2003-Nature-The birth of biotechnology
世界生命科学格局中的中国
*暂定名修改稿收到日期：2022年5月8日专刊：建设世界科技强国――科技十年回顾与展望World Science and Technology Power Construction—Last Ten Years Review and Future Trend of Science and Technology of China 战略与决策研究Strategy & Policy Decision Research引用格式：张先恩. 世界生命科学格局中的中国. 中国科学院院刊, 2022, 37(5): 622-635.Zhang X E. China in global landscape of life sciences. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2022, 37(5): 622-635. (in Chinese)世界生命科学格局中的中国张先恩1 中国科学院生物物理研究所 生物大分子国家重点实验室 北京 1001012 中国科学院深圳理工大学（筹）*合成生物学院 深圳 518055摘要 生命科学近 150 多年的发展历程可概括为环环相扣的 3 个阶段：经典遗传学时代、分子遗传学与分子生物学时代和生命组学与系统生物学时代。
当代生命科学空前繁荣，呈现若干新特征：原始发现层出不穷，致使底层创新井喷；系统论与还原论并重，层层揭秘复杂生命过程；学科汇聚融合，生命科学从定性描述开始实现动态、精准和定量解读；科学数据共享，成为生命科学界普遍遵循的规则；合成生物学与人工智能兴起，为生命科学研究提供了新的范式。
这些特征使生命科学知识获得极大丰富、生物技术得以快速迭代升级。
与此同时，中国生命科学厚积薄发，近 10 年进步显著，正随着世界生命科学大潮进入高质量发展阶段，并逐渐改写世界生命科学版图。
然而，快速发展将许多亟待解决的问题留在身后，随着世界政治经济格局发生深刻变化，中国生命科学面临更多挑战。
生物化学发展史
现代生物化学阶段
（20世纪50年代开始）
以提出DNA的双螺旋结构模型为标志，主 要研究工作就是探讨各种生物大分子的结 构与其功能之间的关系。生物化学在这一 阶段的发展，以及物理学、微生物学、遗 传学、细胞学等其他学科的渗透，产生了 分子生物学，并成为生物化学的主体。
DNA分子的双螺旋结构模型
20世纪40年代末和50年代初，在 DNA被确认为遗传物质之后，生物 学家们不得不面临着一个难题： DNA应该有什么样的结构，才能担 当遗传的重任？它必须能够携带遗 传信息，能够自我复制传递遗传信 息，能够让遗传信息得到表达以控 制细胞活动，并且能够突变并保留 突变。这四点，缺一不可，如何建 构一个DNA分子模型解释这一切？
当时主要有三个实验室几乎同时在研究DNA分子模型。 第一个实验室是伦敦国王学院的威尔金斯、弗兰克林实 验室，他们用X射线衍射法研究DNA的晶体结构。第二 个实验室是加州理工学院的大化学家莱纳斯· 鲍林实验 室。第三个则是个非正式的研究小组，事实上他们可说 是不务正业。23岁的年轻的遗传学家沃森于1951年从 美国到剑桥大学做博士后时，虽然其真实意图是要研究 DNA分子结构，挂着的课题项目却是研究烟草花叶病毒。 比他年长12岁的克里克当时正在做博士论文，论文题目 是“多肽和蛋白质：X射线研究”。沃森说服与他分享 同一个办公室的克里克一起研究DNA分子模型，他需要 克里克在X射线晶体衍射学方面的知识。威尔金斯虽然 在1950年最早研究DNA的晶体结构，当时却对DNA究竟 在细胞中干什么一无所知，在1951年才觉得DNA可能参 与了核蛋白所控制的遗传。三人共同获1962年诺贝尔生 理学或医学奖。
2003年P.Agre 发现细胞膜上的水通道，证明了19世 纪中期科学家的猜测“细胞膜有允许水分和盐分进 入的孔道”，同年获诺贝尔化学奖。 2004年以色列A.Ciechanover,A.Hershko和I.Rose发现 泛素调节的蛋白降解，同年获诺贝尔化学奖。 2006年6月2日，对于欧洲患有先天性抗凝血酶缺失 症的病人们是一个好日子，世界上第一个利用转基 因动物乳腺生物反应器生产的基因工程蛋白药物-重组人抗凝血酶Ⅲ的上市许可申请获得了欧洲医药 评价署人用医药产品委员会肯定批准意见，据估计 该药全球潜在市场每年高达1.5亿美元。 在此期间，我国王应睐和邹承鲁等于1965年人工 合成具有生物活性的蛋白质--结晶牛胰岛素。1983 年，用有机合成酶促合成的方法完成酵母丙氨酸转 移核糖核酸的人工全合成。1979年洪国藩创造了测 定DNA序列的直读法。
大学英语四级 选词填空单项训练+答案
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requested to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Once the world embraced the automobile, the days of depending on horses, bicycles, ferries, and trains quickly slipped into the past. People were __47__ with the speed of the automobile but they were also enjoying the personal freedom that the automobile gave them. Owning a car gave people the freedom to go anyplace a road __48__. This allowed people to and at their own __49__. This independence gave the car a popular edge over buses and trains. The popularity of the automobile made it the __50__ of the transportation system. The automobile changed our lives when it created a giant industry that offered more and more jobs. The automobile made it possible for people to live in areas __51__ from their work place. This caused cities to grow and made suburban living more convenient. Of course, with more places to go, more __52__ roads had to be built. The automobile caused a __53__ effect. Jobs increased, industries grew, new industries developed, and cities appeared. Today the automobile industry continues to offer many __54__. Jobs are plentiful in this industry and improvements continue to be made to the automobile with new technologies.We have come a long way from that first __55__ carriage because of the cooperative efforts of many people in the last century. It will be interesting to see what the future holds for the automobile. We have already seen signs of the use of solar energy in this area. As long as man has a brain, the future of the automobile is __56__.（2）A college education is an investment in the future. But it can be a 47 one. The College Board 48 that the costs at a four-year public college in the United States increased 10% this past school year. That was less than the 13% increase the year before, but still much higher than the inflation 49 Public colleges and universities still cost a lot less than private ones.Financial aid often helps. But financial experts 50 parents to start college savings plans when their child is Still very young.All fifty states and the District of Columbia 51 what are called 5-29 plans. These plans are named after the part of the federal tax law that created them in 1996. States use private investment companies to operate the 52 of the programs.Every state has its own rules 53 5-29 plans. Some of the plans are 54 of state taxes. And all are not required to pay federal taxes. However, the government could start to tax withdrawals in 2011 if Congress does not change the law.5-29 plans include investment accounts that increase or decrease in value with the investments they contain. Families must decide how 55 they want to put money into stocks, or other investments.Another kind of 5-29 plan lets parents begin to pay for their child’s education in 56 and long before their child starts college. This kind of savings program is called a prepaid tuition plan. The money goes into an accountThere is progress toward a possible treatment for lung diseases such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). Researchers have learned more about how the SARS virus works: it 47 with a system in the body that uses enzymes (酶) to control blood pressure and fluid balance. Scientists say the virus 48 to an enzyme known as ACE-two. The virus blocks the enzyme, permitting fluid to enter the lungs.A team from Europe and Asia reported the 49 in Nature Medicine. Doctor Josef Penninger of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology in the Austrian Academy of Sciences was the 50 writer of the report. The discovery could lead to a new 51 of treating not just SARS but also other diseases that can cause lung failure. These include avian flu (禽流感) and influenza in humans.The first 52 of SARS were discovered in Guangdong province, in southern China, in November of 2002. SARS was not 53 as a worldwide threat until March of 2003. The disease spread to 26 countries, most of them in the Asia-Pacific area. An estimated 8, 000 people had SARS. More than 770 of them died, or about 10% , a 54 high rate.The World Health Organization warned people not to travel to 55 areas. The 56 hurt international travel and business. The WHO says the disease stopped spreading by July of 2003. As a result of SARS, the health agency got new powers to act before a government officially announces a crisis.（4）To call something “marginal” means it is not very good. Farmers have their own way to 47 marginal land: It is the last to be planted under good conditions, and has the 48 to be avoided under poor conditions. Low 49 soil is not the only reason land could be considered marginal. It might be in an area where rainfall is 50 or where a hillside might rise too steeply.There are uses for marginal land, however. Most often it is used as grassland. Grasses provide excellent51 for grazing (吃草) animals like cattle, sheep and goats. Grass seed can be bought from a foreign supplier or52 grasses can be used. However, using marginal land for grazing is not a simple issue. There is a 53 of overgrazing. Cattle can damage the crops by eating down to the roots. Also, the weight of the animals crushes the soil and can make it too hard for growing. A(n) 54 way to reduce the harm is to move animals from one field to another. This method is known as rotational grazing (循环放牧) which is extremely important for marginal land.Another use for marginal land is for tree crops. Studies have 55 that the white pine and loblolly pine (火炬松) are two kinds of trees that grow well on such land. They grow fast and provide good quality wood. Another tree is the poplar (白杨), found in many parts of the world.Failure to take the care needed to protect marginal lands can make a bad situation worse. But goodChina is casting such a huge shadow on the United States that many Americans are trying hard to learn the Chinese language with an effort to keep their competitive edge."Interest in learning Chinese among American youth and their parents has grown 47 in the past five years," said Vivien Stewart, vice president at the Asia Society, a US group trying to bridge the 48 between Americans and the peoples of Asia and the Pacific.China's rapid progress is driving the interest to 49 the language, experts say. "The Chinese rich cultural traditions and 50 economy mean that it is now essential for all of our students to be better prepared to engage them and seize opportunities together," said Michael Levine, Asia Society' s executive director of education.A 2004 College Board survey found that 2,400 high schools--an 51 number--would be interested in52 the Advanced Placement (AP) courses in Chinese language and culture when the courses become available in 2006.China, the world' s most populous ( 人口稠密的) nation, is 53 to the United States because it is a leading trader, consumer and investor. It has 54 the United States as the world's largest consumer and could become the second largest economy in the world, in the next two to three decades.Even though the US State Department has regarded the Chinese language extremely important to national prosperity , the" 55 conditions to support recruitment of students and teachers as well as the growth of high（6）Can money buy happiness? Yes, 47 the authors of a new study---but only to a point.Psychology has shown that richer people generally rank the overall quality of their lives more 48 than poorer people do. At the same time, their actual happiness seems to be 49 less by their ability to buy more than by being able to keep up with those with comparable resources in their own age group."Our findings point to the possibility that, rather than promoting overall happiness, continued income growth could 50 an ongoing consumption race where people have to consume more and more, just to maintain a 51 level of happiness," writes Glenn Firebaugh of Pennsylvania State University.The study was 52 at the American Sociological Association's 100th Annual Meeting. Whether the rich are happier as a whole than their less 53 fellows is becoming an increasingly hot topic for debate. Recent years have 54 many writings on the "science of happiness." Richer people are happier because money can help purchase goods and services and it is the 55 of these materials that increases one's enjoyment of life and one's sense of well-being. Firebaugh and his colleagues measured the age, total family income, and general happiness of 56 aged 20 to 64, generally considered the working lifespan (工作寿命) for most Americans.Regardless of such standards as physical health, education, and marital status (婚姻状况), people's happiness was affected by what others earned. The higher the income of others in one's age group, the lower one'sKitchen duties may have traditionally been viewed as women’s work, but not at the White House. Until now: Cristeta Comerford has been named executive chef (厨师) .After an_ 47 six-month search, first lady Laura Bush announced Sunday that Comerford was chosen from hundreds of 48 to head the executive kitchen. A naturalized U.S. citizen from the Philippines, she will be the first woman and first 49 to hold the post. The 42-year-old Comerford has been an assistant chef at the White House for 10 years. She worked under former executive chef Walter Scheib Ill, who 50 in February.Scheib said Sunday that Comerford was 51 the best assistant he had in his 30-year career and is a wonderful choice to take over. He said she is a great cook with an artistic eye and a calm manner that can 52 the pressure cooker (高压锅) in the White House kitchen.Comerford has a bachelor’s degree in Food Technology from the University of the Philippines. She has worked at Le Ciel in Vienna, Austria and at restaurants in two Washington hotels.While being executive chef at the White House is honorable, the job also can be 53 Comerford will be in charge of everything from state dinners for world leaders to dessert for the commander in chief, his family and guests. The head chef is 54 for designing and executing menus for state dinners, social events, holiday functions, receptions and official luncheons (午宴) 55 by the president and first lady. The job pays 56（8）The more time children spend watching television the poorer they perform academically, according to three studies published on Monday. 47 television viewing has been blamed for increasing rates of childhood obesity (肥胖) and for aggressive behavior, while its 48 on schooling have been inconclusive, researchers said.But studies published on the topic in this month' s Archives of Pediatrics (小儿科) & Adolescent Medicine concluded television viewing 49 to have an adverse effect (副作用) on academic pursuits. For 50 , children who had televisions in their bedrooms--and 51 watched more TV--scored lower on standardized tests than those who did not have sets in their rooms. In contrast, the study found having a home computer with 52 to the Intemet resulted in comparatively higher test scores."Consistently, those with a bedroom television but no 53 home computer had, on average, the lowest scores and those with home computer but no bedroom television had the highest scores," wrote study author Dina Borzekowski of Johns Hopkins University. The American Academy of Pediatrics has 54 parents to limit children’s television viewing to no more than one to two hours per day--and to try to keep younger children away from TV altogether.In two other studies published in the same journal, children who 55 watched television before the age of 3 ended up with lower test scores later on, and children and adolescents who watched more television were less选词填空答案(1) 47-56 N E O A M L J I G B （2）47-56 G B E I C L N K A M （3）47-56 M C J G A E L I O D （4）47-56 F B J E A K N D L H （5）47-56 C K G A I N D F M O （6）47-56 C N E H A J B K F M （7）47-56 D K B I F H L A O E （8）47-56 J G M K D E B I C F。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
SCI 期刊分析报告-医学领域前 50
汤森路透《SCI 期刊分析报告》（Journal Citation Reports，JCR）医学领域前50 名单序号期刊名字影响因子1 CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 115.842 New England Journal of Medicine 55.8733 Lancet 45.2174 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 41.9085 Nature Biotechnology 41.5146 Nature 41.4567 Annual Review of Immunology 39.3278 Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 37.8069 Nature Reviews Cancer 37.410 Nature Reviews Genetics 36.97811 Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 35.28912 Nature Reviews Immunology 34.98513 Science 33.61114 Cell 32.24215 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 31.42716 Annual Review of Biochemistry 30.28317 Nature Genetics 29.35218 Nature Medicine 27.36319 Physiological Reviews 27.32420 Lancet Oncology 24.6921 Cancer Cell 23.52322 Lancet Infectious Diseases 22.43323 Cell Stem Cell 22.26824 Lancet Neurology 21.89625 Annual Review of Psychology 21.8126 Immunity 21.56127 Endocrine Reviews 21.05928 Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20.77129 Nature Immunology 20.00430 Cancer Discovery 19.45331 Annual Review of Neuroscience 19.3232 Annual Review of Pathology-Mechanisms of Disease 18.7533 Annual Review of Physiology 18.5134 Journal of Clinical Oncology 18.42835 Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 18.36536 Annals of Internal Medicine 17.8137 Bmj-British Medical Journal 17.44538 Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17.40639 Archives of Internal Medicine 17.33340 Pharmacological Reviews 17.09941 Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology 1742 Psychological Science in the Public Interest 16.83343 Gastroenterology 16.71644 Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16.50345 Nature Neuroscience 16.09546 Science Translational Medicine 15.84347 European Heart Journal Supplements 15.848 Nature Reviews Neurology 15.35849 European Heart Journal 15.20350 Neuron 15.054。
英语答案——精选推荐
15选10：1、What do National Semiconductor,Maxwell House Coffee,Deloitte&Touche,and Hearst Magazines have in common?All these organizations are headed by moreover,according to a recent study by Catalyst,a national nonprof it organization assisting women in business,more than 80 percent of Fortune 500 companies have at least one woman on their boards of directors,up f rom 69 percent two years earlier.Despite all this,there is evidence that women are not commonly f ound at the executive level.No f ortune-500 company has a female CEO;women executives are extremely underrepresented in some industries,such as manuf acturing,engineering,and f inancial services;and responses to the Catalyst survey show that six in ten women believe women suffer discrimination in pursuing executive business positions.Industry experts have pointed out several blocks to women's progress up the corporate ladder.Among these blocks are the prejudiced notions of women that some men in managerial positions still bring to the recruiting process.In addition,because women are of ten excluded from the inf ormal network outside the of f i ce-for example,by not being given season tickets to sporting events and by not being invited to play golf-they miss out on the opportunity to build relationships.Other blocks include diff i culties in balancing career and family(women are still the primary caregivers in our society),lack of general management experience,reluctance to travel,and unfriendly corporat e cultures that drive women away bef ore they are ready f or executive positions.2、Lance Armstrong is thirty-three years old and is one of the best athletes in the world.Scientists say his body operates better than the average person.For example,his heart can beat more than two hundred times a minute.It pumps an extremely large amount of blood and oxygen to his legs.Edward Coyle,head of the Human Perf orm ance Laboratory at the University of Texas in Austin,tested Armstrong f ive times f rom 1992 until 1995.Each time,the cyclist rode a f ixed bike f or twenty-f ive minutes with the work rate increasing every f ive minutes.Scientists measured Armstrong's perf ormance against the amount of oxygen he breathed.Doctor Coyle discovered an 8%increase in Armstrong's muscle power.Doctor Coyle suspected Armstrong might have developed more of a certain kind of muscle during his seven years of training. Doctor Coyle also discovered that Armstrong was able to reduce his body weight and body f at bef ore his Tour de France victories,This enabled him to increase his power in relation to his body weight by18%.Doctor Coyle says the results of the study show that long-term training has more of an effect on athletes than scientists thought.Lance Armstrong is unique in another way.In 1996,when he was twenty-f ive,he discovered he had cancer of the testicles,which had spread to his lungs and brain.Armstrong received chemical treatment and several operations on his brain.Af ter he recovered,he began training again in 1998.The next year he won his f irst Tour de France race.Many people who have survived and are living with cancer believe he is a hero.A college education is an investment in the f uture.But it can be a costly one.The college Board estimates that the costs at a f our-year public college in the United States increased 10%this past school year.That was less than the 13%increase the year bef ore,but still much higher than the inf lation rate.Public colleges and universities still cost a lot less than private ones.Financial aid of ten helps.But f inancial experts advise parents to start college savings plans when their child is still very young.All f i f ty states and the District of Columbia of f er what are called 5-29plans.These plans are named af t er the part of the federal tax law that created them in 1996.States use private investment companies to operate the majority of the programs.Every state has its own rules governing 5-29 plans.Some of the plans are free of state taxes(州税).And all are not required to pay federal taxes.However,the government could start to tax withdrawals(取钱)in 2011 if Congress 5-29 plans include investment accounts thatincrease or decrease in value with the investmentsthey contain.Families must decide howaggressively they want to put money into stocks,orother investments.Another kind of 5-29 plan lets parents begin to payf or their child's education in advance and longbef ore their child starts college.This kind ofsavings program is called a prepaid tuitionplan.The money goes into an account to pay f or aneducation at a public college or university in thefamily's home state.3、There is progress toward a possible treatmentf or lung diseases such as SARS(severe acut erespiratory syndrom e).Researchers have learnedmore about how the SARS virus works:it interf ereswith a system in the body that uses enzymes tocontrol blood pressure and f luid balance.Scientistssay the virus attaches to an enzyme known asACE-two,The virus blocks the enzyme,permittingf luid to enter the lungs.A team from Europe and Asia report ed the f indingsin Nature Medicine.Doctor Josef Penninger of theInstitute of Molecul ar Biotechnology in theAustrian Academy of Sciences was the majorwriter of the report.The discovery could lead to anew means of treating not just SARS but also otherdiseases that can cause lung failure.These includeavian f lu and inf luenza in humans.The f irst cases of SARS were discovered inGuangdong province,in southern China,inNovember of2002.SARS was not identif ied as aworldwide threat until March of2003.The diseasespread to 26 countries,most of them in theAsia-Paci f ic area.An estimated 8000 people hadSARS.More than 770 of them died,or about 10%,arelatively high rate.The World Health Organization warned people notto travel to aff ected areas.The crisis hurtinternational travel and business.The WHO saysthe disease stopped spreading by July of 2003.As aresult of SARS,the health agency got new powersto act bef ore a government officially announces acrisis.阅读：1、The large American energy servicecompany,Enron,f ailed a f ew years ago.问题：①T passage mainly discusses two cases ofEnron's top of f i cials.②According to the government,Mr.Causeymisused his knowledge of accounting to cheatinvestors and others.③What did Richard Causey claim?He is innocentbecause he did everything according to theregulations.④According to the passage,one common featureof the two cases is that both Mr.Causey andMr.Fastow had done illegal things f or their ownbenef its.⑤It can be inf erred f rom the passage that the tw ocases f ound to be closely connected.2、For any given task in Britain there are moremen than are needed.问题：①According to the passage,the argument ofjobs between unions is settled by means ofproviding more job opportunities.②What is the author's attitude towards the Britishway of lif e and work?Neut ral.③By "appear to be choosing leisure over goods"in the last paragraph,the authors means thatBritons prefer enjoyment to productivity.④It can be inf erred f rom the passage that Britonswon't increase productivity at the cost of theirleisure.⑤By using the examples in Paragraph 5,the authorpleasant place.3、A major sociological theory known assymbolic interactionism of f ers some importantinsights into how men and women are taught tof ill different roles in society.问题：①According to the passage,if one isgiven a certain message about himsel f orhersel f time and again,he or she will f ind itbelievable and then behave accordingly.②Cooley's concept of looking-glass sel f canhelp us understand how men and women aretaught to perf orm different social roles.③The word "intimidated" in paragraph 2 isclosest in meaning to f rightened.④The author's purpose of writing this article isto show the inf luence of messages andcommunication on people's behaviors.⑤What is the author's attitude towards thetheory of symbolic interactionism?Approving.4、Surprisingly,no one knows how manychildren receive education in Englishhospitals,still less the content or quality of thateducation.问题：①The author points out at the verybeginning that not enough is known abouthospital teaching.②What can be inferred f rom the l atestsurvey?Only one-f ourth of the hospital havef ull-time teachers.③Even i f hospital teaching is of any help,ateacher usually just keeps the children f romidling around.④What do children in hospital usually do inorder to catch up with their school work?Theyturn to their schoolmates f or help.⑤W e can conclude from the passage that theauthor is concerned with the present state ofhospital teaching.5、Jan, 6 issue-The weather outside wasicy,but inside,250journalists were gathered in aManhattan off ice complex to see the latestschemes f or rebuilding the World Trade Centerst week was the f ir st hope thatsomething good f or the city could emerge fromSeptember 11.答案：①The world "bungled"in Paragraph 2can be best replaced by spoiled.②The international competition f or newdesigns of World Trade Center was extrem elyf i erce among designers around the globe.③the passage is mainly about the schemes f orrebuilding the World Tread Center site.④It can be inf erred from the passage that inthe schemes,the designers try to of fer moreways of escaping in case of an emergency.⑤According to the passage,the most decisivefactor in the competition lies in how to treatthe street level and underground.6、A soccer referee suspended f or scoring agoal while taking charge of a game hasresigned af ter being f ound guilty of bringingthe game into disrepute by the Essex CountyFootball Association.答案：①According to the passage,savill hit theheadlines because what he had done wasagainst the law.②What is the meaning of the word"disrepute"in Paragraph 1?Bad f ame.③What does the word "it"in Paragraph 3 ref erto?The referee's goal.④Savill resigned because he didn't expect the f ootballassociation to suspend him.⑤Which of the f ollowing is true according to the passage?WhatSavill had done was quite rare among referees.7、A Census Bureau survey released Thursday shows a collegegraduate can expect to earn ＄2.1million working f ull-timebetween 25 and 64,which demographers call a typical work-li f eperiod.答案：①The phrase "students on the margins"in Paragraph 2 most probably ref ers to students who don't know whether higher education can have great inf luence on their earnings.②Most of Malecek's classmates are trying to get the most rewards from the money they have paid.③We can learn f rom the passage that college graduates in different majors usually get paid diff erently.④The best title f or this passage would be The Eff ect of Education on Lif etime Earnings.⑤The result of the Census Bureau's survey seems to be rough. 完型填空：1、Most people are aware that outdoor air pollutioncan damage their health,but many do not know thatindoor air pollution can also aff ect healthsignif icantly.Environment al Protection Agency studiesindicate that indoor levels of pollutants may be 2-5times,and occasionally more than 100 times,higher thanoutdoor levels.There are many sources of indoor air pollution in anyhousehold.These include combustion sources,productsf or home cleaning and maintenance,personal care,orhobbies;central heating and cooling systems andhumidif ication devices;and outdoor air pollution.Immediate effects may show up af t er a single exposureor repeated exposures.These include irritation of theeyes,nose,and throat ,headaches,dizziness,andfatigue.Such effects are usually short-term andtreatable.Sometimes the treatment is simply eliminatingthe person's exposure to the source of the pollution,if itcan be identif ied.Symptoms of some diseases may alsoshow up soon af ter exposure to some indoor airpollutants.Certain effects are similar to those f rom colds or otherviral diseases,so it is of ten diff i cult to determine if thesymptoms are a result of exposure to indoor airpollution.For this reason,it is important to pay attentionto the time and place the symptoms occur.If thesymptoms f ade or go away when a person is away f romhome and return when the person returns,efforts shouldbe made to identif y indoor air sources that may bepossible causes.Some effects may be made worse by aninadequate supply of outdoor air or f rom theheating,cooling,or humidity conditions prevalent in thehome.2、Amongst the most popular books being writtentoday are those which are usually classif ied as sciencef i ction.Hundreds of titles are published every year andare read by all kinds of people.Furthermore,some of themost successf ul f ilms of recent years have been basedon science f iction stories.It is of ten thought that science f iction is a f airly newdevelopment in literature,but its ancestors can be f oundin books written hundreds of years ago.These bookswere often concerned with the presentation of somef orm of ideal society,a theme which is still of ten f oundin modern stories.Most of the classics of science f iction,however,havebeen written within the last hundred years.Books bywriters such as Jules V erne and H.G Wells,to mentionjust two well-known authors,have been transl ated intomany languages.Modern science f iction writers don't write about menfrom Mars or space adventure stories.They are moreinterested in predicting the results of technicaldevelopments on society and the human mind;or inimagining f uture worlds which are a ref lection of theworld which we live in now.Because of this theirwriting has obvious political undertones.In an age where science fact f requently overtakesscience f i ction,the writers may f ind it diff icult to keepahead of scienti f ic advances.Those who are suff ici entlyclear-sighted to see the way we are going,however,mayprovide a valuable lesson on how to deal with theproblems which society will inevitably conf ront as ittries to master its new technology.3、One of the most important f eatures that distinguishreading f rom listening is the nature of theaudience.Since the writer of ten does not know who willread what he writes,he must attempt to be as clear aspossible.Time can be taken to plan the piece of writingso that it is eventually organized into some sort oflogical sequence of events or ideas.When wespeak,however,we norm ally have very little time toplan what we intend to say.Since we are actuallyaddressing our audience f ace to face we may omit someof the inf orm ation we believe our audience shares.Andthe more f amiliar we are with our audience,the moreinf orm ation we are likely to leave out.In any case theycan always stop and ask a question or ask f orclari f ication if we have l ef t out too much.Areader,however,cannot do this but can at leastattempt comprehension at his own speed;that is tosay,he can stop and go backwards or f orwards,ref erto a dictionary or just stop and rest.When we listenwe may have to work hard to sort out the speaker'sthoughts by referring backwards and f orwardswhile the speaker continues.As the speakerstruggles to organize his thoughts,he will usef illers,he will still make mistakes and repeat whathe has already said.His speech will be characterizedby a limited range of grammatical patterns andvocabulary and the use of idioms to convey somegeneral meaning quickly.It should be clear,then,thatthe listener has to take an active part in the processby ignoring the speaker's repetitions andmistakes,and by seeking out the main ideainf orm ation through recall and prediction.To keepthe process going smoothly he also has understoodwithout actually interrupting.填空1、The abstract is usually the f irst section of an academic research paper,coming af t er the title and bef ore the introduction.2、According to their f ormats,inf ormative abstracts can be classi f ied into two kinds:standard abstracts and structured abstracts.3、Reduced Abstract(缩略性摘要)'sf ormat:purpose+methods、results、conclusions.4、V erb Tense in Citations(引文当中的三种突出形式):inf ormation prominent、weak author prominent、author prominent.5、A sentence of research questions generally consists of three parts:signal word、missing inf ormation, and research topic.6、Purpose:Y ou may write the statement of purpose f rom one of the f ollowing two orientations:①the orientation towards the report itself;②the orient ation towards the research activity.7、V alue:It can be written f rom two alternative points of views:value in theory or value in practice.8、The main parts of the method(方法) section are procedures and materials,which describes the steps used in your study and the materials employed at each step.方法包含的内容：Overview i f the Experiment(also called study Design)、population of sample、Location、Restrictions or limiting Conditions、Sampling Technique、Procedures、Materi als、V ariables、Statistical Treatment.(1、2、6、7必须要有)9、The procedure is the description of the steps you f ollowed in conducting your study.10、Results:So,this section presents the f indings of the study in both f igures and text.11、Different Types of Results(数据的不同表现形式):There are generally three diff erent types of results that you may need to report,depending on the kind of study you do:Comparison、Tendency and Relationship.12、The last major section of the experimental research report is usually titled discussion (sometimes called "conclusions"). 13、Acknowledgements(致谢) are mainly used to express the author's indebtedness to those other than(除了) authors who have helped in the research by offering any usef ul materials,specimen,technical know-how,suggestions,or f inancial aid to the author. 翻译1、Y ou shouldn't have been f ollowing him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(你应该与他保持距离)。
17 细菌纤维素：自然界的“超级材料”
细菌纤维素：自然界的“超级材料”一什么是细菌纤维素？细菌纤维素（Bacterial Cellulose, BC）是一种由特定细菌（如醋酸杆菌Acetobacter xylinum）合成的天然高分子物质。
与植物纤维素不同，细菌纤维素具有更精细、更均匀的结构，表现出独特的物理、化学和生物学特性，因而在多个领域展现出巨大的应用潜力，尤其在绿色环保和可持续发展方面具有重要意义。
二细菌纤维素技术参数表参数单位技术指标/典型值说明外观- 白色、微透明薄膜或胶状细菌纤维素呈现白色或微透明的薄膜/胶体状，外观光滑、柔软，透明度较高。
纤维直径纳米20-100 nm细菌纤维素的纤维直径通常为20-100纳米，极细的纤维结构提供高强度和稳定性。
拉伸强度MPa250-350 MPa拉伸强度远高于大多数植物纤维素，适合于高强度应用。
弹性模量GPa15-25 GPa弹性模量较高，表现出较强的刚性，适用于高强度、稳定性要求的应用。
含水率%60-80%细菌纤维素具有较高的含水率，在潮湿环境中保持较好的性能。
水分保持性%80-90%细菌纤维素能够保持大量的水分，适用于湿润环境中使用。
比重- 1.5-1.6细菌纤维素的比重较低，使其易于加工和成型。
结晶度%60-85%细菌纤维素的结晶度较高，赋予其较强的结构稳定性。
抗拉伸能力N/mm²55-90 N/mm²抗拉伸性能优越，能够承受较大的外部拉力，广泛应用于各类高耐久材料中。
参数单位技术指标/典型值说明透气性cm³/m²·d·atm 3000-7000cm³/m²·d·atm具有良好的透气性，适用于透气包装、敷料和其他环境控制应用。
热稳定性°C170-210°C细菌纤维素具有较高的热稳定性，在高温环境下仍能保持性能。
pH稳定性范围pH3-9在pH 3-9范围内化学稳定，适合在不同的酸碱环境下应用。
生物与制药工程专业英语第五单元翻译
A The Microbial WorldA microbe or microorganism is a member of a large , extremely diverse , group of organisms that are lumped together on the basis of one property-the fact that, normally, they are all that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. 细菌或微生物是一个大的、极其多样化、一个性质的集合在一起的生物体。
事实上,通常情况下,他们都说他们不使用显微镜不能观察到。
The word is therefore used to describe viruses bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae: the relative sizes and nature of these are shown in Table 5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和一些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,However, there are a few exceptions for example, the fruiting bodies of many fungi such as mushrooms are frequently visible to the naked eye；equally, some algae can grow to meters in length. Generally, microbes may be considered as fairly simple organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇经常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。
托福阅读tpo67R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO67阅读-1 Crop Engineering原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Crop Engineering①Our current ability to precisely engineer crop genomes was preceded by a long history of genetic manipulation in agriculture. Human impact and its accompanying effects began early in our history at many tropical and subtropical sites around the globe. Our ancestors were omnivores, consuming whatever plant or animal material they fortuitously encountered. Even then, humans had considerable effects on the environment, reducing and even driving to extinction populations of the animal species they hunted and expanding the distribution of plants by accidentally distributing seeds as they migrated.②Humans probably first realized that seeds could yield a stable food supply through agriculture when they observed plants arising from refuse or wasteland, perhaps fruit trees growing along forest and jungle paths from discarded or defecated seeds or else vegetables sprouting in garbage dumps at temporary settlements. A more organized approach to agriculture began about eight to ten thousand years ago coincidentally at a number of locations around the globe. The most diverse farming developed in the Near East, with legumes, cereals, flax, sesame, and fruit trees. At about the same time, New World residents were growing beans, maize, squashes, and potatoes，and Asian farmers were beginning to cultivate rice.③These early domesticated crops foreshadowed the overwhelming changes contemporary agriculture has wrought in plants. Humans soon learned to separate varieties that could be grown as crops from wild types in order to prevent characteristics undesirable for cultivation from mingling with those selected for farming.Continued selection of crops with desirable characteristics increased the separation between feral (wild) and managed plants and accelerated the diminishing diversity and more limited variation found in today's crops.④The simplest way to select crops is to save seeds preferentially from plants withbeneficial traits, and the first farmers selected for large seeds and fruit, increased seed production, lack of dormancy, faster germination, higher annual yield, and reduced seed scattering. The success of this early selection resulted in an accelerating impact of agriculture on crop diversity and feral plants. Crops quickly became commodities, moved and traded over a rapidly widening area, so that many plants were distributed well beyond their previous ranges, and some throughout the globe.⑤Three phenomena have characterized the more recent impact of agriculture on Earth. The first was the increase in human population, which has doubled at shorter and shorter intervals over the last thousand years. The result was increased acreage under cultivation and a fundamental remodeling of the globe toward managed rather than wild ecosystems. By 1998 there were 3,410,523,800 acres of land under cultivation worldwide, an area larger than the United States. Entire ecosystems have disappeared, others remain but are threatened, and the sheer volume of people and area of farmland have been major forces of biological change.⑥The second event through which agriculture modified our planet was European colonization. Previously, migration and trade had moved crops between countries and continents, but the Europeans inaugurated an unprecedented dispersal of biological material worldwide. Maize, tomatoes, and potatoes were transported from the New World to the Old; wheat, rye, and barley were carried from the Old World to the New; and rice, soybeans, and alfalfa were moved from their Asian sources to every arable continent. Each of these and innumerable other introductions conveyed not only unique material but also assemblages of introduced plant pests and diseases that today cause the majority of pest-management problems around the world.⑦The third factor shaping the nature of agriculture and the environment alike is the increasing precision with which we have selected and bred crops. This acuity stemmed from many advances, but at its heart lies the work of two men—one, the English naturalist Charles Darwin, and the other, an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel. The concepts of evolution and genetics were not their work alone, but both of them were decades ahead of their colleagues in synthesizing the companion concepts of natural selection and inheritance that are at the core of all contemporary biological science and that form the substrate upon which biotechnology grew.译文作物工程①我们目前能准确设计农作物基因组的能力是由在农业中长期的基因操控得来的。
生物科学论文--开题报告
RNA 提取带来困难，当研磨是这些物质释放出来与 RNA 相互作用；
②本实验所用的样品多糖含量比较高，其理化性质和 RNA 的很相似，在沉
淀 RNA，多糖和 RNA 会一起形成难溶于水的胶状沉淀；而在去除多糖的同时
RNA 也被带走，是 RNA 的得率大大降低；
③外源 RNA 酶的污染：试剂，器械及实验环境中的 RNA 酶进入实验系统；
during fruit ripening of Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) [J]. Plant Cell Reports，2007，26(6)：837~843. [15] Tao N.G.，Xu J.，Cheng Y.J.，et al. Lycopene-epsilon-cyclase pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced in Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) [J]. Biotechnology Letters, 2005，
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Stanley Cohen,one of thefounders of modern-daybiotechnology.
According to one account,biotechnology was born during a meeting at a Hawaiiandelicatessen in 1972.The shop has long sincebeen torn down,and there is no plaque tomark biotech’s inception — but its legacylives on.And the two pioneers who met there blazeddistinct career paths that have become well trodden.Stanford medical professor Stanley Cohen andbiochemist Herbert Boyer from the University ofCalifornia,San Francisco,were in Honolulu to attend ameeting on plasmids,the ringlets ofDNA contained inbacteria.Cohen reported on the ability to introduceplasmid DNA into Escherichia coli,which allowedresearchers to propagate and clone the plasmids in thebacteria.Boyer told the meeting about his work with arevolutionary enzyme called EcoRI that could cleavethe double-stranded DNA molecule to produce single-stranded ends with identical termini.Both saw the potential for combining the twodiscoveries into what would become geneticengineering.First,use EcoRI to slice both plasmidDNA and the DNA ofchoice.Then,with the identicalDNA termini exposed,attach the DNA fragment to theplasmid DNA,and clone the whole in E.coli.The two men first discussed collaboration at a delinear Waikiki Beach.Their chat over a late-night snackled to a scientific achievement that later rocked theworld ofscience.Within a year,they had cloned DNAmolecules made by splicing together DNA fragments oftwo different plasmids,thus creating recombinant DNA.The foundations for biotechnology were established.Boyer and Cohen chose different paths,bothaffected by concerns aboutthe safety ofrecombinantDNA technology (whichwould lead in 1975 to theAsilomar conference,wherescientists,ethicists andjournalists pondered theimplications ofgeneticengineering).While Cohenstayed in academia anddefended recombinant DNA technology in UScongressional hearings,Boyersaw the potential for profit.In South San Francisco in1976,Boyer and venture-capitalist Robert Swanson set up Genentech,the
world’s first biotechnology company.Pioneers at Genentech and their collaborators atthe California Institute ofTechnology were the first to synthesize DNA in the lab.But they wanted to useE.colias a factory to synthesize mammalian proteins.Proofofprinciple had been demonstrated earlier byCohen and his colleagues at Stanford,when they usedthe bacteria to produce a functioning mouse-cellprotein.The Genentech scientists eventuallysucceeded,producing a human hormone calledsomatostatin in the bacteria — and so heralded theera ofcommercial biotechnology.The production ofinsulin and growth hormone followed soon after.In the following years,a flood ofbiotech firmsentered the scene.Harvard professor Walter Gilbertand Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology,now both Nobel laureates,set up Biogenin Geneva in 1978.Cetus,ofEmeryville,California —founded in 1971 as a ‘bioengineering company’—made the push towards biotechnology and,within tenyears,developed the polymerase chain reaction,whichamplifies DNA.Biotech firm Amgen ofThousandOaks,California,started up in 1980 with less than 50employees — it now has more than 10,000 worldwide.
SCIENCE AND JUDGEMENTGilbert,who is now a biotech start-up specialist,saysthat those who have survived in the industry madeastute predictions.The industry began with a focus onhuman proteins made in bacteria and on antibodies,hesays.It then moved on to immunological treatments forcancer,and small-molecule treatments for disease.In the1990s came a wave ofneurobiology companies,followedby a wave ofgenomics companies.“The people whomade it are the ones who guessed right,”he says.“Partly it was really good biology,but partly it wasreally good judgment about doing problems that weregoing to work,”says Leroy Hood,founder oftheInstitute for Systems Biology in Seattle,Washington.New technologies have fuelled the biotechnologyfire.Hood and Applied Biosystems,the company hefounded in 1981 in Foster City,California,came upwith the automated protein synthesizer,proteinsequencer,DNA synthesizer and DNA sequencer.Thefirst three Hood calls “sophisticated plumbing”problems,as they just involved engineering a series of
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Learning how to manipulateDNA’s double helix hasfuelled job growth inbiotechnology during the past 50 years, saysEugene Russo.
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