying a dictionary and reading aloud ________B__ the time away in prison.A. more than to idleB. than idleC. rather than to idleD. more than idling4. ______B__ the scandal among his colleagues, Mr. Williams would have been promoted to the position as director.A. If he did not spreadB. Had he not spreadC. Did he not spreadD. Should he not spread5. The science of computer, _____B_____ rapid progress has been made in recent years, is the most important in all the science.A. to whichB. in whichC. off whichD. from which6. This is a small house less than 80 square meters, under ___D_______ roof lives a large familyof three generations.A. whichB. thatC. itsD. whose7. Michael Phelps, ____D______ the feet are bigger than others, won eight gold medals at the National games.A. whoseB. whomC. of whoD. of whom8. Many Americans live on credit cards, and their quality of life _______B____, not how much they can earn.A. is measured by how much can they loanB. is measured by how much they can loanC. is measured by how they can loanD. is measured by how can they loan9. Whatever I say or whatever I do was viewed through the politics of race, faith, and original nationality, so ___C_______.A. my setbacks areB. my setback wereC. were my setbacksD. are my setbacks10. People in the community hope all the measures against air pollution, ____D____ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.A. whileB. sinceC. thatD. as11. We have been told that under no circumstances ____A____ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A. may we useB. we may useC. we could useD. did we use12. In no country ____B____ Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A. more thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. less than13. _____A___, Malcolm X managed to achieve English language proficiency through self- learning while in prison.A. Unbelievable as it wasB. Unbelievable if it wasC. As Unbelievable it wasD. If it was Unbelievable14. ______A__ it was on the side of a mountain, the small village was very quiet and the view was superb.A. Lonely and isolated asB. Alone and isolated ifC. Having lonely and isolated asD. Having been alone and isolated if15. He got drunk and came back very late, ____C____ which time all the guests had already left as they had to catch an early plane the following day.A. afterB. atC. byD. during16. When he bought Penny her favorite book, the Harry Potter book series, she gave him a ____A______, sweet smile of thanks.A. genuineB. actualC. realD. authentic17. US military forces are fully prepared to ___C_______ the military mission once the order is given by the President.A. exploreB. explodeC. executeD. exclude18. Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt and suggested that the United States should _____A_____ its atomic research program and make building the bomb a top priority.A. accelerateB. calculateC. accumulateD. speculate19. Professor Chen complained that he had been unable to _______B___ any Ph.D. students for more than five years and it seemed that no one wanted a doctorate in humanities.A. regulateB. recruitC. rejectD. release20. Since your daughter is _____D______ to catch a cold, you'd better take her to a hospital and give her a thorough physical examination.A. liberalB. reliableC. logicalD. liable21. Opinion polls are now beginning to show the consensus about the ____A______ that high unemployment is probably to stay.A. prospectB. prosperityC. aspectD. scope22. World War II, the most ____D______ war in history, was a disaster for humankind, in which about 60 million people lost their lives.A. representativeB. competitiveC. objectiveD. destructive23. The new government has decided to invest more to create jobs, expand education, _______C___ health care, and reduce taxes by adopting a series of new policies.A. releaseB. reviseC. reformD. reduce24. The quality of the faculty and graduate students, combined with a(n) ___B_______ scientific atmosphere, makes the university a unique place to pursue graduate study.A. correspondingB. outstandingC. demandingD. understanding25. What is somewhat encouraging is that all participants from the European Union now sense the pressure of working toward ____A______ to the debt crisis.A. solutionsB. evolutionsC. foundationsD. donations26. While animals aren't people, he says it is ___D_______ to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.A. radicalB. typicalC. practicalD. logical27. You have to be ________B__ and cancel your marriage plan without any hesitation if you think that he is not reliable and responsible.A. romanticB. realisticC. optimisticD. fantasticPart 5 Reading comprehension(每小题：1 分)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to each question.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same passage or dialog.What is the value of the humanities? Why should we study the humanities given the current economic recession? In this new era of continuous unemployment slides and shrinking university funds, questions about the importance of the humanities in a complex and technologically demanding world have taken on new urgency.While the humanities may not seem as important as engineering, chemistry, or any of the other "hard" sciences, it still plays a significant role in the world. There is a great misunderstanding of what the humanities are and what they can do. People often assume that the humanities are just about reading the great literary and philosophical works and understanding the question of what living is for.I would argue that humanities – at least from a Cultural Studies perspective – is much more than reading the classic works and speculating about the meaning of life. In Cultural Studies, we apply theory to practice. Thinking and acting outside of the ivory tower, Cultural Studies attempts to produce research that engages with the public. As a cultural researcher, I am constantly askingmyself the "So what?" question. Why does this topic matter? Why should people care?This continuous self-questioning helps bridge the gap between theory and practice. While I am learning for the sake of learning, I believe scholars have the responsibility to think about the ways in which their research relates to the larger picture. What is the point of research if it doesn't affect the way people think about and act in the world?One thing I think Cultural Studies does effectively is rethinking the way we have traditionally thought about things. In Cultural Studies, few things – if anything – are taken for granted. Our research is largely driven by the question of what it means to be human. Through critical and creative engagement, we attempt to speculate on a question in a way that inspires people to imagine what might be instead of what is.This critical and creative engagement is especially important given the worsening state of the economy and the need for creative ways of being in the world.1. Why has the question of studying the humanities taken on new urgency? CA. More people have realized its importance.B. It has become a more interesting topic.C. It's driven by the current economic downturn.D. It's compelled by today's complex world.2. According to the author, what's the assumption of the general public? DA. "Hard" sciences are more important than the humanities.B. Most people don't know who they are and what they can do.C. People don't really understand the meaning of life.D. The humanities are only to do with literatures and philosophies.3. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? BA. It asks "So what?" question.B. It argues to support the humanities.C. It produces research to get involved with people.D. It tries to think and act outside of the ivory tower.4. What is the author's point in Paragraph 4? AA. Do the research that will impact on people.B. Bridge the gap between theory and practice.C. Learn things for the sake of learning.D. Lake the responsibility to do research.5. According to the author, "rethinking" means _____C___.A. to think what it means to be humanB. to believe nothing is certainC. to question the traditional way of thinkingD. to use a unique way of thinkingQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.Today, colleges and universities are under strong attack. Teachers are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. College graduates lack both basic skills and general knowledge.One aspect of college education, too seldom challenged, is the lecture system. One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can adjust the speed as they need to until the subject matter becomes clear to them. Even simply paying attention is very difficult: people can listen at a rate of 400 to 600 words a minute, while the most enthusiastic professor talks at a much faster speed.Worse still, attending lectures is passive learning, at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn. While it's true that techniques of active listening can enhance the value of a lecture, few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers. What they do is usually write everything down.Students need to question their professors and to have their ideas taken seriously. Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively. Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even heated debate. Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students' passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as the professor's. Classes like this require energy, imagination, and commitment from both the teacher and students. Students are compelled to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth.Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university both because they seem to be economically necessary and they spring from a long tradition. If lecture classes were restricted to junior and senior undergraduates, they would be far less destructive of students' interest and enthusiasms than the present system.6. Why does the author argue that a lecture class is not efficient? AA. Students don't have listening ability at the beginning.B. Many teachers don't care about students' comprehension.C. Students learn things at an extremely slow speed.D. Teachers may evaluate students' work later.7. "Passive learning" means ___C_____.A. learning things slowly in a lecture classB. studying on one's own at homeC. writing everything down from the lectureD. anticipating the teacher's next point8. According to the author, what kind of learning is more efficient? DA. Question professors.B. Take small classes.C. Have class discussion.D. Engage in debate.9. Why does the author think asking questions is important in active learning? BA. Because it can help students learn more creatively and quickly.B. Because it can improve students' analytical skills.C. Because it can challenge themselves and the professor.D. Because it can make them look smart.10. The author predicts that ___C_____.A. lectures will die out eventuallyB. lectures will be as destructive as todayC. lectures will still exist at college and universitiesD. lectures won't destroy students' interest in learningQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the same passage or dialog.After men landed on the moon in 1969, astronauts (宇航员) around the world had a problem –there were no other places they could go! Even today, the other planets are still too far away for astronauts to fly to. So while rockets and robots can go to other planets, manned flights have to stay closer to home. Therefore, manned space programs have turned their attention to solving problems related to living and working in space.Currently, NASA's (US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) manned space exploration program focuses on the space shuttle program. NASA now operates three space shuttles, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor. Unfortunately, two of NASA's shuttles, Challenger and Columbia, were lost through accidents. Seven astronauts died in each accident. The program completed 135 missions when the program ended with the successful landing at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. These missions have included putting satellites into orbit, photographing the earth, studying space, conducting experiments related to working in space, and connecting with various manned space station in orbit.Throughout the short history of the exploration of space, several space stations have been put into orbit. The first manned space station was the Soviet station Salyut 1, put into orbit in 1971.Later, in 1986, the Soviet Union launched the Mir space station. Mir stayed in orbit until March 23, 2001. Over that time, 104 astronauts visited the station to stay for various lengths of time. The person who has spent the longest in space so far is Russian astronaut ValeriPolyakov. Working as the doctor aboard the station, he lived on Mir for 438 days without returning to earth. In total, Polyakov worked aboard Mir for 678 days before retiring.Today, astronauts from around the world are working together to complete the International Space Station (ISS). The construction began in 1998, and the US Orbital Segment was completed in 2011. Operations are expected to continue until at least 2020. In the long run, it is hoped that the ISS will be a place where people can live and work all year round.11. Why can't astronauts travel to other planets now? CA. Because there are not enough space shuttles.B. Because there have been too many rocket accidents.C. Because the journey would take too long for human.D. Because there are too many problems here on Earth.12. What is the fact of NASA's manned space exploration program? DA. Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor were lost through accidents.B. Challenger and Columbia are the current space shuttles.C. Seven astronauts died in accidents.D. NASA had completed 135 missions by July 21, 2011.13. What is TRUE about ValeriPolyakov? AA. He has spent more time in space than anyone else.B. He stayed aboard Mir for 678 days at one time.C. He is still an astronaut though he is retired.D. He often helped the doctor at the Mir space station.14. What is TRUE about the International Space Station? DA. It is being built by the United States alone.B. It will be launched into space in 2011.C. It was completed in 1998.D. It will eventually have people living and working there.15. What is the best title for this passage? BA. ValeriPolyakov — An Amazing AstronautB. The Past and Future of Space TravelC. Space Cities of the FutureD. Living and Working on the International Space StationQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the same passage or dialog.What do Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇) and Albert Einstein have in common? They were both left-handed, along with other famous people including Pablo Picasso (毕加索). In fact, an estimated 11 percent of Americans and Europeans are left-handed.Most people around the world are right-handed. This fact also seems to have held true throughout history. In 1977, scientists studied works of art made at various time in history starting with cave drawings from 15,000 B.C. and ending with paintings from the 1950s. Most of the people shown in these works of art are right-handed, so scientists guessed that right-handedness has always been common.Many researchers claim to have found relationships between left-handedness and various physical and mental characteristics, such as blond hair, blue eyes, vegetarianism, and sleep difficulties. Other studies have found a higher-than-normal level of left-handed people in certain occupations, including professional baseball and tennis players, architects, lawyers, as well as prisoners. However, some of these connections are very weak, and others haven't been proven.What makes a person become right-handed rather than left-handed? As yet, no one really knows for sure. One simple idea suggests that people normally get right-handedness from their parents. Studies have found that two right-handed parents have only 9.5 percent chance of having a left-handed child, while two left-handed parents have a 26 percent chance of having a left-handed child. Another common theory is that left-handed people suffer mild brain damage during their birth.Whatever the reasons behind it, people's attitudes toward left-handedness have changed a lot over the years. Statistics show that although 13 percent of young people (10-12 years old) are left-handed, only 6 percent of the elderly are left-handed. Left-handed children used to be punished until they began using their right hand like other children, but today people who are left-handed are no longer looked down upon nor are they considered abnormal.For most people today either case is perfectly acceptable. There are even a number of shops now that specialize in selling products designed for left-handed people, such as left-handed scissors, can openers, guitars, and even a left-handed camera. Don't you think it's wonderful?16. From studying works of art, scientists have learned that _____C___.A. left-handed people are better artistsB. most artists are left-handedC. most people in history were right-handedD. cave drawings were drawn using both hands17. What is talking about in the Paragraph 3? CA. People with certain characteristics are better at certain jobs.B. Left-handed people are better at some jobs.C. Left-handedness is linked with certain characters and occupations.D. There are some reasons why people are left-handed.18. Why is a person right-handed? DA. It is caused by the person's parents.B. It is due to the environment the person lives in.C. It is suffered a mild brain damage at birth.D. It is not sure about specific reasons yet.19. What can be assumed about the children of two left-handed parents? AA. Many of them are left-handed.B. Most of them are right-handed.C. Most of them use both hands equally.D. Very few of them are left-handed.20. Left-handed children _____D___.A. are usually looked down uponB. are exceptionally talented like EinsteinC. are thought of as abnormalD. were often forced to become right-handedQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the same passage or dialog.Worldwide, 40 million new passenger cars are built every year. A recent survey estimates that the number of cars will triple over the next 20 years. Most of this growth will take place in China. In comparison, the United States has been completely transformed by cars.Cars did not become necessities for families in the United States until after World War II. Prior to that time, cars were seen mainly as toys for the rich. By the end of the war, however, people were tired of saving their money. They were ready to have some fun. Unlike Europe and Japan, whose industries had been wiped out by World War II, factories in the United States could quickly be changed from production of wartime items to mass production of such luxury items as cars.As cars grew in popularity in the United States, there were also changes in lifestyle. Farmers who were once isolated from society by rural life now took weekend trips into the city. Also, workers in the cities no longer needed to live in inner-city housing in order to keep their jobs at nearby factories. Those who made enough money moved out of the cities and into the suburbs. Now that each family had its own car, going to work from the suburbs became a common practice.Cars not only changed the way people lived, but also changed the way they thought. Traditionally, because young people spent most of their time outside school in and around the home, the strongest role models for teenagers were their parents. However, once they had access to their own cars, teens began spending more time out with friends. Therefore, they became less likely to。
政治学专业英文词汇小汇总
政治学专用词汇一画一院制Unicameral一党制国家One—party States二画人权Human rights人权宣言Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen三画工会Trade unions下议院House of Commons上议院House of Lords个人主义Individualism女权主义Feminism马列主义Marxism—Leninism马克思主义Marxism马基雅维里主义Machiavellism四画王权Crown无产阶级Proletariat无产阶级专政Dictatorship of the proletariat 无政府主义Anarchism专制Despotism专制政府/绝对专制主义Absolute government/absolutism中央与地方的关系Central/Local relations 分权Separation of powers公共行政Public administration公民权利Civil rights公民自由Civil liberties五画正义Justice可审判性Justiciability平等Equality奴隶制Slavery占统治地位的党Dominant party代表Delegate代议员Representative代议制政府Representative government代表制Representation主权Sovereignty市民社会Civil society市（镇）长Major立宪主义Constitutionalism 立宪政体Constitutional government立法机关Legislatures立法否决Legislative veto立法委员会Legislative committees立法起草Legislative drafting半总统制Semi-presidential systems议长Speaker议会制度Parliamentary system司法机构Judiciary司法行政官Magistrate司法审查Judicial review民主Democracy民主党Democratic Party民主集中制Democratic centralism民意测验Opinion polls六画共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic机构/制度Institution权力Power权利Rights权利法案Bill of rights权威Authority妇女选举权Women’s suffrage地方长官Prefect地方政府Local government地方政府财政Local government finance 地方政治Local politics同意Consent同意投票Approval voting团体理论Group theory邦联Confederation邦联条例Articles of Confederation自由Freedom自由党Liberal parties自由裁量权Discretion自决Self-determination自治Self-government自治领Dominion行为主义Behaviouralism行政Administration行政机关Executives行政委员会Administrative board行政法庭Administrative tribunal行政法院Administrative court州长Governor多元主义Pluralism多元社会Plural society多头制Polyarchy多数派政府Majority government多数统治Majority rule决策Decision making决策理论Decision theory农奴制Serfdom阶层/阶级Class七画麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James苏格拉底Socrates极权主义Totalitarianism否决权Veto投票V oting投票率Turnout护宪Entrenchment财产权Property利益Interests利益表达与聚合Interest articulation and aggregation利益集团Interest group言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press社区/共同体Community社团主义Corporatism社会主义Socialism社会民主主义Social democracy社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy八画责任Responsibility责任政府Responsible government直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas欧洲议会European Parliament欧洲共同体European Community歧视Discrimination国际法International Law国家State国家元首Head of state 国家消亡Withering away of the state国家财政危机Fiscal crisis of the state非暴力反抗Civil disobedience非暴力行为Non-violent action制定法Statute Law制衡Checks and balance委任Patronage委员会Commission质询Interpellation法Law法令Act法官Judge法治Rule of law法律的正当程序Due process of law法案，议案Bill宗教自由Freedom of religion审判Adjudication审查制度Censorship官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy实证主义Positivism九画封建主义Feudalism革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution政体Polity政纲platform政变Coup D’etat政府Government政府组成过程Government formation process 政府首脑Head of government政府调查Public inquiry政治Politics政治义务Political obligation政治文化Political culture政治中的种族问题Race in politics政治心理学Political psychology政治发展Political development政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee政治行为研究Political behaviour政治地理学Political geography政治权力Political power政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通Political communication政治体系/政治系统Political system政治参与Political participation政治财政Political finance政治科学Political science政治社会化Political socialization政治社会学Political sociology政治学的定量方法Quantitative methods in politics政治态度Political attitudes政治腐败Political corruption政治继承Political succession政治理论Political theory政治暴力Political violence政治影响Political influence政治整合/政治一体化Political integration政党分赃制Spoils system政党认同Party identification政党代表大会Party convention政党功能Parties,political:functions of政党组织Party organization政党核心集团Machine政党秘密会议Caucus政策分析Policy analysis政策实施Implementation政策输出研究Policy output studies城市政府City government城邦国家City state贵族/贵族制Aristocracy思想库Think tank看守政府Caretaker government选区Constituency选民登记Registration of electors选择投票Ticket-splitting选择领导Leadership selection选举Elections选举团Electoral college选举纲领Election program选举制度Electoral system选票Ballot重农主义Physiocracy重划选区Redistribution重商主义Mercantilism种族灭绝Genocide 种族主义Racism种族隔离Apartheid顺从Deference保守主义Conservatism保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism修正主义Revisionism独立机构Independent agency独立宣言Declaration of Independence独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism独裁制Autocracy帝国Empire帝国主义Imperialism美国革命American Revolution美国国会Congress美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府Prime minister/Prime ministerial government总统，总统制President/Presidential system 总罢工General strike总督Governor-General派别Faction咨询和同意Advice and consent宣传Propaganda宪法Constitutional law宪法规约Convention of the constitution宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism神权政治Theocracy神授王权Divine right of kings费边主义Fabianism绝对专制主义Absolutism统治阶级Ruling class统治能力Governability十画恐怖Terror恐怖主义Terrorism格劳修斯Grotius监护Tutelage监察专员Ombudsman党派首领Boss罢免Recall恩格斯Engels缺席投票Absence voting特权Prerogative特许状Charter秘密警察Secret police倒台与政权更迭Breakdown and regime change候选人选择candidate selection爱国主义Patriotism被保护国Protectorate竞争性政党制度Competitive party system竞选运动Election campaign部门Department部长，部Minister/Ministry部长会议Council of Ministers准司法Quasi-judicial准--非政府组织Quango资历制Seniority资产阶级Bourgeoisie资本主义Capitalism浮动投票人Floating vote浪漫主义Romanticism宽容Toleration家长型控制Paternalism调查委员会Select committee预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting陪审团Jury十一画理性Rationality理性选择方法Rational choice教权主义Clericalism教会与国家Church and State基本权利Fundamental right基层党组织Primary party organization职能代表Functional representation授权立法Delegated legislation授权学说Mandate theory常设委员会Standing committee累计投票Cumulative vote唯心主义Idealism领导Leadership第二院，上议院Second chambers康德Kant混合政府Mixed government弹劾Impeachment隐私Privacy十二画殖民统治Colonial government联合，联合政府Coalition/Coalition government联合民主Consociational democracy联合国United Nations联邦制Federalism联邦党人文集Federalist Papers联盟，联合League超载Overload超国家政府Supranational government博爱Fraternity斯大林Stalin斯宾诺莎Spinoza斯密，亚当Smith,Adam最低下限Droop quota最高行政法院Conseil d’AEtat最高法院Supreme court黑格尔Hegal辉格党与托利党Whigs and Tories等级Estates集体主义Collectivism集体行动Collective action集体领导Collective leadership集合理论Coalition theory街区选举，集团投票Block vote普通法Common law游说Lobbying雇主组织Employer’s organization强制性投票Compulsory voting十三画鼓励性行动Affirmative action路德，马丁Luther,Martin解散议会Dissolution of parliament意识形态Ideology新左派New Left新右派New Right新政New deal新教政党Protestant parties福利国家Welfare state群众性政党Mass membership party十四画僭主制/暴政Tyranny寡头制Oligarchy寡头政治铁律Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism精英理论Doctrine of elites腐败选区Rotten borough弊政Maladministration熊彼特Schumpeter十五画影子内阁Shadow cabinet暴力Violence潘恩Paine十六画霍布斯Hobbes穆勒Mill激进主义Radicalism激进政党Radical parties十七画整体主义Holism辩证法Dialectic辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 十九画警察Police警察国家Police state。
大学英语1-1
1．If students are not satisfied with their grades, should the college allow them to negotiate grades with their professors?如果学生对他们的成绩不满意，学院应该允许他们和他们的教授谈判成绩吗？2．He will not easily give up and will continue his pursuit of happiness.他不会轻易放弃，会继续追求幸福。
3. The professor has just come out with a new book on war and world politics.教授刚出版了一本关于战争和世界政治的新书。
4. The reports of terror attacks in were splashed across newspapers and websites.恐怖袭击的报道在报纸和网站上引起了广泛关注。
5. We waited for Phil for two hours, but he did not show up. We had to cancel the appointment.我们等了Phil两个小时，但他没有出现。
我们不得不取消约会。
6. Setting goals can help to strengthen your motivation and take charge of your life.设定目标有助于增强你的动力并掌控你的生活。
7. An arms race refers to a competition between countries to produce more and better weapons during peace time.军备竞赛是指各国在和平时期生产更多更好武器的竞争。
新视野大学英语1课后翻译答案(第三版)
新视野大学第三版英语课后翻译答案Unit 1原文：苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。
他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。
苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。
他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。
该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。
他还在认识论和逻辑领域做出了重大而深远的贡献。
他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。
苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。
他在他那个时代已威名远扬。
虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。
翻译：Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals of modern Western philosophy. He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers,especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics. His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions. He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology and logic,and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame waswidespread in his own time,and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system,established no school,and founded no sect.原文：孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案1）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园建造的。
The Garden of Harmonious Interest was modeled on a garden in Wuxi.2）他号召孩子们以 ___英雄为榜样。
He called on the children to model themselves on the PLA heroes.3）这本书应归入哲学类。
This work may be related to philosophy.4）本杰明·富兰克林不仅是政治家，而且还是科学家、发明家。
Benjamin Franklin was as much a scientist and an inventor as a statesman.5）他把每次试验的结果都记在本子上。
He set down all the findings of every experiment in his notebook.6）你能用简明的语言概括这首古诗的中心思想吗？Can you sum up the central idea of this ancient poem in plain terms?7）我们应不断地使自己的思想适应变化的情况。
We should constantly adapt our thinking to the changing conditions.8）年轻的士兵冻死在雪地里，手里还紧握着枪。
The young soldier was frozen to death in the snow, his hands still hanging on to a gun.9）该公司将为他们提供住宿和交通工具。
The said pany will furnishthem with lodging and transportation.10）车速限制在每小时55公里之内。
大学英语1-1
1．If students are not satisfied with their grades, should the college allow them to negotiate grades with their professors如果学生对他们的成绩不满意，学院应该允许他们和他们的教授谈判成绩吗？2．He will not easily give up and will continue his pursuit of happiness.他不会轻易放弃，会继续追求幸福。
3. The professor has just come out with a new book on war and world politics.教授刚出版了一本关于战争和世界政治的新书。
4. The reports of terror attacks in were splashed across newspapers and websites.恐怖袭击的报道在报纸和网站上引起了广泛关注。
5. We waited for Phil for two hours, but he did not show up. We had to cancel the appointment.我们等了Phil两个小时，但他没有出现。
我们不得不取消约会。
6. Setting goals can help to strengthen your motivation and take charge of your life.设定目标有助于增强你的动力并掌控你的生活。
7. An arms race refers to a competition between countries to produce more and better weapons during peace time.军备竞赛是指各国在和平时期生产更多更好武器的竞争。
哈佛大学公开课公正该如何做是好第四课英文字幕
100:00:03,469 --> 00:00:06,170Funding for this program is provided by (2)00:00:07,550 --> 00:00:09,910 Additional funding provided by...300:00:32,000 --> 00:00:35,550Today, we turn to John Locke.400:00:39,760 --> 00:00:46,770On the face of it, Locke is a powerfulally of the libertarian.500:00:47,570 --> 00:00:53,630First, he believes,as libertarians today maintain,600:00:55,169 --> 00:01:01,520that there are certain fundamental individual rights that are so important700:01:01,830 --> 00:01:05,750that no government,even a representative government,800:01:05,860 --> 00:01:10,170even a democratically elected government, can override them.900:01:12,490 --> 00:01:18,560Not only that, he believes thatthose fundamental rights include1000:01:19,520 --> 00:01:26,420a natural right to life,liberty, and property,1100:01:29,229 --> 00:01:35,030and furthermore he arguesthat the right to property1200:01:37,280 --> 00:01:42,330is not just the creationof government or of law.1300:01:42,899 --> 00:01:47,110The right to property isa natural right in the sense1400:01:47,240 --> 00:01:50,420that it is prepolitical.1500:01:51,960 --> 00:01:59,340It is a right that attachesto individuals as human beings,1600:01:59,559 --> 00:02:02,440 even before governmentcomes on the scene,1700:02:02,600 --> 00:02:05,000 even before parliamentsand legislatures1800:02:05,280 --> 00:02:10,460 enact laws to define rightsand to enforce them.1900:02:10,769 --> 00:02:15,530 Locke says in order to think about what it means to have a natural right, 2000:02:16,100 --> 00:02:19,530we have to imaginethe way things are2100:02:21,500 --> 00:02:28,000 before government, before law,and that's what Locke means2200:02:28,239 --> 00:02:30,240by the state of nature.2300:02:31,459 --> 00:02:34,860He says the state of natureis a state of liberty.2400:02:39,109 --> 00:02:42,510 Human beings arefree and equal beings.2500:02:42,709 --> 00:02:45,810 There is no natural hierarchy.2600:02:46,769 --> 00:02:49,750 It's not the case that some people are born to be kings2700:02:49,850 --> 00:02:52,860 and others are bornto be serfs.2800:02:53,840 --> 00:02:58,540 We are free and equalin the state of nature and yet,2900:02:59,299 --> 00:03:02,700 he makes the point thatthere is a difference between3000:03:02,910 --> 00:03:05,940 a state of liberty anda state of license.3100:03:08,810 --> 00:03:11,260 And the reason is that evenin the state of nature,3200:03:11,480 --> 00:03:12,610 there is a kind of law.3300:03:12,890 --> 00:03:15,180 It's not the kind of lawthat legislatures enact.3400:03:15,739 --> 00:03:23,160 It's a law of nature.And this law of nature constrains 3500:03:23,280 --> 00:03:25,920 what we can do even thoughwe are free,3600:03:26,030 --> 00:03:28,120even though we arein the state of nature.3700:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,800Well what are the constraints?3800:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,970The only constraint givenby the law of nature3900:03:38,720 --> 00:03:45,210is that the rights we have,the natural rights we have4000:03:45,780 --> 00:03:50,280we can't give upnor can we take them4100:03:50,519 --> 00:03:52,650from somebody else.4200:03:53,950 --> 00:03:56,490Under the law of nature,I'm not free to take somebody else's4300:03:56,829 --> 00:04:06,260life or liberty or property,nor am I free to take4400:04:06,619 --> 00:04:11,480my own life or liberty or property.4500:04:12,420 --> 00:04:17,150Even though I am free,I'm not free to violate the law of nature.4600:04:17,310 --> 00:04:22,410I'm not free to take my own lifeor to sell my self into slavery4700:04:22,870 --> 00:04:28,620or to give to somebody else arbitrary absolute power over me. 4800:04:28,830 --> 00:04:32,200So where does this constraint,you may think it's a fairly4900:04:32,300 --> 00:04:35,020 minimal constraint,but where does it come from?5000:04:36,360 --> 00:04:40,250 Well, Locke tells uswhere it comes from5100:04:40,599 --> 00:04:45,300and he gives two answers.Here is the first answer.5200:04:45,960 --> 00:04:53,040 "For men, being all the workmanship of one omnipotent,5300:04:53,090 --> 00:04:55,970and infinitely wise maker,"namely God,5400:04:57,349 --> 00:05:00,360 "they are His property,whose workmanship they are,5500:05:00,640 --> 00:05:05,900 made to last during His,not one another's pleasure."5600:05:06,020 --> 00:05:09,100So one answer to the questionis why can't I give up5700:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,500my natural rights to life, liberty,and property is well,5800:05:13,700 --> 00:05:16,840they're not, strictly speaking, yours.5900:05:19,140 --> 00:05:28,140After all, you are the creature of God. God has a bigger property right in us, 6000:05:28,300 --> 00:05:30,800a prior property right.6100:05:31,680 --> 00:05:34,420 Now, you might saythat's an unsatisfying,6200:05:34,520 --> 00:05:36,020 unconvincing answer,at least for those6300:05:36,380 --> 00:05:38,260who don't believe in God.6400:05:38,550 --> 00:05:43,150 What did Locke have to say to them? Well, here is where Locke appeals 6500:05:43,479 --> 00:05:48,580to the idea of reasonand this is the idea,6600:05:50,120 --> 00:05:54,510that if we properly reflecton what it means to be free,6700:05:55,240 --> 00:05:59,690we will be led to the conclusionthat freedom can't just be a matter6800:05:59,969 --> 00:06:02,140of doing whatever we want.6900:06:02,969 --> 00:06:07,390I think this is what Locke means when he says, "The state of nature 7000:06:07,460 --> 00:06:11,170has a law of nature to govern it which obliges everyone: and reason, 7100:06:11,280 --> 00:06:16,560 which is that law, teaches mankind who will but consult it7200:06:16,760 --> 00:06:21,210that all being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another7300:06:21,310 --> 00:06:24,030in his life, health,liberty, or possessions."7400:06:25,120 --> 00:06:31,840This leads to a puzzling paradoxical feature of Locke's7500:06:32,000 --> 00:06:38,420 account of rights.Familiar in one sensebut strange in another.7600:06:39,960 --> 00:06:44,560It's the idea that our natural rightsare unalienable.7700:06:44,770 --> 00:06:47,540What does "unalienable" mean?It's not for us to alienate them7800:06:47,640 --> 00:06:51,260or to give them up, to give them away, to trade them away, to sell them.7900:06:52,520 --> 00:06:56,610 Consider an airline ticket.Airline tickets are nontransferable.8000:06:56,760 --> 00:07:00,130Or tickets to the Patriotsor to the Red Sox.8100:07:00,840 --> 00:07:05,330 Nontransferable ticketsare unalienable.8200:07:06,680 --> 00:07:11,020I own them in the limited sensethat I can use them for myself,8300:07:11,120 --> 00:07:15,850but I can't trade them away.So in one sense, an unalienable right, 8400:07:16,080 --> 00:07:23,850a nontransferable right makes something I own less fully mine.8500:07:25,729 --> 00:07:30,420But in another senseof unalienable rights,8600:07:31,440 --> 00:07:34,820 especially where we're thinking about life, liberty, and property,8700:07:37,270 --> 00:07:40,620or a right to be unalienablemakes it more deeply,8800:07:40,960 --> 00:07:44,570 more profoundly mine,and that's Locke's sense8900:07:45,630 --> 00:07:47,440of unalienable.9000:07:47,960 --> 00:07:50,370We see it in the American Declaration of Independence.9100:07:50,650 --> 00:07:53,710 Thomas Jefferson drewon this idea of Locke.9200:07:54,640 --> 00:07:59,790 Unalienable rights to life, liberty, and as Jefferson amended Locke, 9300:08:00,310 --> 00:08:03,550to the pursuit of happiness. Unalienable rights.9400:08:05,250 --> 00:08:13,350 Rights that are so essentially mine that even I can't trade them away9500:08:13,400 --> 00:08:15,200or give them up.9600:08:17,840 --> 00:08:20,660So these are the rightswe have in the state of nature9700:08:21,080 --> 00:08:23,480 before there is any government.9800:08:24,479 --> 00:08:27,330In the case of life and liberty,I can't take my own life.9900:08:27,429 --> 00:08:30,230I can't sell myself into slaveryany more than I can take10000:08:30,330 --> 00:08:32,140 somebody else's lifeor take someone else10100:08:32,240 --> 00:08:35,340as a slave by force.10200:08:36,600 --> 00:08:39,420But how does that workin the case of property?10300:08:39,520 --> 00:08:46,940 Because it's essential to Locke's case that private property can arise10400:08:47,459 --> 00:08:50,130 even before there isany government.10500:08:51,040 --> 00:08:54,310How can there be a rightto private property10600:08:54,650 --> 00:08:58,360 even before there is any government? 10700:08:59,720 --> 00:09:04,110 Locke's famous answercomes in Section 27.10800:09:04,630 --> 00:09:08,260 "Every man has a propertyin his own person.10900:09:08,680 --> 00:09:11,740This nobody has any right tobut himself."11000:09:12,150 --> 00:09:15,500 "The labor of his bodyand the work of his hands,11100:09:16,020 --> 00:09:18,900we may say, are properly his."11200:09:19,480 --> 00:09:24,940So he moves, as the libertarians later would move,11300:09:25,400 --> 00:09:32,180from the idea that we own ourselves, that we have property in our persons 11400:09:32,579 --> 00:09:35,740to the closely connected ideathat we own our own labor.11500:09:36,360 --> 00:09:43,220And from that to the further claimthat whatever we mix our labor with 11600:09:43,600 --> 00:09:48,130that is un-ownedbecomes our property.11700:09:49,350 --> 00:09:52,040 "Whatever he removes outof the state that nature has provided, 11800:09:52,160 --> 00:09:55,230and left it in,he has mixed his labor with,11900:09:55,430 --> 00:09:58,860and joined it to somethingthat is his own, and thereby12000:09:59,199 --> 00:10:01,660 makes it his property."12100:10:02,170 --> 00:10:07,920 Why? Because the labor isthe unquestionable property12200:10:08,180 --> 00:10:13,460of the laborer and therefore,no one but the laborer12300:10:13,699 --> 00:10:19,600can have a right to what is joined toor mixed with his labor.12400:10:19,800 --> 00:10:22,700And then he addsthis important provision,12500:10:22,760 --> 00:10:27,760"at least where there is enough,and as good left in common for others." 12600:10:28,560 --> 00:10:35,420But we not only acquire our propertyin the fruits of the earth,12700:10:35,790 --> 00:10:39,770in the deer that we hunt,in the fish that we catch12800:10:41,000 --> 00:10:47,290but also if we till and plowand enclose the land and grow potatoes, 12900:10:48,520 --> 00:10:53,250we own not only the potatoesbut the land, the earth.13000:10:53,920 --> 00:10:57,580"As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates13100:10:57,800 --> 00:11:03,580and can use the product of,so much is his property.13200:11:03,800 --> 00:11:07,820He by his labor encloses itfrom the commons.13300:11:09,640 --> 00:11:14,980So the idea that rights are unalienable seems to distance13400:11:15,319 --> 00:11:17,220Locke from the libertarian.13500:11:17,600 --> 00:11:21,340 Libertarian wants to saywe have an absolute property right 13600:11:21,680 --> 00:11:24,900in ourselves and therefore,we can do with ourselves13700:11:25,160 --> 00:11:26,380 whatever we want.138Locke is not a sturdy allyfor that view.13900:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,460In fact, he says if you take natural rights seriously,14000:11:34,520 --> 00:11:37,740 you'll be led to the ideathat there are certain constraints 14100:11:37,959 --> 00:11:39,900on what we can dowith our natural rights,14200:11:40,000 --> 00:11:44,420 constraints given either by Godor by reason reflecting14300:11:44,860 --> 00:11:49,120on what it means really to be free, and really to be free14400:11:50,660 --> 00:11:54,090 means recognizing that our rights are unalienable.14500:11:54,370 --> 00:11:56,460So here is the difference between Locke and the libertarians. 14600:11:56,750 --> 00:12:01,720But when it comes to Locke's account of private property,14700:12:02,180 --> 00:12:06,020he begins to look againlike a pretty good ally14800:12:06,360 --> 00:12:08,820 because his argumentfor private property begins149with the idea that we arethe proprietors of our own person15000:12:13,240 --> 00:12:14,860and therefore, of our labor,and therefore,15100:12:14,959 --> 00:12:17,620of the fruits of our labor,including not only15200:12:17,719 --> 00:12:26,180the things we gather and huntin the state of nature15300:12:27,680 --> 00:12:30,870but also we acquire our property right in the land that we enclose15400:12:31,199 --> 00:12:33,560and cultivate and improve.15500:12:34,650 --> 00:12:39,700There are some examplesthat can bring out the moral intuition 15600:12:40,709 --> 00:12:47,450that our labor can take somethingthat is unowned and make it ours,15700:12:48,520 --> 00:12:50,880 though sometimes,there are disputes about this.15800:12:54,480 --> 00:13:00,000There is a debate amongrich countries and developing countries 15900:13:00,329 --> 00:13:04,070about trade-relatedintellectual property rights.16000:13:04,589 --> 00:13:08,360It came to a head recentlyover drug patent laws.16100:13:09,180 --> 00:13:11,590 Western countries,and especially the United States say, 16200:13:11,849 --> 00:13:14,020 "We have a bigpharmaceutical industry16300:13:14,300 --> 00:13:16,060that develops new drugs.16400:13:17,180 --> 00:13:21,660We want all countriesin the world to agree16500:13:21,760 --> 00:13:23,900to respect the patents."16600:13:25,250 --> 00:13:28,600 Then, there came alongthe AIDS crisis in South Africa, 16700:13:29,640 --> 00:13:35,890and the American AIDS drugs were hugely expensive,16800:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,430far more than could be affordedby most Africans.16900:13:40,870 --> 00:13:42,300So the South African government said,17000:13:42,640 --> 00:13:47,580 "We are going to begin to buya generic version of the AIDS17100:13:48,579 --> 00:13:53,550 antiretroviral drugat a tiny fraction of the cost17200:13:53,719 --> 00:13:57,670 because we can find an Indian manufacturing company17300:13:58,000 --> 00:14:03,520 that figures out how the thingis made and produces it,17400:14:03,939 --> 00:14:06,170 and for a tiny fraction of the cost, we can save lives17500:14:06,449 --> 00:14:08,730if we don't respect that patent." 17600:14:09,480 --> 00:14:11,420 And then the American government said,17700:14:11,640 --> 00:14:15,960 "No, here is a companythat invested research17800:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,180 and created this drug.17900:14:19,510 --> 00:14:24,500 You can't just start mass producing these drugs without paying18000:14:24,760 --> 00:14:26,040a licensing fee."18100:14:26,160 --> 00:14:32,440 And so there was a disputeand the pharmaceutical company 18200:14:32,599 --> 00:14:36,780 sued the South African government to try to prevent their buying18300:14:37,060 --> 00:14:43,410the cheap generic, as they saw it,pirated version of an AIDS drug.18400:14:44,240 --> 00:14:49,240And eventually, the pharmaceutical industry gave in and said,18500:14:49,699 --> 00:14:51,000"All right, you can do that."18600:14:51,170 --> 00:14:56,060But this dispute aboutwhat the rules of property should be, 18700:14:56,280 --> 00:15:01,620of intellectual propertyof drug patenting, in a way,18800:15:01,839 --> 00:15:06,350is the last frontier of the state of nature because among nations18900:15:06,449 --> 00:15:11,100 where there is no uniform lawof patent rights and property rights, 19000:15:11,459 --> 00:15:15,360it's up for grabs until,by some act of consent,19100:15:15,640 --> 00:15:23,420some international agreement, people enter into some settled rules. 19200:15:26,510 --> 00:15:30,100What about Locke's accountof private property19300:15:30,199 --> 00:15:34,690and how it can arisebefore government and before law 19400:15:34,920 --> 00:15:38,400 comes on the scene?Is it successful?00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,100How many think it'spretty persuasive?19600:15:43,410 --> 00:15:44,620Raise your hand.19700:15:46,939 --> 00:15:49,580How many don't find it persuasive?19800:15:51,170 --> 00:15:53,630All right, let's hear from some critics. 19900:15:53,969 --> 00:15:58,470What is wrong with Locke's accountof how private property can arise20000:15:58,640 --> 00:16:02,060without consent? Yes?20100:16:02,920 --> 00:16:07,060Yes, I think it justifies European cultural norms as far as20200:16:07,439 --> 00:16:11,790when you look at how Native Americans may not have cultivated American land, 20300:16:11,890 --> 00:16:17,410but by their arrival in the Americas, that contributed20400:16:17,520 --> 00:16:19,460to the development of America,which wouldn't have otherwise20500:16:19,780 --> 00:16:23,420 necessarily happened thenor by that specific group.20600:16:24,079 --> 00:16:28,840So you think that this is a defense,this defense of private property in land...00:16:29,069 --> 00:16:31,300Yes, because it complicatesoriginal acquisition20800:16:31,760 --> 00:16:35,900if you only cite the arrival of foreigners that cultivated the land.20900:16:36,229 --> 00:16:38,300I see. And what's your name?- Rochelle.21000:16:38,579 --> 00:16:39,790 Rochelle?- Yes.21100:16:40,069 --> 00:16:44,850 Rochelle says this accountof how property arises21200:16:45,120 --> 00:16:51,140would fit what was going onin North America during the time21300:16:51,410 --> 00:16:55,380of the European settlement.21400:16:56,599 --> 00:17:01,780Do you think, Rochelle,that it's a way of defending21500:17:02,079 --> 00:17:04,500the appropriation of the land?21600:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,940 Indeed, because I mean,he is also justifying21700:17:09,320 --> 00:17:10,380the glorious revolutions.21800:17:10,600 --> 00:17:13,580I don't think it's inconceivablethat he is also justifying21900:17:13,919 --> 00:17:15,460 colonization as well.22000:17:16,080 --> 00:17:20,340 Well, that's an interestinghistorical suggestion22100:17:20,600 --> 00:17:22,860and I think there is a lotto be said for it.22200:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,970What do you think of the validityof his argument though?22300:17:27,680 --> 00:17:30,540 Because if you are rightthat this would justify the taking22400:17:30,800 --> 00:17:35,060of land in North Americafrom Native Americans22500:17:35,290 --> 00:17:39,970who didn't enclose it,if it's a good argument,22600:17:40,240 --> 00:17:42,060then Locke's given usa justification for that.22700:17:42,350 --> 00:17:46,770If it's a bad argument,then Locke's given us a mere22800:17:46,879 --> 00:17:50,420 rationalization that isn'tmorally defensible.22900:17:52,220 --> 00:17:54,990I'm leaning to the second one...- You're leaning toward the second one.00:17:55,149 --> 00:17:57,610But that's my opinion as well.23100:17:57,840 --> 00:18:02,420All right, well, then,let's hear if there is a defender23200:18:02,639 --> 00:18:05,520of Locke's accountof private property,23300:18:05,919 --> 00:18:10,490and it would be interestingif they could address Rochelle's worry 23400:18:10,639 --> 00:18:13,930that this is just a wayof defending the appropriation23500:18:14,270 --> 00:18:17,960of land by the American colonists from the Native Americans23600:18:18,060 --> 00:18:20,020who didn't enclose it.23700:18:20,300 --> 00:18:24,400Is there someone who will defend Locke on that point?23800:18:27,720 --> 00:18:29,710Are you going to defend Locke?23900:18:29,810 --> 00:18:32,350 Like, you're accusing himof justifying the European24000:18:32,450 --> 00:18:34,410 basically massacre ofthe Native Americans.24100:18:34,520 --> 00:18:36,060But who says he is defending it?00:18:36,159 --> 00:18:39,460Maybe the European colonizationisn't right.24300:18:40,159 --> 00:18:42,720You know, maybe it's the stateof war that he talked about24400:18:43,000 --> 00:18:44,860in his Second Treatise, you know.24500:18:45,800 --> 00:18:51,180So the wars betweenthe Native Americans and the colonists, 24600:18:51,550 --> 00:18:57,010the settlers, that might have beena state of war that we can only24700:18:57,340 --> 00:19:01,000 emerge from by an agreementor an act of consent24800:19:01,389 --> 00:19:05,300and that's what would have been required fairly to resolve...24900:19:05,399 --> 00:19:07,200Yes, and both sides would have hadto agree to it and carry it out25000:19:07,300 --> 00:19:08,700and everything.25100:19:08,860 --> 00:19:11,090But what about when, what's your name? - Dan.25200:19:11,419 --> 00:19:17,140But Dan, what about Rochellesays this argument in Section 2725300:19:17,360 --> 00:19:22,260and then in 32about appropriating land,25400:19:23,600 --> 00:19:28,820that argument, if it's valid,would justify the settlers' appropriating 25500:19:28,919 --> 00:19:32,460that land and excludingothers from it,25600:19:32,740 --> 00:19:34,580you think that argumentis a good argument?25700:19:34,960 --> 00:19:37,620 Well, doesn't it kind of implythat the Native Americans25800:19:37,720 --> 00:19:39,620hadn't already done that?25900:19:42,720 --> 00:19:44,580 Well, the Native Americans,as hunter-gatherers,26000:19:44,970 --> 00:19:48,220didn't actually enclose land.26100:19:48,570 --> 00:19:51,780So I think Rochelle isonto something there.26200:19:52,360 --> 00:19:54,660What I want to -- go ahead, Dan.26300:19:55,020 --> 00:19:57,020At the same time,he is saying that just by picking26400:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,540an acorn or taking an appleor maybe killing a buffalo26500:20:00,639 --> 00:20:02,940on a certain amount of land,that makes it yours26600:20:03,360 --> 00:20:06,460 because it's your labor and your labor would enclose that land.26700:20:07,070 --> 00:20:09,700So by that definition,maybe they didn't have fences26800:20:10,639 --> 00:20:12,530 around little plots of landbut didn't...26900:20:12,720 --> 00:20:13,840They were using it.27000:20:14,070 --> 00:20:15,820Yes. By Locke's definition,you can say...27100:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,020So maybe by Locke's definition,the Native Americans27200:20:18,120 --> 00:20:20,940could have claimed a property rightin the land itself.27300:20:21,159 --> 00:20:24,660 Right, but they just didn't haveLocke on their side, as she points out. 27400:20:25,040 --> 00:20:30,270All right, good. Okay, that's good.One more defender of Locke. Go ahead. 27500:20:31,389 --> 00:20:32,540Well, I mean,just to defend Locke,27600:20:32,720 --> 00:20:35,580he does say thatthere are some times in which27700:20:35,800 --> 00:20:37,260you can't takeanother person's land.27800:20:37,480 --> 00:20:41,840For example, you can't acquirea land that is common property so people, 27900:20:41,990 --> 00:20:44,760in terms of the American Indians,I feel like they already have28000:20:44,860 --> 00:20:47,540 civilizations themselvesand they were using land in common. 28100:20:47,840 --> 00:20:50,250So it's kind of like whatan analogy to what he was talking about 28200:20:50,350 --> 00:20:54,610with like the common English property. You can't take land that28300:20:54,710 --> 00:20:55,860 everybody is sharing in common.28400:20:55,970 --> 00:20:57,200Oh, that's interesting. That's interesting. 28500:20:57,300 --> 00:21:00,360And also, you can't take landunless you make sure28600:21:00,460 --> 00:21:04,280that there is as much land as possibleleft for other people to take as well.28700:21:04,520 --> 00:21:07,050So if you're taking common,so you have to make sure。
自由派人士。带头反对庇护九世的教...
毕生立言争自由 _ 阿克顿政治思想研究摘要在西方主流的政治思想史研究中,19 世纪的思想家阿克顿并不被看作是一位举足轻重的人物。
20世纪 40年代起,一些学者陆续从阿克顿的文字中发掘出对新时代有所裨益的思想资源,阿克顿在思想史中的地位也不断上升。
但国外有关阿克顿的论著多集中在历史学方面的考察,对其政治思想的研究尚不充分。
国内学术界更是缺乏有分量的研究成果,目前还没有学者对阿克顿的政治思想进行严肃细致的梳理与分析。
本文主要从阿克顿政治思想的文本阅读出发,归纳梳理阿克顿的自由主义思想,厘清他与相关思想家之间的关系,进而比较清晰地勾勒出阿克顿思想中自由、权力与道德之间的契合与张力,解读其思想的价值。
本文分为引论、本论和结论三个部分。
引论部分简要说明了对阿克顿的政治思想进行研究的意义和国内外研究的情况。
本论部分深入探讨了阿克顿的自由主义思想。
在对阿克顿的生平和思想背景进行简单介绍后,论文主要围绕阿克自由的理解与追求,对其政治思想的理论内涵进行归纳与分析。
阿克顿历史学家的身份使他往往诉诸于历史事实,通过对自由历史的考察探讨自由得以产生的原因、自由的发展、自由得以长久保存的条件,尤其关注那些威胁自由的力量。
他认为,绝对权力、多数的暴政、民族主义等都蕴涵着对自由的潜在威胁。
对于如何保护自由不被这些力量所吞没这一困扰至今的难题,阿克顿提出的解决方法是:首先是权力的分散,通过制衡机制来制约权力,建立立宪的联邦主义政体模式;其次是尊重各民族的自治权,保持社会的多样性;最后通过宗教自由与政教分离在精神秩序上对自由予以保证。
本论最后部分论述了阿克顿对革命的态度变化,以反映阿克顿晚年思想的转变。
结论部分是对阿克顿自由主义思想的总体评价与历史定位。
虽然阿克顿的思想仍有缺陷,但其对自由的坚定信念,其政治和宗教中的很多观点直到今天也有重要的价值,对当代社会的诸多问题也有一启发性。
关键词:阿克顿自由自由史障碍及保护V AbstractDuring the main western investigations of political thought , Acton ,a thinker in19 Century , is not viewed as a nonpareils. Since1940s, some scholars explored newideological resources from Acton’s literatures , which are useful for the new timesWith that, the status of Acton in political thought rose increasingly. However , theoverseas works about Acton mainly delt with his investigations on history, then theywere insufficient for his political thought. What’s more, the domestic academia lackedof qualitative achievements as no one had tried to give a meticulous introduction andanalysis of Acton’s political thought. This article begins with the reading of Acton’sworks, and makes an introduction of his liberalism, then clarifies his relations withother thinkers, furtherly outlines the agreement and tension between liberty, powerand moral in Acton’s political thought clearly, so finally makes an interpretation of histhought’s valueThis article consists of three parts: introduction, the theory and conclusion. Thefirst part briefly introduces the significance of the research on Acton’s politicalthought and the circumstances of domestic and overseas research. The second partpenetrates into Acton’s political thought. After a brief introduction of Acton’s life andideological background, this part mainly analyzes and concludes the essences of hispolitical thought on the basis of Acto n’s understanding and pursuit of liberty. As ahistorian, Acton tended to resort to historical facts, and explored the followings: thereason liberty came, its development ,the conditions sustained it, especially thethreatening forces to it, from the investigations on the history of liberty. In his opinion,the absolute power, the tyranny of the majority , nationalism and others, all werepotential threat to liberty. As for the question: how to protect liberty from thosepowers , Acton had his solutions, which are listed as followings: fristly , a dispersal ofpowers.A constitutional unionism is established as the powers are restrained by thecheck-and-balance system. Secondly, maintenance of the diversities of society byVI respecting the autonomy of every nation. Finally, a promise for liberty on spiritualorder by these two: religious liberty and seperation of the church from the state. At theend of this part , a reflection of the conversion on Acton’s later political thought as hechanged his attitudes towards the revolutionary. The last part, it makes an overallappraisal and historical status of Acton’s liberalism.Although there are still somedefections about his thought, his firm faith on liberty and viewpoints on politics andreligion are also valuable now, which indeed are inspiring resources for manyproblems in contemporary societyKey Words: Acton, liberty, the history of liberty, obstacles and protectionsVII 目录导论. 1一为什么要研究阿克顿1二阿克顿研究文献概览2第一章生平与思想背景. 8一生平简介.8二思想背景11第二章自由及其历史16一自由的涵义.16二自由的历史.19第三章自由的障碍及其保护 27一民主与联邦制..27二民族与民族主义31三国家与教会.36四革命观..42结语 47参考文献49译名对照表 52后记 55 VIII 导论一为什么要研究阿克顿阿克顿(Lord Acton,1834-1902)被认为是英国著名的自由主义思想家, “自由主义预言家和史学大师”。
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《道德与婚姻》
罗素认为清教徒对待性的态度是人类不 幸的根源。他在1929年出版的《道德与 婚姻》一书中，他倡导试婚和离婚从简， 对婚外性行为和同性恋现象持一种宽容 的态度。这很快招致宗教界人士的激烈 反对，而且于1940s初受到法庭审判，他 被禁止入纽约市立学院任教。然而，戏 剧性的是，罗素于1950年因该书获诺贝 尔文学奖。
Betrand Russell
伯特兰· 罗素 伯特兰· 罗素是二十世纪英国哲 学家、数学家、逻辑学家、历史 学家，无神论或者不可知论者， 也是上世纪西方最著名、影响最 大的学者和和平主义社会活动家 之一，1950年诺贝尔文学奖得 主，罗素也被认为是与弗雷格、 维特根斯坦和怀特海一同创建了 伯特兰· 罗素 的公学，而 分析哲学。他与怀特海合著的 《数学原理》对逻辑学、数学、 集合论、语言学和分析哲学有着 巨大影响。1950年，罗素获得 诺贝尔文学奖，以表彰其“多样 且重要的作品，持续不断的追求 人道主义理想和思想自由”。
Betrand Russell
外文名：Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell 国籍：英国 出生地：英国，威尔士 出生日期：1872年5月18日逝世日期：1970年2月2日 职业：作家，哲学家，数学家毕业院校：剑桥大学三一学院 信仰：无神论或不可知论 主要成就：创立分析哲学 1950诺贝尔文学奖得主 发表《罗素-爱因斯坦宣言》 代表作品：《幸福之路》，《西方哲学史》，《数学原理》， 《物的分析》 主要领域：逻辑学，宗教学，伦理学，认识论
伯特兰· 罗素 的公学，而
《西方哲学史》
《西方哲学史》
《西方哲学史》
《西方哲学史》
《西方哲学史》是一部脍炙人口的哲学史著作， 其全名是《西方哲学史及其与从古代到现代的 政治社会情况的联系》，它在很大程度上力图 从历史的角度来观察哲学思想和发展，其引人 入胜的原因在于作者的历史眼光不亚于作者的 哲学见解。该书出版后很快成为西方读书界的 畅销书，确立了罗素作为一位历史学家在读者 心目中的形象和地位，有许许多多的年轻人， 正是被这本书的独特魅力所吸引而走上了哲学 道路。
L11 On Human Nature and Politics
By Betrand Russell
Betrand Russell
伯特兰 · 罗素 百科名片 伯特兰· 罗素 ，无神论或者不可知论者，也是上世纪西方最著名、影响最大的学者和和平主义根斯坦和怀特海一同创建了
Betrand Russell
外文名：Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell 国籍：英国出生地：英国，威尔士出生日期：1872年5月18日逝 世日期：1970年2月2日 职业：作家，哲学家，数学家毕业院校：剑桥大学三一学院 信仰：无神论或不可知论 主要成就：创立分析哲学 1950诺贝尔文学奖得主 发表《罗素-爱因斯坦宣言》 代表作品：《幸福之路》，《西方哲学史》，《数学原理》， 《物的分析》 主要领域：逻辑学，宗教学，伦理学，认识论
哲学上罗素最大的贡献是和G· E· 摩尔一起创立 了分析哲学，此外他还在认识论、形而上学、 伦理学、政治哲学和哲学史方面做出过贡献。 在剑桥大学时罗素信奉唯心主义和新黑格尔主 义，但是在1898年在摩尔的影响下罗素放弃了 唯心主义，转而研究现实主义，并很快成为 “新现实主义”的倡导者。罗素此后始终强调 现代逻辑学和科学的重要性，批判唯心论。
《道德与婚姻》
罗素认为清教徒对待性的态 度是人类不幸的根源。他在 1929年出版的《道德与婚姻》 一书中，他倡导试婚和离婚 从简，对婚外性行为和同性 一战后，罗素日渐表现出对道德和社会问题的极大兴趣。尽管他论述性关系和“女性解 恋现象持一种宽容的态度。 这很快招致宗教界人士的激 《婚姻与道 烈反对，而且于1940s初受到 德》 法庭审判，他被禁止入纽约 市立学院任教。然而，戏剧 性的是，罗素于1950年因该 书获诺贝尔文学奖。