Oral 1
Oral Practice
Oral Practice
Oral Practice 1. 史密斯夫妇一直希望他们的孩子成为热心 的人，对那些需要帮助的慷慨地伸出援 助之手。 The Smiths have always wanted their children to become warmhearted human beings who reach out generously to those in need.
Oral Practice 15. 一个国家的货币数量影响其价格水平、 经济增长速度和劳动力市场的就业状况。 The quantity of money in a country affects the level of prices, the rate of economic growth, and the employment situation on the job market.
Oral Practice 2. 比赛需要你全身心的投入 --- 从智力上， 从情感上，从体力上。 Racing takes everything you’ve got---intellectually, emotionally, physically.
Oral Practice 3. 虽然这座大楼的结构未受到损伤，但其 表面却受损严重。
Oral Practice
13. 她加薪了，这使她对工作的态度有了很 大的变化。
She received an increase in pay and it has made a big difference in her attitude towards work.
Oral Practice 14. 他的目标是进入半决赛，如果能进入决 赛之类的话，那是他想都不敢想的。 His goal is to get into the semi finals and it would be beyond his wildest dream if he could go further than that.
冀教版九年级英语上册Lesson 1 What’s Wrong, Danny- 教学设计1
初中英语冀教版九年级Unit 1 Stay HealthyLesson 1 What’s Wrong, Danny?Teaching Content:Mastery words and expressions: fever, hospital, nurse, pain, weak, spiritOral words and expressions: Sara, I don’t feel well. / I’m not feeling well. get dressed, get a pain, have a fever.Teaching Aims:1.Talk about parts of the bodies and vocabulary related to illness and hospital.2.Teach you how to see a doctor in foreign countries.Teaching Important Points:1.See a doctor.pound Sentences.Teaching Difficult Points:Some words and expressions about the illness and seeing a doctor.Teaching Preparation: picturesTeaching Aids: audiotape, flashcards, picturesType of lesson: new lessonTeaching Procedure:Step1.Warming up.Talk about the question: How often are you ill? What is the last time that you are ill? What’s wrong with you?Let the students talk about the questions in groups. Then give a report to the class. They can make up a dialogue in pairs or in three or four.If time is not enough, you can choose several groups to perform in front of the class. Step2. Come to “THINK ABOUT IT”.This is another activity in the class. Ask some students to speak freely. This is important to the text. We can find right way to deal with the illness. When they are speaking, help them and teach them new words.Teach the words and the expressions about the illness.have a pain, have a fever, have a headache, stomach, doctor, nurseStep3. Listen to the tape and answer the following questions:1.What’s wrong with Danny?2.Does Danny have to stay in hospital?This is a difficult task for the students. If the questions are a little difficult, they can’t answer them. But we don’t have time to let them listen again.Step4. Read the text.Read the text and check the answers in listening part. Encourage the students to ask more questions about this part. Such as:When does Danny feel unwell?What does Mr. Dinosaur think of Danny’s illness?Does Danny have a fever?Is the hospital always open?Who is the doctor?What does the doctor say to Danny?Check the answers and give them enough hints to answer the questions.Step5. Act out:Act out the dialogue in front of the class. Make another dialogue to perform in the class. The roles are doctors and patients and the patients’ family membersDivide the class into several groups and act out the role-play in front of the class. Choose the best one and give them praise.Step6. Come to “LET’S DO IT”.Make up a dialogue in front of the class. When they are acting, help them when it is necessary. Teach them more new words about illness and parts of the body.Step7. Homework1.Finish off the activity book.2.Go on the next reading in the student book.Summary:Remember to teach the students to be a good person when they grow up. It is important for every tea cher in every class. When the teacher comes to “LET’S DO IT”. We must go to help the old and children in our daily life because we must have love in our hearts. Love is the forever subject in th e life. The teacher must teach them the importance of being people.。
英语oral english 6(1)
我来自北京。
我家里有六口人。
my family. I have one younger sister and
我有一个妹妹和两个哥哥。
two older brothers. We are not rich, but we
我们不富有，但是我 们
are a happy family.
是一个快乐的家庭。
h
2
New words 新单词
name /nei
call /k כ:l/ 叫（名） Chinese / ‘t∫ai’ni:z/ 中国人
people /’pi:pl/ 人们
m/ 来۸come /k
family /’fæmili/ 家庭
older sister 姐姐 younger sister 妹妹
/θik/ thick 厚的
/ðæt/ that 那个
/θi:f/ thief 贼
/ðis/ this 这个
h
7
International Phonetics
[t∫] chair teacher [ts] cats sports [tr] tree true [ei] make face
[dз] orange jeep [dz] birds friends [dr] dress draw [ai] night like
older brother 哥哥 younger brother 弟弟
happy /’hæpi/ 快乐的
富有的 /∫rich /ri t
h
3
numbers
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred one thousand
口腔颌面医学影像(1)
精品课件
4、对口腔颌面部囊肿、肿瘤和瘤样病变探查，X线 摄片、超声、CT（平扫+增强），MRI、DSA、骨扫 描（核素显像）。
5、对颌面骨折、采用X线摄片为主，如颌片、曲面 断层、华特氏位、下颌骨侧位、下颌骨开口后前 位、颧弓位。
精品课件
第一届国际牙颌面放射学术会议1968年在智利召 开，然后成立国际牙颌面放射学会。
我国解放前基本上是空白，1987年召开第一届全 国口腔放射学学术会议，成立中华医学会口腔放射学 组。
2000年在北京召开第三届亚洲口腔颌面放射学会 暨第四届全国口腔颌面放射学术会议。同时成立中华 口腔医学会口腔颌面放射专业委员会，2007年在北京 召开第十六届国际口腔颌面放射学大会，我国的国际 影响提高。
精品课件
6、对诞腺疾病
阳性结石——X线 阴性结石——诞腺造影 慢性炎症——诞腺造影 诞腺肿瘤——超声、CT、平扫+增
强、MRI
精品课件
7、对TMJ Disoders疾患一般可通过普通X线 检查如：颞下颌关节开闭口位、髁状突经 咽侧位，曲面断层片进行诊断。
精品课件
牙科放射诊断学
面骨影像、造影技术
↓ 加颌
口腔颌面放射诊断学
NMR、B超、ECT
↓ 加CT、
口腔颌面医学影像诊断学
颌面介入放射学技术
精品课件
↓ 加口腔
三、学习目的和要求
• 培养学生对口腔颌面部常见疾病和X线诊断能力。 • 熟悉口腔颌面医学影像诊断的基础知识和基本技术原理。 • 熟悉各种影像检查技术在口腔颌面部的应用特点和适应证。 • 掌握口腔颌面部常见疾病的影像学表现、诊断及鉴别诊断
现代大学英语第一册unit
听力材料的难度适中，适合大一新生水平，通过练习，学生可以逐 渐提高自己的听力水平。
Listening skills
识别关键词和关键
信息
在听力练习中，学生需要学会识 别关键词和关键信息，以便更好 地理解听力材料的主旨和细节。
理解不同口音和语
速
在英语交流中，不同地区和人群 的口音和语速可能存在差异，学 生需要学会适应不同的发音特点， 提高听力理解能力。
• Encourage students to reflect on their own experiences and perspectives, and to express their ideas and opinions confidently in both written and spoken English.
问题分析
答案解析
针对每个问题，学生应仔细分析文章内容，提取相 关信息，并运用阅读技巧进行推理和分析。
本单元的阅读理解问题主要考察学生对文章 内容的理解和推断能力，以及词汇和句子分 析能力。
答题技巧
学生在答题时应注重细节，抓住关键信息， 避免主观臆断和过度推断。同时，注意答案 的准确性和条理性。
06
解题技巧总结
总结解题技巧和方法，帮 助学生掌握正确的答题思 路和技巧，提高听力练习 的效果和效率。
04
Oral Practice
Oral tasks
Role-play
Students are required to act out different roles in a given scenario, enhancing their understanding of character and situation.
新疆地区汉族人群ORAI 1基因rs12313273多态性与尿路含钙结石关系的研究
Ｗｏｒｌｄ Ｌａｔｅｓｔ Ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ Ｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ）２０ １ ８ Ｖｏ １．１ ８ Ｎｏ．２４
论 著
新 疆 地 区汉 族 人群 ＯＲＡＩ １基 因 ｒｓ１２３１３２７３多 态性 与 尿 路
含钙结石关 系的研 究
艾 日班 ．焚合人 ，杜恒 ，邵齐 ，张云宇 ，玛沛莉 ，术 拉拢 · 合小提
ｗ ａｓ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ ｏｆ ＳｎａＰｓｈｏｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ｃｏｍ ｐａｒｅｄ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃａｓｅｓ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｓｅｒｕｍ ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ａｎｄ ２４ｈ ｕｒｉｎａｒｙ ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ｅｘｃｒｅｔｉｏｎ １ｅｖｅｌｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍ ｐａｒｅｄ ａｍｏｎｇ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅｓ ｉｎ ｂｏｔｈ ｃａｓｅ ａｎｄ ｅｃｔ ｏｆ ＯＲＡ ｌ １ Ｇｅｎｅ Ｐｏｌｙｍ ｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ Ｆｏｒｍ ａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ Ｕｒｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ ｂｙ Ｓｅｒｕｍ Ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ａｎｄ ２４ Ｈ ｏｕｒ
Ｕｒｉｎａｒｙ Ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ｏｆ Ｈａｎ Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ Ｒｅｇｉｏｎ
关 键 词 ：含钙结石 ；钙释放激活钙通道调节分子 （ＯＲ Ａ ｌ １）；多态性；汉族 中图 分 类 号 ：Ｒ９８３￣．２ 文 献 标 识 码 ：Ａ ＤＯＩ：１０．１９６１ ３／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１６７１—３１４１，２０１８．２４．００５ 本 文 引 用 格 式 ： 艾 日班 ｔ莫合太 ，杜 恒 ，邵齐 ，等 ．新疆地 区汉族人群 ＯＲＡＩ １基 因 ｒｓ１２３１３２７３多态性与尿 路含钙结石关系的研 究 口１． 世 界 最 新 医学 信 息 文 摘 ，２０１８，１８（２４）：１４—１６．
1[1](oral presentation)PPT课件
Oral Presentation 3:
不了解文化差异会产生许多问题
不了解文化差异会引发许多问题。一方面不 了解文化差异的人在与不同文化背景的生意 伙伴交流时会有障碍。 另一方面不能识别文 化差异会使相互之间难以理解。总之不了解 文化差异会导致不同国家或种族的人之间在 日常生活中产生许多误解和烦恼。
Oral Presentation:
我们应该和（心地）善良、有同情心、关心他 人、诚实、体贴的人交朋友，因为他们是真诚 的、可信赖的。因此不要只想靠礼物来赢得朋 友。结交朋友的唯一方法是成为对方的朋友。
We should make friends with those who are kind-hearted, compassionate, caring, honest and thoughtful, because they are sincere and reliable. So don’t try to win a friend with gifts only. The only way to have a friend is to be one.
Cultural Difference
1. What is cultural difference?
2. What problems may be caused by our failure to recognize cultural differences?
3. How to deal with cultural difference?
Friendship
1. What is friendship? 2. The importance of friends. 3. How to make friends and
dukoral(英文说明书)[1]
DUKORAL™Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera VaccineDESCRIPTIONThe vaccine is a whitish suspension in a single-dose glass vial. The sodium hydrogen carbonateis supplied as white effervescent granules with a raspberry flavour, which should be dissolvedin a glass of water. Each dose of vaccine is supplied with one sachet of sodium hydrogencarbonate.VACCINE:V. cholerae O1 Inaba classic strain, heat inactivated ca. 2.5 x 1010 vibriosV. cholerae O1 Inaba El Tor strain, formalin inactivated ca. 2.5 x 1010 vibriosV. cholerae O1 Ogawa classic strain, heat inactivated ca. 2.5 x 1010 vibriosV. cholerae O1 Ogawa classic strain, formalin inactivated ca. 2.5 x 1010 vibriosTotal ca. 1 x 1011 vibriosRecombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) 1 mgsodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloridewater for injection to 3 mLSODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE, one sachet (5.6 g) contains:sodium hydrogen carbonate, citric acid, sodium carbonate, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate, raspberry flavourACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYTravellers’ DiarrheaDiarrhea is the most common medical problem affecting travellers to developing countries (e.g. Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caribbean). Episodes of travellers’ diarrhea usually begin abruptly, either during travel or soon after returning home, and are generally self-limited. The most important determinant of risk is the travel destination and the type of travel (five-star accommodations vs. backpacking). Although usually mild, travellers’ diarrhea can adversely affect the quality of a vacation or the success of a business trip. Concerns about the incidence of diarrhea in high-risk destinations may also impose limitations on the travellers’ itineraries. The estimated economic impact of travellers’ diarrhea is significant.1Travellers’ diarrhea can be a debilitating illness, and may be particularly difficult to manage in remote or unfamiliar surroundings. Up to 50% of travellers from developed to developing countries can expect to have at least one episode of acute diarrhea during a 2-week stay, with 20% being confined to bed for a day.Contaminated food is the most common cause of travellers’ diarrhea, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), is most frequently associated with foodborne transmission. However, recent outbreaks of ETEC on cruise ships highlight the possibility of waterborne transmission as well.Prevention strategies for travellers’ diarrhea include 1) education about the ingestion of safe food and beverages, 2) water purification, 3) chemoprophylaxis with nonantibiotic drugs or antibiotics, and 4) vaccines.CholeraCholera is an acute bacterial infection that presents as profuse, watery diarrhea.2,3 It is associated with rapid dehydration and occasionally hypovolemic shock, which may be life-threatening.2 In its extreme manifestation, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal infectious illnesses known.3 The disease is caused by an enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. Travellers who may be at increased risk for acquiring cholera include health-care professionals working in endemic areas, aid workers in refugee camps, and perhaps those travelling in remote areas where health care is not readily available.DUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] consists of killed V.cholerae and the nontoxic recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. The vaccine acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract to induce an IgA antitoxic and antibacterial response (including memory) comparable to that induced by cholera disease itself.4 The protection against cholera is specific for both biotype and serotype. O-antigens as well as toxin B subunit will induce immunity.5 Most ETEC strains produce an enterotoxin which is structurally, pathophysiologically and immunologically similar to cholera toxin. This enterotoxin is neutralized by antibodies against cholera toxin B subunit.6,7,8 Hence, the vaccine confers protection against ETEC, as well as cholera. Protection against ETEC diarrhea and cholera can be expected about one week after the primary immunization series is completed.9Protective EfficacyIn clinical trials DUKORAL™ has been shown to protect against travellers’ diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli6,7and cholera caused by V. cholerae O1 (classical and El Tor biotypes).10,11INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USEDUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] is indicated for protection against travellers’diarrhea and/or cholera in adults and children 2 years of age and older who will be visiting areas where there is a risk of contracting travellers’ diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli or cholera caused by V. cholerae. CONTRAINDICATIONSGeneralImmunization with DUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] should be deferred in the presence of any acute illness, including febrile illness to avoid superimposing adverse effects from the vaccine on the underlying illness or mistakenly identifying a manifestation of the underlying illness as a complication of vaccine use. A minor illness such as mild upper respiratory infection is not reason to defer immunization.2Absolute ContraindicationsAllergy to any component of DUKORAL™ (see components listed in DESCRIPTION) is a contraindication to vaccination.DO NOT ADMINISTER THIS VACCINE PARENTERALLY.WARNINGSImmunocompromised persons (whether from disease or treatment) may not obtain the expected immune response.2 As with any vaccine, immunization with DUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] may not protect 100% of susceptible persons.Travellers should use care in the choice of food and water supply and use good hygienic measures.PRECAUTIONSGeneralThe possibility of allergic reactions in persons sensitive to components of the vaccine should be evaluated, if any vaccines are administered in health-care settings. Epinephrine Hydrochloride Solution (1:1,000) and other appropriate agents should be available for immediate use in case an anaphylactic or acute hypersensitivity reaction occurs. Health-care providers should be familiar with current recommendations for the initial management of anaphylaxis in non-hospital settings, including proper airway management.2Before administration, take all appropriate precautions to prevent adverse reactions. This includes a review of the patient’s history concerning possible hypersensitivity to the vaccine or similar vaccine, previous immunization history, the presence of any contraindications to immunization and current health status.Before administration of DUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’ Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] health-care providers should inform the patient, parent or guardian of the benefits and risks of immunization, inquire about the recent health status of the patient and comply with any local requirements regarding information to be provided to the patient before immunization and the importance of completing the immunization series.DUKORAL™ has not been demonstrated to protect against cholera caused by O139 Bengal strain in South Asia.Use in ElderlyDUKORAL™ has been given to persons over the age of 65 in clinical trials, but the protective efficacy has not been studied in this group.12 However, this group can be expected to be at risk of more severe disease if infected by ETEC or cholera and thereby may benefit from vaccination.Use in ChildrenDUKORAL™ has been given to children between 1 and 2 years of age in safety and immunogenicity studies, but the protective efficacy has not been studied in this age group. Therefore, DUKORAL™ is not recommended to be used in children less than 2 years of age.Use in PregnancyThe effect of DUKORAL™ on embryo-fetal development has not been assessed and animal studies on reproductive toxicity have not been conducted. The vaccine is therefore not recommended for use in pregnancy. However, since DUKORAL™ is an inactivated vaccine that is given orally, acts locally in the gut and does not replicate, in theory, it should not pose a risk to the human fetus.Depending on the epidemiological context, administration of DUKORAL™ to pregnant women may be considered after careful evaluation of the benefits and risks.Nursing MothersDUKORAL™ may be given to lactating women.Patients with Special Diseases and ConditionsDUKORAL™ can be given to HIV-infected persons. Clinical trials have shown no vaccine-associated adverse events and no change in disease clinical progression.13,14,15Drug InteractionsThe vaccine is acid labile. Food and/or drink will increase acid production in the stomach and the effect of the vaccine may be impaired. Consequently, food and drink should be avoided 1 hour before and 1 hour after vaccination.The administration of an encapsulated oral typhoid vaccine and DUKORAL™ should be separated by at least 8 hours. 2There are obvious practical advantages to giving more than one vaccine at the same time, especially in preparation for foreign travel or when there is doubt that the patient will return for further doses of vaccine. Most of the commonly used antigens can safely be given simultaneously. No increase in the frequency or severity of clinically significant side effects has been observed. The immune response to each antigen is generally adequate and comparable to that found in patients receiving these vaccines at separate times.2DUKORAL™ has been administered concomitantly with yellow fever vaccine to 55 subjects. The yellow fever antibody response was similar to that seen in the 58 subjects who received the yellow fever vaccine alone. However, no results are available to evaluate the safety of concomitant administration of the two vaccines or to evaluate the immune response to DUKORAL™ when administered with yellow fever vaccine.12 The available data is insufficient to assess the results of concomitant administration of DUKORAL™ and meningococcal vaccine.ADVERSE REACTIONSIn a clinical trial conducted in Bangladesh, 321 persons received 3 doses of DUKORAL™ [Oral, Inactivated Travellers’Diarrhea and Cholera Vaccine] and 323 received a control buffer without vaccine. Adverse events reported following the first dose are shown in Table 1. The frequency of adverse events was similar following subsequent doses. There were no significant differences between the groups. No serious adverse reactions were reported.16TABLE 1: ADVERSE EVENTS REPORTED FOLLOWING FIRST DOSETreatment GroupSymptom BS/WC* (n = 321)Control (n = 323)Abdominal Pain52(16%)45(14%)Diarrhea39(12%)34(11%)Subjective Fever13(4%)17(5%)Nausea12(4%)16(5%)Vomiting9(3%)4(1%)Hypersensitivity00Other**1(1%)1(1%)*BS/WC - Cholera Toxin, B subunit with whole cell extract.**Symptoms requiring bedrest. Complaints included headache and myalgias (1), generalized weakness and faintness (1), headache and coryza (1), and generalized weakness (1).In clinical trials conducted in Bangladesh, Peru and Sweden, gastrointestinal symptoms were reported with similar frequency in vaccine and placebo groups. No serious adverse reactions were reported.5,6,9In postmarketing surveillance gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea) and fever have been reported very rarely. Serious adverse events including headache, dizziness and dyspnoea have been reported very rarely (<1/100,000 doses distributed).12 However, no cause and effect has been established.Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists should report any adverse occurrences temporally related to the administration of the product in accordance with local requirements and to the Senior Product Safety Officer, Pharmacovigilance Department, Aventis Pasteur Limited, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada. 1-888-621-1146 (phone) or 416-667-2435 (fax).DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONThe vaccine must be administered orally. It must NOT be administered parenterally.Immunization ScheduleETEC Adults & children ≥2 yrs.Primary immunization 2 dosesBooster 1 dose after 3 monthsRepeat single booster dose every 3 months if continuing risk.Note: If the primary immunization and/or follow-up booster dose was given within 5 years, a new additional booster dose should be sufficient for renewed protection against ETEC. If >5 years has passed since the primary immunization or last booster dose, complete revaccination is recommended.Cholera Adults & children >6 yrs.Children 2 – 6 yrs.Primary immunization 2 doses 3 dosesBooster 1 dose after 2 years 1 dose after 6 monthsGeneral Instructions for Vaccine Administration1.Doses are to be administered at intervals of at least 1 week, but not greater than 6 weeks.2.If more than 6 weeks elapse between doses, the primary immunization should be re-started.3.Protection against ETEC diarrhea and cholera can be expected approximately one week after the primary immunization is concluded.4.Food and drink must be avoided for 1 hour before and 1 hour after vaccine administration.The sodium hydrogen carbonate buffer is supplied as effervescent granules which should be dissolved in a glass of water (approx. 150 mL/5 oz.). Chlorinated water may be used. The water should be at 2° to 27°C (35° to 80°F). Do not use milk, juice or other beverages.The vaccine should be mixed with the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and drunk.Children 2 to 6 years of age: half the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured away and the remaining part is mixed with the entire contents of the vaccine vial.InstructionsInspect for extraneous particulate matter and/or discolouration before use.REFERENCES1.An A dvisory Committee Statement (ACS) Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) Statement on Travellers’Diarrhea. Can Commun Dis Rep 2001;27 (ACS-3).2.National Advisory Committee on Immunization: Canadian Immunization Guide, Sixth Edition. Her Majesty the Queen in Right ofCanada, represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002.3.World Health Organization. Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2001;76:117-124.4.Holmgren J, et al. New and Improved Vaccines Against Cholera: Oral B Subunit Killed Whole-Cell Cholera Vaccines. In: NewGeneration Vaccines. Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS editors. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997:459-468.5.Begue R, et al. Community-based assessment of safety and immunogenicity of the whole cell plus recombinant B subunit oralcholera vaccine in Peru. Vaccine 1995;13:691-694.6.Peltola H, et al. Prevention of travellers’ diarrhea by oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine. Lancet 1991;338:1285.7.Clemens JD, et al. Cross-protection by B subunit whole-cell cholera vaccine against diarrhea associated with heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a large scale field trial. J Inf Dis 1988;158:372-377.8.Clemens JD, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results of one year of follow-up. J Inf Dis 1988;158:60-69.9.Jertborn M, et al. Evaluation of different immunization schedules for oral cholera B subunit whole-cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers.Vaccine 1993;11:1007-1012.10.Clemens JD, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. Lancet 1986;2(8499):124-127.11.Clemens JD, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from three year follow-up. Lancet 1990;335:270-273.12.Data on file, SBL Vaccin AB.13.Eriksson K, et al. Intestinal antibody responses to oral vaccination in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 1993;7:1087-1091.14.Lewis DJM, et al. Immune response following oral administration of cholera toxin B subunit to HIV-1-infected UK and Kenyansubjects. AIDS 1994;8:779-785.15.Ortigao-de-Sampaio MB, et al. Increase in plasma viral load after oral cholera immunization of HIV-infected subjects. AIDS1998;12:F-145-50.16.Clemens JD, et al. B subunit whole-cell and whole-cell-only oral vaccines against cholera: Studies on reactogenicity andimmunogenicity. J Infect Dis 1987;155:79-85.Vaccine Information Service: 1-888-621-1146 or 416-667-2779.Full product monograph available on request.Product Information as of February 2003.DUKORAL™ used under licence from SBL Vaccin AB.Manufactured by:SBL Vaccin AB105 21 Stockholm, SwedenImported and Distributed by:Aventis Pasteur LimitedToronto, Ontario, CanadaR0-0203Aventis P as teur。
口语教程 oral workshop1 lesson4
Lesson 4Text AWhat's the Matter with You?Welsh:Good afternoon, Dr. Dawes.Dawes:Good afternoon, Mrs. Welsh.Welsh:Please come this way,Doctor.Peter's in this room.Dawes:Well, Peter.I'm sorry you're ill. What's the matter with you?Peter:I don't know,Doctor. I'm ill.I have a headache and a stomachache.Dawes:Show me your tongue.What did you eat yesterday?Peter:Well,Doctor,I. . .Dawes:Did you eat any cake?Peter:Yes,I ate some cake.Dawes:Did you eat any ice cream?Peter:Well,yes,Iate some ice cream.Dawes: Did you eat any candy?Peter:Well,yes,I did. I ate some candy.Dawes:Young man,tell me everything you ate yesterday evening.Peter:Well, Doctor.I went to a birthday party.Dawes:I see!How many pieces of cake did you eat?Peter:Three,Doctor.Dawes:How many plates of ice cream did you eat,young man?Peter:Gosh,Doctor.I had only three plates of ice cream.John had four.Text BHow Did You lose Your Way?Mrs. Brown's old grandfather lived with her and her husband. Every morning he went for a walk in the park and came home at half past twelve for his lunch.But one morning a police car stopped outside Mrs. Brown's house at twelveo'clock, and two policemen helped Mr. Brown to get out. One of them said to Mrs. Brown, "The poor old gentleman lost his way in the park and telephoned to us for help, sowe sent a car to bring him home." Mrs. Brown was very surprised, but she thanked the policemen and they left."But, Grandfather," she then said, "you have been to thatpark nearly every day for twenty years. How did you lose your way there?"The old man smiled,closed one eye and said, "I didn'tquite lose my way. I just got tired and I didn't want to walk home! "Questions on Text B7. Read the following passage once. Underline the key words while reading and retell the story to your partner.One morning a man was crossing a narrow bridge when he saw a fisherman onthe shady bank of the deep, smooth river under him,so he stopped to watch him quietly.After a few minutes, the fisherman pulled his line in. There was a big, fat fish at the end of it.The fisherman took it off the hook and threw it back into the water. Then he put his hook and line in again. After a few more minutes he caught another big fish. Again he threw it back into the river. Then, the third time, he caught a small fish. He put it into his basket and started to get ready to go. The man on the bridge was very surprised, so he spoke to the fisherman. He said, "Why did you throw those beautiful big fish back into the water and keep only that small one?"The fisherman looked up and answered, "Small frying-pan."。
1.口腔颌面部解剖生理重点
第一章口腔颌面部解剖生理重点第一节概述口腔（Oral Cavity）前壁为唇，经口裂通向外界，后经咽门与口咽槽骨形成牙弓将口腔分为两部分，牙列与唇颊之间为口腔前庭（Oral Vestibulum）,牙列以内为固有口腔（oral cavity proper）。
口腔前庭：位于唇、颊与牙列、牙龈及牙槽骨牙弓之间的蹄铁形的潜在腔隙。
在口腔前庭各壁上，可见口腔前庭沟、上下唇系带、颊系带、腮腺导管口、磨牙后区和翼下颌皱襞。
固有口腔：口腔的主要部分，其范围上为硬腭和软腭，下为舌和口底，前界和两侧界为上、下牙弓，后界为咽门。
具有临床意义的解剖主要有腭、舌、舌系带、颌下腺导管开口和口底。
第二节牙体和牙周组织解剖1.牙位记录牙齿分类、名称及临床牙位记录法人一生中先后要长两次牙齿，即乳牙和恒牙。
乳牙20个，恒牙28~32个（图1、2）。
根据牙的形态特点和功能特性，恒牙分类中切牙、侧牙牙、尖牙、双尖牙（第一、二前磨牙），磨牙（第一、二、三磨牙）。
乳牙没有双尖牙及第三磨牙。
图1 恒牙32个图2 乳牙20个以“＋”符号将上下牙弓分为四区。
符号的水平线用以区分上下；垂直线用以区分左右。
或以a B C D分别代表各区，A代表右上区，B代表左上区，C代表右下区，D代表左下区。
恒牙用阿拉伯数字1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8代表，乳牙用罗马数字Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ代表，乳牙名称及代号见（图3），恒牙名称及代号见（图4），例如：图3 乳牙名称和代号图4 恒牙名称和代号2.牙齿的表面从外部观察，牙体由冠、牙根及牙颈三部分组成（图5）。
图5 牙齿的表面解剖名称牙根的数目：各个牙齿的牙根数目不尽相同，归纳如下。
3．牙齿组织结构牙齿由牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓四部分组成（图6）。
图6 牙齿组织结构4．乳恒牙萌出时间及鉴别要点。
幼儿6个月左右开始萌出乳牙，2－3岁时，乳牙全部萌出，共20个。
6岁时前后开始长出恒牙，脱换乳牙，12－13岁时，乳牙脱换完毕，恒牙共长出28个。