分句与合句法
分句法、合句法
英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的转换，以确保译文通顺流畅。
在进行英汉翻译时，有时我们可以把原文的整个句子结构保存下来或稍加些许改动即可。但在多数情况下，需对原句子作较大的改动以符合目的语的表达习惯。分句法和合句法就是改变句子结构的两种重要的方法。
所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。
所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。
一、分句法
（—）副词的分译
1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
--中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。
2）Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. --杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.）
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. ( adv.)
她真愿意那时已在康定。要是在平常的日子里，她早已到康定三个小时了。
Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，这是他的特点。
（二）形容词的分译
3）Buckley was in a clear minority.
巴克利属于少数派，这是明摆着的事实。
4）That region was the most identifiable trouble place.
那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家很容易看出来的。
（三）动词的分译
Radio waves have been considered radiant energy.
人们已经认识到，无线电波是一种辐射能
The maximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade. 可以预料，目前对电的最大需要量在十年内可望增加一倍。
（四）短语的分译
To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.（不定式短语）
要使之具有科学性，我们必须用实验来
验证这些公式和结论。
Owing to the resistance, a current will heat the conductor along which it is passing.(介词短语) 由于有电阻，电流会使它通过的导体发热。
Moving with greater speed, the molecules strike the walls of the container harder and harder.(分词短语)
运动速度越大，分子对容器壁的撞击就越猛烈，越频繁。
（五）非人称主语句的分译
The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.
捷报传来，举国欢腾。
Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.
音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。
(六) 长句的分译
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.(拆开定语从句)
我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要
谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。
It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句)
只要她眼睛里含情脉脉，举止里透漏着娇柔，思想里洋溢着善良和希望，这就够了。
After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers at backstage as he always does.(拆开状语从句) 他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束了以后，他提出要像往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。
讨论：拆还是不拆，这是个问题？
二合句法
既有分句，就有合句，这是英汉两种语言在词汇，语法以及修辞方面的差异造成的。相比较而言，在英译汉时，分句法比合句法更为常见。但有时候也会见到把英语的两个单句，复合句和并列句压缩糅合在一起翻译的情况。这样处理比较符合汉语语言的洗练简洁的特点，从而避免译文的拖泥带水和罗
嗦的缺点。
简单句的合译
It was on the early morning of April 2, 1989. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.
1989年4月2日清晨，飞机驾驶员在待命室接受飞行任务。
What a pleasant surprise! I shall be delighted to meet you on Friday,16th February at the International Hotel.
没想到将能于2月16日（星期五）在国际大酒店见到你。
His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.
他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滞无光，淡漠无情。
There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from Sichuan.
从全国各地来的人中有许多是四川人。
He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
主从复合句的合译
The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.
液态水受热而变成蒸汽。
It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.
那些机器必须经常上润滑油。
The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.
钢的结构和性质，视其加热程度和冷却快慢而定。
If we do a thing, we should do it well.
我们要干就干好。
It was in mid-September, and the new students attended the military training under the blazing sun.
九月中旬，新生在骄阳下军训。
Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.
家，阔别了七年的家，这个词对他是多么亲切啊！
并列句的合译
In 1844, Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
1844年恩克思与马克思相遇并成为朋友。
The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends may be delightful, but it will tend to keep us wide awake.
很晚的引人入胜的电视节目，激烈的棋赛或跟朋友热烈的聊天，往往会使人过于兴奋，久久不能入睡。
Class-work 1
Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.
The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.
Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.
Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.
Class-work 1 参考答案
Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.
－－美国人有独立的精神，有自主的权利，并为此感到自豪。
2. The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.
－－电视普及，盗版问题严重，导致了电影业的衰落。
Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter
－－由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，温差很小。
4. Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.
－－与大部分工业化国家相比，美国人休假时间短，休假次数少。
Class-work 2
The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century. Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.
New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.
Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US.
Class-work 2 参考答案
The importance of strengthening ties
between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.
－－随着新世纪的开始，加强美中关系变得越来越重要。
2. Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.
－－某些产业劳动力日益短缺，将使工人更有权利要求较高的工资。
New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.
－－纽约已经成为西方世界最具影响力的大城市之一，目前人口已达800万。
4. Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US.
－－虽然美国是个富裕的国家，但全国仍然存在着贫穷和严重的收入差别问题。
译例精选
［01] The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child．
母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。
[02] The night was chilly—it was early November．A light drizzle added to my discomfort ．
那是十一月初，夜里冷风飕飕，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。
[03] They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。04] She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen．她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。
[05] I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before．
我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。
[06] She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．
她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出
租的房子，结果并未成功。
[07] Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth．
人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。
[08] This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.
为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
[09] Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。[10] It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.
人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。
[11] He was very clean．His mind was open．
他为人单纯而坦率。
[12] There are men here from all over the country．Many of them are from the South．这里有从全国各地来的人，其中有许多是南方人。
[13] It is New Year's Day. Go and see your father.
过年了，去看看你爸爸吧。
[14] Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front.
夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。
[15] She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.
她回家去照料病重的丈夫。
[16] When I negotiate，I get nervous．When
I get nervous，I eat．
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。
[17] When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite．
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
[18] It was in mid-August，and the repair section operated under the blazing sun．
八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。[19] The time was 10：30，and traffic on the street was light．
十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。
[20] Stir and you are a dead man.
你动一下就别想活命。
分句与合句法
分句法、合句法 英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的转换，以确保译文通顺流畅。 在进行英汉翻译时，有时我们可以把原文的整个句子结构保存下来或稍加些许改动即可。但在多数情况下，需对原句子作较大的改动以符合目的语的表达习惯。分句法和合句法就是改变句子结构的两种重要的方法。 所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。
一、分句法 （—）副词的分译 1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. --中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。 2）Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. --杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.） 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. ( adv.) 她真愿意那时已在康定。要是在平常的日子里，她早已到康定三个小时了。 Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，这是他的特点。
分句法与合句法练习(1)
分句法与合句法练习: 注意以下副词，形容词和短语的分译 1.He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been there three hours ago. 他真愿那时候已在家里了。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小时了。 2.illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 3.她想会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。这是不合情理的事。 4.But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 5.但是，偶尔也会有这种情况，由于匆忙或者粗心，而造成错误，结果当天停业结算时， 有的出纳会少了钱，而另一个会多了。 6.Characteristically, Mr. Li concealed his feelings and watches and learned. 7.哈罗德先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心神领会。这是他的特点 8.He stalked away, but with a gnawing uncertainty in his breast. 9.他昂首阔步地走开，心里半信半疑，感到十分苦恼。 10.The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupant. 11.每个帐篷的内部怎样布置，要看各个居住者的性格了。 12.He was lying on his side watching her. 13.他侧身躺着，注视着她。 14.Doctors and men both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe. 15.医生们和几个男的不停地谈论一种神奇的药物，面目严肃。 16.John still smiled but his voice had a little bit of irritation in it, unusual to Rob. 17.约翰仍然面带微笑，但是不同于罗布的是他言语里面略带愤怒。 18.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally. 19.他来到华盛顿时，就国际形势而言，是个好时机。 20.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 21.他没有遵守安全守则从而导致机器出了事故。 22.As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity... 就住而言，它还需要改进。作为一个新型的革命飞机，它是一个极好的秘密训练基地，因为它地势偏远，有效地掩盖了飞机飞行活动。 翻译下列定语从句， 23.He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. 24.他竟然奇迹般种出了200个西红柿，每个重达2英镑。 25.There was something original，independent，and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them。 26.这个计划里有新颖，独立，英勇的想法，他们非常满意。 27.My assistant，who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment， could not obtain satisfactory results，because he followed them mechanically。 28.在未做实验之前，我的助手认真的读了说明，但是却没得到满意的结果，因为他只是机 械性的照搬。 29.The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands。 30.帝国主义国家为了镇压和剥削遥远地区的人们，保持了大量巨大的军队和海军。
分句、合句法翻译
第四章分句、合句法 教学目的：让学生了解如何运用分句、合句译法 重点、难点：单词和复合句的分句、合句译法 方法：讲解、提问、讨论 教学步骤 分句、合句法 定义 分句法---把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 合句法---把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。分句法 把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。副词 The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achiev ements. 译文：中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。 Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can Possibly get here in the United Stated. 译文：我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 译文：他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been the re three hours ago. 译文：他真愿那时候已在家里。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小时了。 Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle s olution. 译文：她满想会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。这是不合情理的事。 But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes we re made, so that at the end of the business day one teller wo uld be short on cash, the other long. 译文：但是，偶尔也有这种情况，由于仓促匆忙或者粗心大意而造成错误，结果当天停业结算时，有的出纳会短了现金而另一个却会多了现金。 形容词 Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of h i s policy of “self-reliance”. 译文：毛主席在谈到他的“自力
第一节 分句、合句法练习
第四章英语句子的翻译 第一节分句、合句法 练习题 1.The men were sorry, but did not know how to say they were sorry.（合句法） 2.Only a person who has fought in the woods knows what a radio means. （合句法） 3.He didn’t want to revolt against the authority of the Church. He didn’t want to make trouble. （合句法） 4.There’s a man downstairs who wants to see you. （合句法） 5.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. （合句法） 6.What if she was mistaken and nothing could save the young plants?（分句法） 7.You cannot legally conclude a peace treaty with West Germany alone. （分句法） 8.These pure verbal artifices do not change the essence of the matter. （分句法） 9.We were late getting home, and in the relief of seeing us Mother forgot to ask any question. （分句法） 10.Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder. （分句法） 11.She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. （合句法） 12.How was he to distract them from what was happening overhead? （合句法） 13.Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention. （分句法） 14.We began selecting our people and took only those who had their own guns. （合句法） 15.We built a huge bonfire. （分句法） 16.It burns the throat like vinegar! （分句法） 17.They properly have to be very factual. （分句法） 18.A few things were evident. He had been an actor. He had a name. He was well regarded by his fellow actors, for they signed photographs that they gave him. He had stamped the boards before great audiences and his resounding voice was still with him. （合句法） 19.I tried vainly to put the pieces together. （分句法） 20.“It’s very bad, madam, obviously.”（分句法） 21.He expected, not unnaturally, that his father would help him. （分句法） 22.That is a NATO matter and any comment on it should appropriately come from NATO. （分句法） 23.The young are admittedly better educated and not so dependent on their parents. （分句法） 24.“An unhappy alternative is before you…Elizabeth…”（分句法） 25.The President gave Victor Henry a hearty handshake, his grip warm and damp. （分句法） 26.Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassen’s firm handshake. （分句法） 27.She is very busy at home. // She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. （合句法） 28.Darkness fell. // An explosion shook the earth. // It did not shake his will to go to the front. （合句法） 29.Her father became the mayor of the city. // He was a murderer in the Second World War. （合句法） 30.Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books. （分句法） 31.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. （分句法） 32.It is necessary that he (should) speak. 33.There on the snow was a newspaper. She unfolded it. It looked familiar. It was The Times. （合句法） 34.On the surface, then; all was well that ended well. 35.Personally, I see no objection to your leaving at once. （分句法） 36.Briefly, there is nothing new in his story. （分句法） 37.Surely I have met you before somewhere. （分句法） 38.Curious, we looked around for other guests. （分句法） 39.His visit gave me a pleasant surprise. （分句法） 40.Indeed, they were defeated, but it was victorious defeat. （分句法） 41.Sometimes, to his delight, he was allowed to take short trips outside Charleston Harbor. （分句法） 42.All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election, with the exception of persons deprived of these rights by law. （分句法） 43.The lion eats the zebra that eats the grass. 44.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves. 45.Such fear is not as far-fetched as it may seem. 46.They prolonged the clasp for the photographer, exchanging smiling words. （分句法） 1
考研英语长难句翻译技巧之分句、合句汉译技巧
考研英语长难句翻译技巧之分句、合句 汉译技巧 英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。英语语言文学是外国语言文学下属的一个二级学科。英语是联合国工作语言之一，是世界上最通用的语言，也是我国学习人数最多的外语语种。英语语言文学是我国设置最早的外语专业之一。 英语语言学的发展趋势体现了语言学的发展趋势，具体表现为以下特点：由纯描写性研究转向以解释为目的的研究，由侧重英语本身特点的孤立研究转为侧重语言普遍性的比较研究，由侧重语言形式的研究转为形式和语义并重的研究，由对语言结构的研究扩展到对语言的习得、功能和应用的研究，由对英语的语音、词汇、语法、历史、方言等传统领域的研究发展到对英语的各个方面及相关领域的全面研究。目前英语语言学的主要分支学科包括音位学、形态学、句法学、文体学、历史语言学；语言学的其他主要分支学科，如语义学、语用学、话语分析、篇章语言学应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学等，也主要基于对英语的研究。采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；所谓合名，就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个简单句。英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译文达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，一篇洋洋洒洒400单词的英语阅读中，除了单词，还有一些不起眼的东西—标点符号—其实对于我们理解文章，做对题目都有很大的帮助，今天，跨考教育英语教研室刘正锋老师就跟大家八一八考研阅读中的起重大作用的特殊标点符号。其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。运用这种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明，更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。分句翻译的技巧共分五种类型，合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。 1、主语分句汉译技巧。 A man spending twelve days on the moon would find, on returning to the earth, that a year had passed by already. 一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天，回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。 2、谓语分句汉译技巧。 It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere. 不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。 3、定语分句汉译技巧 He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. 他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。 4、状语分句汉译技巧
homework(分合句法兼容)
Homework (分句合句法) 1.This design with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best. 2.He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with. 3．They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship. 4.She was born in a very small town. The town is in the north of China near the sea. 5. It was midnight, and there were few people on the street. 6.They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more furiously throughout the country. 7.She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 8.You will supply financial power, and we’ll supply man power. Isn’t that fair and square? 9.瘾君子对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌视而不见，真是不可救药。 10.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。 11.The night, clear and starry, sparkled darkly, and the opaque, lightless shifting patches slowly against the low stars were the drifting islets. 12.Those who judged of his ultimate success by the failure of his first attempt were agreeably disappointed. 13.The wheels scooped up stones which hammered ominously under the car. 14.The inside of each room depended on the personality of its occupants. 15.他用辛辛苦苦积攒了五年的钱买了一架照相机。然后，他带着它走遍全国，拍摄了许多 祖国名胜古迹的照片。 16.我国人口众多，人均资源有限，资金不足。发展精加工高附加值的产品出口，是今后扩 大出口的一个关键。 17.中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为 山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 18.If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely —a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.