美国文学史发展概况(老师给地复习提纲)

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美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。

随着欧洲人的移民到北美，他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化，这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。

以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。

第一阶段：殖民地时期（17世纪至18世纪）在殖民地时期，美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。

初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题，例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为，它是“真正属于美洲的成就，而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。

约翰·丹福斯（John Winthrop）《模範》（Model of Christian Charity）（1630年）是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一，强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。

启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期，表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。

启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。

本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》（1750年至1790年）描述了他的成长和成功经历，被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。

美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。

第三阶段：浪漫主义时期（19世纪初至中叶）浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期，表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。

浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。

华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》（1819年）是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一，展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。

爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素，对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。

现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。

现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。

马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》（1876年）和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（1884年）描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。

美国文学史

美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。

这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。

但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。

它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。

启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。

他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。

是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。

）主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。

自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。

人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点英美文学是世界文学中最具代表性和影响力的文学分支之一，其发展历程丰富多彩，涌现出了众多经典作品和著名作家。

本文将从英美文学的起源、发展历程和风格特点三方面进行探讨。

一、英美文学的起源英美文学的起源可以追溯到16世纪初的英国文艺复兴时期。

这个时期以威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·密尔顿等伟大的文学大师为代表，充满了浓厚的人文主义气息，并在诗歌、戏剧等方面取得了重要的成就。

同时，英国也开始逐渐拓展海外领土，并在北美洲建立了殖民地。

这些殖民地后来成为了美国，也为发展美国文学提供了契机。

二、英美文学的发展历程1.文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的起源时期，并载入了英美文学的重要篇章。

这个时期的文学作品大多选材广泛，体裁丰富，涵盖了诗歌、戏剧、小说等多种文学类型。

威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·米尔顿等文学大师的作品也在这个时期诞生。

2. 17世纪17世纪是英美文学发展的关键时期，也是古典主义文学的鼎盛时期。

作家们大多遵循了经典主义的规范，重视形式美，强调自然和理性。

约翰·德莱顿、约翰·洛克、亚当·史密斯等诸多知名学者和作家在这个时期诞生。

3. 18世纪18世纪是英美文学的发展时期，其中美国文学也开始有了独立的发展。

在这个时期，文学作品多呈现出理性和启蒙的特点，也有不同于古典主义的文学形式的兴起。

约翰逊、约翰·厄尔特、本杰明·富兰克林等诸多知名作家在这个时期诞生。

4. 19世纪19世纪是英美文学的黄金时期，代表着浪漫主义和现实主义文学继续发展的阶段。

在这个时期，出现了许多文学巨匠，如奥斯卡·王尔德、查尔斯·狄更斯、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、爱默生等，他们的作品具有深刻的人性关怀，反映了当时的社会变迁和人们内心的真实情感。

5. 20世纪20世纪是英美文学的现代时期，随着世界格局的变化，文学形式和内容都发生了较大变化，体现出更加多元化和自由化的特点。

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结从第二次世界大战后到新世纪，美国文学还有一个值得一提的发展现象——通俗文学（Popular Literature）日益受到重视，过去以低级杂志（pulps）为阵地的通俗小说有了平装本和精装本，进了图书馆和大学。

战后兴起的后现代主义思潮为研究通俗文学起了推波助澜的作用，学术界和思想界对于通俗文学观念的变化，刺激了通俗文学的进一步发展。

不但许多传统的通俗小说保持强劲的发展势头，而且诞生了许多新型通俗小说。

这些传统型和创新型的小说，很多都进入了《纽约时报》的“畅销书排行榜”（New York Times Best Sellers）。

每一本畅销小说诞生后，都会被改编成电影、电视剧；原创电影、电视剧在走红后也很快派生出同名畅销小说。

畅销小说和火爆的影视剧交相辉映，构成战后美国通俗文学的繁荣景象。

50年代，历史西部小说（Historical Western）占据了通俗文学的主导地位，随后现代犯罪小说（Modern Crime Fiction）迅速崛起，在60年代末和70年代初压倒了其他一切通俗小说。

70、80年代是美国通俗小说大发展时期，诞生了诸如甜蜜野蛮小说（Sweet-Savage Romance）、高科技惊险小说（High-Technical Thriller）之类的新型通俗小说。

此外，传统的女性言情小说（Women's Fiction）、科幻小说（Science Fiction）和恐怖小说（Horror Fiction）也出现有力回潮。

90年代，社会暴露小说（Social Expose Fiction）逐渐成为美国通俗文学领域的主导力量，如此格局一直维持到世纪末。

像马里奥·普佐（Mario Puzo）的《教父》（The Godfather）、斯蒂芬·金（Stephen King）的系列恐怖小说、迈克尔·克莱顿（Michael Crichton）的《侏罗纪公园》（Jurassic Park）和《失落的世界》（The Lost World）、玛格丽特·杜鲁门（Margaret Truman）的“谋杀案”系列政治暴露小说等，都是我国读者较为熟悉的美国通俗文学作品。

美国文学的主要进程及简要概述

美国文学的主要进程及简要概述 (2)第一阶段 (2)印第安时期 (2)殖民主义时期 (2)第二阶段 (2)独立革命时期 (2)第三阶段 (3)浪漫主义时期 (3)第四阶段 (3)现实主义时期 (3)自然主义文学 (4)黑幕揭露派 (4)第五阶段 (4)20世纪文学 (4)黑人文学 (6)第六阶段 (6)当代文学 (6)现实主义小说 (7)犹太作家 (7)当代黑人文学 (8)“黑色幽默”与后现代主义 (9)当代戏剧 (9)当代诗歌 (11)美国文学的主要进程及简要概述第一阶段印第安时期，主要以当地印第安人的口传文学为主，缺乏文字记载，在欧洲人到来之前，属于美洲的主流文学。

殖民主义时期，以John Smith（代表作《A True Relation of Virginia》《A Description of New England》）、William Bradford（代表作《History of Plymouth》）和John Winthrop（代表作《The History of New England》）为代表的文学是以记录美洲当地自然文化，以及美国早期殖民地人民勤劳开垦美洲的“美国历史主义”文学。

以John Cotton（代表作《The Way of Life》）、Cotton Mather（代表作《Magnalia Cristi Aericana》）、Jonathan Edwards（代表作《A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God》）、Anne Bradstreet（代表作《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America》）和Edward Taylor（代表作《Metrical History of Christianity》）为代表的清教主义文学，主要以宣传清教主义思想的布道文和清教诗歌。

美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到十七世纪初的殖民地时期。

在这个时期，英国的移民们带来了他们自己的文化和文学传统，并开始在新大陆上创作文学作品。

下面将简要介绍美国文学的主要发展阶段和代表作品。

殖民地时期（1607-1765年）殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。

早期的殖民地文学主要以宗教文学为主，包括宗教诗歌、传教书籍和日记等。

代表作品包括威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯人的历史》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的诗歌。

启蒙时代（1765-1820年）启蒙时代是美国文学迈入现代的重要阶段。

这个时期的文学作品更加关注人类理性和个人自由的权利。

代表作品包括托马斯·佩恩的《常识》和班杰明·富兰克林的自传。

浪漫主义时期（1820-1865年）浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时期，许多经典作品都在这个时期创作。

作家们以个人情感和想象力为重点，强调自然、感情和个体的重要性。

代表作品包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。

现实主义时期（1865-1914年）现实主义时期是对浪漫主义的反思和回应。

作家们试图揭示社会的问题和阶级冲突，并对社会现实进行批判。

代表作品包括马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和亨利·詹姆斯的《纯真年代》。

现代主义时期（1914-1945年）现代主义时期是美国文学的一个重要的艺术实验阶段，作家们提倡新的写作风格和形式。

他们试图用非线性的故事结构、意象主义和内心独白来表达复杂的现代生活。

代表作品包括欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。

后现代主义时期（1945年至今）后现代主义时期是美国文学发展的最新阶段。

作家们对语言、文化和身份进行了深入的探讨，并尝试用多重叙事和碎片化的结构来表达现代的混乱和不确定性。

代表作品包括托妮·莫里森的《亲爱的》和大卫·福斯特·华莱士的《无尽的玩笑》。

美国文学史知识点梳理

P a r t I T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f C o l o n i a l A m e r i c a I．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1 Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming; hunting; travel; etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world; and; often; to induce their immigration2 Highly theoretical; generally polemical; discussions of religious questions.III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land; their lives in the new land; their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 1608A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country 1612General History of Virgini a 1624: the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown; Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess; Pocahontas.IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe; there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century; the English King Henry VIII At that time; the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce; so he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established theChurch of England. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism1 predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard; spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.2 Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.3 Limited atonement the salvation of a selected few4 theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks; adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature1 Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that; man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans; after arriving at America; believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise; to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission; they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.2 Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth; especially of industry; there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not want colonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures toinsure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically; the British government forced dependence by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However; by the mid-eighteenth century; freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century; the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years 1776-1783 and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America.II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin. III．Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years; but he was a voracious reader.At 12; he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother; a printer.At 16; he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17; he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments; effective street lighting; the Franklin stove; bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod; he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence;The Treaty of Alliance with France;The Treaty of Peace with England;The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born; the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is; first of all; a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination andself-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices; the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person; the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God –all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then; the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that; in order to get on in the world; one has to be industrious; frugal; and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment; and that he represented in America all its ideas; that man is basically good and free by nature; endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity; directness and concision. The plainness of its style; the homeliness of imagery; the simplicity of diction; syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative; the absence of ornaments in wording and of complex; involved structures in syntax; and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole; it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine 1737-1809Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau 1752-1832“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death; nature; transition; and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life ExperienceHe was born in New York.At 16; he entered the College of New Jersey now Princeton University. He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate; he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends H. H. Brackenridge a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.Later he attended the War of Independence; and he was captured by British army in 1780.After being released; he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.In the same year; he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.After war; he supported Jefferson; and contributed greatly to American government.But after 50 years old; he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works“The Rising Glory of America” 1772 美洲光辉的兴起“The House of Night” 1779;1786 夜之屋“The British Prison Ship” 1781 英国囚船“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” 1781 纪念美国勇士“”The Wild Honey Suckle” 1786 野忍冬花“The Indian Burying Ground” 1788 印第安人墓地野忍冬花黄杲炘译美好的花呀;你长得：这么秀丽; 却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵;招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎; 没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪..大自然把你打扮得一身洁白; 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光; 她布置下树荫把你护卫起来; 又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；你的夏天就这样静静地消逝;这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息..那些难免消逝的美使我销魂; 想起你未来的结局我就心疼; 别的那些花儿也不比你幸运——虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零;无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力; 会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹..朝阳和晚露当初曾把你养育; 让你这小小的生命来到世上; 原来若乌有;就没什么可失去;因为你的死让你同先前一样；这来去之间不过是一个钟点——这就是脆弱的花享有的天年..This poem is divided into four stanzas. Each stanza consists of six l ines; rhyming “ababcc”; and sounds just like music.In the first two stanzas; Freneau devoted more attention to the environment of the flower in which he found it than to the appearance of the flower. He conmented on the secluded nature of the place where the honey suckle grew; drawing a conclusion that it was due to nature's protectiveness that the flower was able to lead a peaceful life free from men’s disturbance and destruction.But the next stanza immediately changed the tone from silent admiration and appreciation to outright lamentation over the “future’s doom” of the flower – even nature was unable to save the flower from its death.And then; Freneau said; “if nothing once; you nothing lose.” It is true in people’s existence. There is fate for the life and death. After one’s death; the only thing he can take away is what he brought when he gave birth to this world.Part III The Literature of RomanticismI．Historical Introductionfrom early 19th century through the outbreak of the Civil War1. native factorsIt is a period following American Independence. In this period; democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation. America was in an economic boom. There is a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people. The spirit of the time is; in some measure; responsible for the outburst of romantic feeling.2. foreign influenceRomanticism emerged in England from 1798 to 1832. It added impetus to the growth of Romanticism in America. In England the general features of the works of the romantics is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. British Romanticism inspired the American imagination. Thus American Romanticism was in a way derivative. II．American Romanticism: American RenaissanceRomanticism appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century and spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century. It was pluralistic; its manifestations were as varied; as individualistic; and as conflicting as thecultures and the intellects from which it sprang. Yet romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm; faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception; and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man's societies a source of corruption.It exalted the individual; which suited the nation's revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism. It revolted against traditional art forms; which gratified those cramped by the strict limits of neoclassic literature; painting; and architecture. It rejected rationalism; which gladdened those who were opposed to cool; intellectual religious wrapped with the remnants of Calvinism.Romantic writers placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and display increasing attention to the spiritual states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. The novel of terror became the profitable literary staple that it remains today. Writers of gothic novels sought to arouse in their readers a turbulent sense of the remote; the supernatural; and the terrifying by describing castles and landscapes illuminated by moonlight and haunted by ghosts. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked by the works of Poe; Hawthorne; Melville; and a host of lesser writers.Early American romanticism was best represented by New England poets William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882 in poetry; and James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851 and Washington Irving 1783-1859 in fiction.The later/peak period is represented by Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882 and Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862.III．Washington Irving1. Rip Van WinkleThe story; written while Irving was staying with his sister Sarah and her husband Henry van Wart in Birmingham; England; is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. A villager of Dutch descent escapes his nagging wife by wandering up Kaaterskill Clove near his home town of Palenville; New York in the Catskill Mountains. After various adventures in one version of the tale; he encounters the spirits of Henry Hudson and his crew playing ninepins at the top of Kaaterskill Falls; he settles down under a shady tree and falls asleep. He wakes up 20 years later and returns to his village. He finds out that his wife is dead and his close friends have died in a war or gone somewhere else. He immediately gets into trouble when he hails himself a loyal subject of GeorgeIII; not knowing that in the meantime the American Revolution has taken place and he is not supposed to be a loyal subject of any Hanoverian any longer.The story has become a part of cultural mythology: even for those who have never read the original story; "Rip Van Winkle" means either a person who sleeps for a long period of time; or one who is inexplicably perhaps even blissfully unaware of current events. Rip Van Winkle has been seen as a symbol of several aspects of America. Rip; like America; is immature; self-centered; careless; anti-intellectual; imaginative; and jolly as the overgrown child. The town itself symbolizes America –forever and rapidly changing. Washington Irving has Rip sleep through his own country’s history; through what we might call the birth pangs of America; and return to the “busy; bustling; disputatious” self-consciously adult United States of America. His conflicts and dreams are those of the nation –the conflict of innocence and experience; work and leisure; the old and the new; the head and the heart.2. The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town; in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story ofIchabod Crane; a sycophantic; lean; lanky; and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut; who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt; the town rowdy; for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel; the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer; Baltus Van Tassel. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night; he is pursued by the Headless Horseman; who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War; and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town; leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones; who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related". Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation; the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom Bones in disguise.The creation of archetypes is a particularly subtle feat of Irving’s consummate craftsmanship. We may see in Ichabod Crane a precocious; effect New Englander; shrewd; commercial; acity-slicker; who is rather an interloper; a somewhat destructive force; and who comes along to swindle the villagers. His book learning turns on him; and he is driven away from where he does notbelong; so that the serene village remains permanently good and happy.Brom Bones; on the other hand; is of a Huck Finn-type of country bumpkin; rough; vigorous; boisterous but inwardly very good; a frontier type put out there to shift for himself.Thus; the rivalry in love between Ichabod and Brom; viewed in this way; suddenly assumes the dimensions of two ethical groups locked in a kind of historic contest. As to the style of the piece; it represents Irving at his best. The association between a certain local and the inward movement of a character; the emotional loading of almost every line of the story; their effect on the five sense of the reader whose attention is so fully engaged and who feels so much involved in what is happening – all these have placed this and other Irving stories among the best of American short stories.3. Irving’s Style1 Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible. He writes simply to entertain rather to enlighten.2 He is good at setting his stories in a magic and fantastic atmosphere. The richness of the atmosphere compensates for the slimness of his plot.3 His characters are vivid and true to life. They tend to linger in the mind of the reader.4 His writing is full of humor and satire.5 two important themes; i.e. the themes of change and search for identify. These themes capture the spirit of Irving’s times and reflect his philosophical thinking on contemporary American social life.IV. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀 1789--1851 -- launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier sagaThe Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集;regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 开创了美国文学的一个重要主题—文明的发展对大自然和它代表的崇高品德的摧残与破坏Its central figure in the novels; Natty Bumppo 美国文学的一个重要的原型人物—独立不羁、逃避社会、在大自然中需求完美精神世界的班波. Cooper’s Works1 Precaution 1820; his first novel; imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice2 The Spy his second novel and great success3 Leatherstocking Tales his masterpiece; a series of five novels The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans; The Pathfinder; The Pioneer; The PrairieCooper’s Style1 highly imaginative2 good at inventing tales3 good at landscape description4 conservative5 characterization wooden and lacking in probability6 language and use of dialect not authenticLiterary AchievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is; in a sense; the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward; then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.V. William Cullen Bryant 威廉卡伦布赖恩特1794-1878-- the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.To a Waterfowl致水鸟The Yellow Violet 黄色的堇香花VI. Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849American writer; known as a poet and critic but most famous as the first master of the short-story form; especially tales of the mysterious and macabre. The literary merits of Poe's writings have been debated since his death; but his works have remained popular and many major American and European writers have professed their artistic debt to him.For a long time after his death Poe remained probably the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.Emerson dismissed him in three words; “the jingle man.”Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable.Henry James made the ruthless statement that “an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development.” Whitman; who was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875; had mixed feelings about him: he did admit Poe’s genius; but it was “its narrow range and unhealthy; lurid quality” that most impressed him.T. S. Eliot proclaimed him a critic of the first rank; but charged him with “slipshod writing.”Poe’s WorksPoetry: The Raven乌鸦Horror Fiction: The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍大厦的倒塌Whodunit: Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案致海伦海伦;你的美在我的眼里; 有如往日尼西亚的三桅船船行在飘香的海上;悠悠地把已倦于漂泊的困乏船员送回他故乡的海岸..早已习惯于在怒海上飘荡; 你典雅的脸庞;你的鬈发; 你水神般的风姿带我返航; 返回那往时的希腊和罗马;返回那往时的壮丽和辉煌..看哪壁龛似的明亮窗户里; 我看见你站着;多像尊雕像; 一盏玛瑙的灯你拿在手上塞姬女神哪;神圣的土地才是你家乡In the first stanza; Helen’s beauty is soothing. It provides security and safety. Perhaps the reader is expected to associate Marlowe’s famous line: “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships” to Helen’s beauty; for her beauty is as hypnotic for the speaker as were the ships that transported another wanderer –Ulysses - home from Troy.Throughout the poem; Poe uses allusions to classical names and places; as well as certain kinds of images to create the impression of a far-off idealized; unreal woman; like a Greek statue. Words that support the image of an ideal woman are “hyacinth” and “classic” line 7; “Naiad airs” line 8; and “statue-like” line 12. Helen stands; not like a real woman; but like a saint in a “window-niche” line 11. She becomes a symbol both of beauty and of frustration; a romantically idealized; yet inaccessible image of the heart’s desire.乌鸦从前一个阴郁的子夜;我独自沉思;慵懒疲竭;沉思许多古怪而离奇、早已被人遗忘的传闻——当我开始打盹;几乎入睡;突然传来一阵轻擂;仿佛有人在轻轻叩击;轻轻叩击我的房门..“有人来了;”我轻声嘟喃;“正在叩击我的房门——唯此而已;别无他般..”哦;我清楚地记得那是在萧瑟的十二月；每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板..我当时真盼望翌日；——因为我已经枉费心机想用书来消除悲哀——消除因失去丽诺尔的悲叹——因那被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女;她美丽娇艳——在这儿却默默无闻;直至永远..那柔软、暗淡、飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布使我心中充满前所未有的恐怖——我毛骨惊然；为平息我心儿停跳．我站起身反复叨念“这是有人想进屋;在叩我的房门——..更深夜半有人想进屋;在叩我的房门；——唯此而已;别无他般..”很快我的心变得坚强；不再犹疑;不再彷徨;“先生;”我说;“或夫人;我求你多多包涵；刚才我正睡意昏昏;而你来敲门又那么轻;你来敲门又那么轻;轻轻叩击我的房门;我差点以为没听见你”——说着我拉开门扇；——唯有黑夜;别无他般..凝视着夜色幽幽;我站在门边惊惧良久;疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻；可那未被打破的寂静;没显示任何迹象..“丽诺尔”便是我嗫嚅念叨的唯一字眼;我念叨“丽诺尔”;回声把这名字轻轻送还;唯此而已;别无他般..我转身回到房中;我的整个心烧灼般疼痛;很快我又听到叩击声;比刚才听起来明显..“肯定;”我说;“肯定有什么在我的窗棂；让我瞧瞧是什么在那里;去把那秘密发现——让我的心先镇静一会儿;去把那秘密发现；——那不过是风;别无他般”我猛然推开窗户;..心儿扑扑直跳就像打鼓;一只神圣往昔的健壮乌鸦慢慢走进我房间；它既没向我致意问候；也没有片刻的停留；而以绅士淑女的风度;栖在我房门的上面——栖在我房门上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面——栖坐在那儿;仅如此这般..于是这只黑鸟把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑;以它那老成持重一本正经温文尔雅的容颜;“虽然冠毛被剪除;”我说;“但你肯定不是懦夫;你这幽灵般可怕的古鸦;漂泊夜的彼岸——请告诉我你尊姓大名;在黑沉沉的冥府阴间”乌鸦答日“永不复述..”听见如此直率的回答;我惊叹这丑陋的乌鸦;虽说它的回答不着边际——与提问几乎无关；因为我们不得不承认;从来没有活着的世人曾如此有幸地看见一只鸟栖在他房门的面——鸟或兽栖在他房间门上方的半身雕像上面;有这种名字“永不复还..”但那只独栖于肃穆的半身雕像上的乌鸦只说了这一句话;仿佛它倾泻灵魂就用那一个字眼..然后它便一声不吭——也不把它的羽毛拍动——直到我几乎是哺哺自语“其他朋友早已消散——明晨它也将离我而去——如同我的希望已消散..”这时那鸟说“永不复还..”惊异于那死寂漠漠被如此恰当的回话打破; “肯定;”我说;“这句话是它唯一的本钱;从它不幸动主人那儿学未..一连串无情飞灾曾接踵而至;直到它主人的歌中有了这字眼——直到他希望的挽歌中有了这个忧伤的字眼‘永不复还;永不复还..’”但那只乌鸦仍然把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑; 我即刻拖了张软椅到门旁雕像下那只鸟跟前；然后坐在天鹅绒椅垫上;我开始冥思苦想;浮想连着浮想;猜度这不祥的古鸟何出此言——这只狰狞丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鸟何出此言; 为何聒噪‘永不复还..”我坐着猜想那意见但没对那鸟说片语只言.. 此时;它炯炯发光的眼睛已燃烧进我的心坎；我依然坐在那儿猜度;把我的头靠得很舒服;舒舒服服地靠在那被灯光凝视的天鹅绒衬垫;但被灯光爱慕地凝视着的紫色的天鹅绒衬垫;她将显出;啊;永不复还接着我想;空气变得稠密;被无形香炉熏香;提香炉的撒拉弗的脚步声响在有簇饰的地板.. “可怜的人;”我呼叫;“是上帝派天使为你送药; 这忘忧药能中止你对失去的丽诺尔的思念；喝吧如吧;忘掉对失去的丽诺尔的思念”乌鸦说“永不复还..”“先知”我说“凶兆——仍是先知;不管是鸟还是魔是不是魔鬼送你;或是暴风雨抛你来到此岸;孤独但毫不气馁;在这片妖惑鬼崇的荒原——在这恐怖萦绕之家——告诉我真话;求你可怜——基列有香膏吗——告诉我——告诉我;求你可怜”乌鸦说“永不复还..”“先知”我说;“凶兆——仍是先知、不管是鸟是魔凭我们头顶的苍天起誓——凭我们都崇拜的上帝起誓——告诉这充满悲伤的灵魂..它能否在遥远的仙境拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女;她纤尘不染——拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女;她美丽娇艳..”乌鸦说“永不复还..”“让这话做我们的道别之辞;鸟或魔”我突然叫道——“回你的暴风雨中去吧;回你黑沉沉的冥府阴间别留下黑色羽毛作为你的灵魂谎言的象征留给我完整的孤独——快从我门上的雕像滚蛋从我心中带走你的嘴；从我房门带走你的外观”乌鸦说“永不复还..”那乌鸦并没飞去;它仍然栖息;仍然栖息在房门上方那苍白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面；而它的眼光与正在做梦的魔鬼眼光一模一样;照在它身上的灯光把它的阴影投射在地板；而我的灵魂;会从那团在地板上漂浮的阴暗被擢升么——永不复还The Raven is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe; first published in January 1845. It is often noted for its musicality; stylized language; and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover; tracing the man's slow descent into madness. The lover; often identified as being a student; is lamenting the loss of his love; Lenore. The raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word "Nevermore". The poem makes use of a number of folk and classical references.安娜贝尔.李很久很久以前;在一个滨海的国度里;住着一位少女你或许认得; 她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望;只为和我俩情相许..那会儿我还是个孩子;她也未脱稚气;在这个滨海的国度里；可我们的爱超越一切;无人能及——我和我的安娜贝尔.李；我们爱得那样深;连天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉..这就是那不幸的根源;很久以前在这个滨海的国度里;夜里一阵寒风从白云端吹起;冻僵了我的安娜贝尔.李；于是她那些高贵的亲戚来到凡间把她从我的身边夺去;将她关进一座坟墓在这个滨海的国度里..这些天使们在天上;不及我们一半快活;于是他们把我和她妒嫉——对——就是这个缘故谁不晓得呢;在这个滨海的国度里云端刮起了寒风;冻僵并带走了我的安娜贝尔.李.. 可我们的爱情远远地胜利那些年纪长于我们的人——那些智慧胜于我们的人——无论是天上的天使;还是海底的恶魔;都不能将我们的灵魂分离;我和我美丽的安娜贝尔.李..因为月亮的每一丝清辉都勾起我的回忆梦里那美丽的安娜贝尔.李群星的每一次升空都令我觉得秋波在闪动那是我美丽的安娜贝尔.李。

美国文学简史复习资料[1]

美国文学美国文学Part 1. Colonial AmericaPhilip Freneau Philip Freneau菲菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sindefended T he The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Autobiography 自传Part 2. A merican American Romanticism It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,t Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out breakof Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch bookand ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass .American Romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained "an alien quality "for the simplereason that "the spirit of the place" was radically new and alien.And it was bo imitative and independent.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York 纽约的历史纽约的历史---------------美国人写的第一部诙谐文学美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；杰作；The The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说的传说---------------使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip Van Winkle -------short storyJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pioneer 拓荒者；;The Prairie 大草原;ThePathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Essays 散文集散文集::Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmerican Scholar 论美国学者;Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862W adden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ·朗费罗 An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物(poem )/PNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse ;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter ;The Scarlet Letter红字红字;The House of the Seven Gables ;The House of the Seven Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子有七个尖角阁的房子----------------心理若们罗曼史心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇;The Marble Faun ;The Marble Faun玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克/白鲸；Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of Myself 自我之歌Emily Dickinson ； “Because I could not stop for death ” “I ＇ｍ no body... ”poemEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人伟大抒情诗人----------叶芝）叶芝）The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李Poem-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头T 诗:The Raven 乌鸦;To Hellen 致海伦 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯恩·豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;2323、、Henry James 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens Clemens））------美国文美国文学的一大里程碑学的一大里程碑The Gilded Age 镀金时代 -----------novel;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---------对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结 O. Henry short story 短篇小说 The Four Million ”《四百万》”《四百万》小说集小说集、“The Gift of the Magi ”《麦琪的礼物》《麦琪的礼物》Part 6. American NaturalismFrank Norris The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);4040、、JackLondon 杰克·伦敦1876-1916T he Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤----novel ;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;T ;Martin Eden 马丁·伊登;Part 7. The 1920s ImagismEzra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972美国现代诗歌之父美国现代诗歌之父Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）《In a station of the Metro 》----在地铁站里 Thomas Stearns Eliot The Waste Land 荒原;名诗：名诗：Ash Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三圣灰星期三;;FourQuarters 四个四重奏Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后)(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路)----poem---------Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening <雪夜林畔>F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代一代) )The Side of Paradise 人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-19611899-1961（“迷惘（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）物）The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起太阳照样升起;;Farewellto Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣William William Faulkner Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962短篇小说：;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣;；Short story ------A Rose For Emily 《给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》 Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹----Novel ;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The Titan 巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说） Arthur Miller ;The Death of a Salesman 推销员--------Play ;１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。

美国文学史-知识点梳理

期末复习美国文学简史汇总 ppt课件

5
Chapter One
Colonial Period (160round
❖ The first permanent English settlement in North America at James town, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Anti—Puritanism: Roger Williams, John Woolman, Thomas Paine, Philip Freneau
17
Major Writers
Captain John Smith （约翰·史密斯）
the first American writer
A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》 (1616)
Imagism:
* (New England Renaissance) Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ezra Pound
Fillip Thoreau
4
Brief Outline of American literature
7. The 1930s
Steinbeck Harlem Renaissance (Black American literature) Hughes Wright Ellison
3) Symbolism: The Puritans’ metaphorical mode of perception brought American literary symbolism into being, a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
American colonies. Her work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(1650) is considered as the first book of original poetry written in colonial America.

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WORD格式专业资料整理美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学 (The Literature of Colonial America) 17th .c

一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：① narratives 日记 , ②journals 游记

2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1） about their voyage to the new land 2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

3) about dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit

3、清教徒的思想： 1） Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式

2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology. 重建教堂，提供

简

单服务，建立神圣地位 3） Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged

their way of life was opposing God's will and was not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反

对上帝 4）Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐

的地步 5）Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy. 强调上帝严厉的

一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton 约翰 ·科登， Roger William 罗杰 ·威廉姆斯他们的不同： John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、William 的宗教观点： Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea

that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He

also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并

没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 WORD格式专业资料整理 6 、英国最早移民到美国的诗人： Anne Bradstreet 安妮 ·布雷兹特里特 ( 女 ) sincere belief in God 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人： the best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor 爱德华 ·泰勒 (1642-1729)

8、 Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the first distinctly American literature.

1 WORD格式

专业资料整理学习指南： 1、 Could you give me a description of American Puritans? ( 关于美国清教徒的描绘 ) Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.

3、 The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、 The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italian, and Portuguese.

二、理性和革命时期文学 (The Literature of Reason and Revolution) 18th .c

一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of

America. 最终以联邦的资产阶级民主共和国 --美利坚合众国的建立而宣布结束。二、代表作家： 1、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 ·富兰克林 1706-1790 1） "Poor Richard's Almanac" 《穷查理历书》， an annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his

reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐

部，讨论的主题是科学、经济和政治等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可

租借图书的图书馆，还创办了一所大学 —— 就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学的前身。 4） first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. WORD格式专业资料整理 5) As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America

grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought

financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英

国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6 ）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic. 作为作家具有非凡的表达能力，文笔

简洁，内蕴幽默，且擅讽刺。 7）《致》是《自》的简明总结 “The Way to Wealth ”《致富之道》

美国文学史发展概况(老师给地复习提纲)

美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学史

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点

美国文学史总结

美国文学的主要进程及简要概述

美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学史知识点梳理

美国文学简史复习资料[1]

美国文学史-知识点梳理

期末复习 美国文学简史 汇总 ppt课件

期末复习美国文学简史汇总 ppt课件