2010年专八真题点评(王长喜)

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PARTⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION

Paralinguistic Features of Language

In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tones of voices or change their physical posture in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.

I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features

A. (1) : to express attitude or intention

B. examples

1. whispering: need for secrecy

2. breathiness: deep emotion

3. (2) : unimportance

4. nasality: anxiety

5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy

II. Second category: physical paralinguistic features

A. facial expressions

1. (3)

— smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome

2. less common expressions

— eyebrow raising: surprise or interest

— lip biting: (4)

B. gesture

Gestures are related to culture.

1. British culture

— shrugging shoulders: (5)

— scratching head: puzzlement

2. other cultures

— placing hand upon heart: (6)

— pointing at nose: secret

C. proximity, posture and echoing

1. proximity: physical distance between speakers

— closeness: intimacy or threat

— (7) : formality or absence of interest

Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) -specific.

2. posture

— hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9)

— direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude

3. echoing

— definition: imitation of similar posture

— (10) : aid in communication

— conscious imitation: mockery

中间

Paralinguistic features of languages

Good morning, everyone. Today we’ll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, we’ll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may

wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called “paralinguistic features of language”. These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body.

Now, the first category is what we call “vocal paralinguistic features”. (1)Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. (2)The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tones of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.

Now, let’s come to the second category— physical paralinguistic features which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me cite some brief examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel or what we need. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First,facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning. (3)We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eye-brows —suggest that you are surprised or interested in something. (4)Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something; compressing the lips, which shows that you are making decisions; and a visible clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too.

The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings. Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to say, different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. (5)In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I don’t care”, or “I don’t know”. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are bored.Waving can mean welcome and farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. (6)In other cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth.Pointing your finger at your nose means it’s a secret.That’s why we say that gestures are culture bound.

The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent.Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers.

(7)But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, I’d like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another.

(8)And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations, such as an informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back, shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. (9)Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact changes the nature of interaction, and can been seen as either open or challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. (10)When two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same posture, as if in imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manner. When used in this way, echoing appears to complement the verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is mocking at another speaker.

Ok, i n today’s lecture,we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as tone of voice, gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic features of language, like grammar or vocabulary, are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face-to-face encounters. In

our next lecture, we’ll watch some video material and see how people actually use paralinguistic means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.

tones of voice信息辨认

【解析】这篇讲座主要介绍副语言特征。作者首先谈到副语言特征分为两大类，第一类即是语音特征。其定义是V ocal features are actually tones of voice…they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way，即语音特征是指语调在某种方式上能够表达态度或意愿。故本空应填入tones of voice。

2.【答案】huskiness信息辨认

【解析】作者在介绍语音特征时举了五个例子，这里考查的是第三个例子。由The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance可知，本题答案为huskiness”粗哑声”。

3.【答案】universal signals/ universal expressions信息辨认

【解析】在介绍过语音特征之后，作者紧接着提到第二类副语言特征，即肢体的副语言特征。作者首先介绍了面部表情，举例时首先提到微笑是一种universal signal of pleasure or welcome，然后列举了”not be so common”的面部表情，即less common expressions，因此本题与less common expressions相对，所以答案是universal signals或universal expressions。

4.【答案】thinking or uncertainty信息辨认

【解析】在介绍面部表情时，作者说biting your lip暗示you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something。根据要求，填入的单词不能超过3个，并且所填词应为名词形式，故答案为thinking or uncertainty。

5.【答案】lack of interest/ indifference信息转述

【解析】介绍了面部表情之后，作者随后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第二类：姿势。举例时作者提到In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I don’t care”, or “I don’t know”，本空应该填入名词（短语），因此将I don’t care转述为lack of interest或indifference。

6.【答案】truth/ honesty信息辨认

【解析】作者在介绍其他文化中一些动作所代表的含义时提到将手放在心上表示you are telling the truth，故本空可直接填入truth，也可填入honesty。

7.【答案】distance信息辨认

【解析】作者最后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第三个方面。第7空应该与closeness相对应，据此推测答案为distance。录音中的But distance may show formality, or lack of interest印证了推测。

8.【答案】situation信息辨认

【解析】作者提到proximity与个人的行为方式和文化都有关系（both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound），然后又补充说距离近在某些场合是合适的，而在另一些场合却又是不合适的，因此proximity还与场合有关，答案为situation。

9.【答案】mood信息转述

【解析】作者提到hunched shoulders and a hanging head预示着一个人是否高兴（whether the person is happy or not），也就是预示着人的心情，故此处填mood。

10.【答案】unconscious echoing/ unconscious similar posture信息辨认

【解析】讲座中提到模仿行为对交流有辅助作用的前提是used in this way，这显然指前面提到的无意识的模仿，因此空处应该填unconscious echoing或unconscious similar posture。

nowadays Americans cannot turn on the television or read a newspaper without seeing the word pop up somewhere as a description of American demographic. Then what is this diversity in the U.S.? Today we are very pleased to have Dr. James Johnson here on our talk show. Welcome, Dr. Johnson.

M: Thanks.

W: Dr. Johnson, we know you have done an extensive research on diversity. So what is … how do you define diversity in the American context?

M: Well, at one time, the U.S. was called “a melting pot”, you know, which means that people of many different religions, cultures and races could shed their traditional cultural identities and blend into one homogeneous nation.

W: Am I right in saying that a melting pot will emphasize the idea of all in one or being the same? M: Yes, you may say so. Umm, of course, when the phrase “melting pot” was popular, there was also the idea of being different, But being different then simply meant Catholic as opposed to Protestant, or Irish as opposed to Swedish or Italian.

W: Has the idea of being different changed over the years?

M: Yes, of course. [1]You see today we use the word “diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic differences —Asian American, African American and Latino, for instance. And religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not merely different branches of Christianity. W: And now is America as a whole truly diverse country?

M: Well, I think, in all this talk of diversity, there is a critical point that may be missed. That is,

[2]diversity is not occurring everywhere in the U.S., or at least not to a degree that would alter

the demography of every region in the country.

W: Oh, really?

M: I can give you an example. Recently, a New York Times’article describes the town of Selinsgrove in Pennsylvania. You see, in the last ten years, things have barely changed in that town. The population has dropped by one from 5,384 to 5,383, and the town remains virtually 100% white. The article thus concludes that [2]many portions of the country remain, like Selinsgrove, virtually unchanged on the march towards diversity.

W: So regions vary in terms of the degree and types of diversity?

M: That’s correct. Let’s see, there are 3 types of diversity in the U.S. and they differ from region to region.

W: Could you elaborate on that?

M: OK. The first is the racial diversity. States with the most racially diverse populations stand in stark contrast to those with the least racially diverse populations. Umm, let’s look at two states, California and Maine. [3]From 1990 to 2000, California’s Caucasian population —meaning non-Hispanic whites —declined from 57% to 48%. By 2025, it is predicted, that figure will drop to just 34%, which indicates a future change in the racial composition of California. On the contrary, Maine’s Caucasian population was 98% of its total population throughout the 1990s. And by 2025, Maine’s population will still be 97% Caucasian, which means virtually no change in Maine’s racial diversity over the next 20 or so years.

W: This shows that racial diversity is not occurring everywhere. Then what about other types of diversity?

M: Right. The second type of diversity is age diversity. And there’re some interesting age gaps developing between states. For example, there is a large gap between the average age of the 5 stages with the youngest populations, and the 5 states with the oldest populations. This, of course, is well-know. What is less discussed is the difference between the racial makeup of the younger and older populations. [4]Most of the populations having the greatest racial diversity are younger on average than the populations with greater Caucasian representation. It is also well-know that Caucasians tend to be more affluent than other ethnic groups on average. In our pay-as-you-go Social Security system, workers are taxed to pay the benefits of retirees, so this could lead to a future, where wealth is systematically redistributed from younger, poorer minorities, to older, wealthier whites.

W: This is a very interesting point. Then what is the third type of diversity in the U.S.?

M: The third is religious diversity. Immigration from India, Pakistan and the Middle East brought

radically increasing numbers of Hindus and Muslims to the US. And Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and other Asian immigrants increase the numbers of Buddhists.

W: Oh, I see.

M: [5]But the point is that these religions didn’t settle everywhere. They settled mainly in Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Minneapolis. From 1990 to 2000, the number of Muslims in New York City grew from 600,000 to nearly one million. In the Los Angles area, there are now more than 300 Buddhist temples.

W: [2]So we see that many parts of the U.S. are truly becoming more diverse, while at the same time, others are centrally remaining the same in terms of race, age and religion.

M: Yes, that is true.

W: Ok, Dr. Johnson, thank you very much for coming on the show and talking to us.

M: My pleasure.

diversity means

[A] merging of different cultural identities.

[B] more emphasis on homogeneity.

[C] embracing of more ethnic differences.

[D] acceptance of more branches of Christianity.

【解析】选[C]。在讲diversity的含义之前，Dr Johnson提到了a melting pot的含义。[A]与[B]均是 a melting pot的含义，故排除。由…today we use the word “diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic differences可知，[C]为答案，diversity指的是更多的种族差异。由religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not merely different branches of Christianity可以判断[D]错误。

2. According to the interview, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

[A] Some places are more diverse than others.

[B] Towns are less diverse than large cities.

[C] Diversity can be seen everywhere.

[D] American is a truly diverse country.

【解析】选[A]。在回答“美国现在是不是一个真正多样化的国家”的问题时，Dr Johnson 说“多样化并不发生在美国的各处，至少没有达到改变国家每一地区的人口状况的程度”。据此判断[C]与[D]皆错误。后面以美国宾夕法尼亚州Selinsgrove镇为例，说明美国一些地区在向diversity进军时几乎没有发生变化，故[A]是对的，这也可以从最后女士的总结中得到验证。Dr Johnson没有明确说明小镇比大城市的差异程度小，排除[B]。

3. According to Dr Johnson, which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeup by 2025?

[A] Maine.

[B] Selinsgrove.

[C] Philadelphia.

[D] California.

【解析】选[D]。录音中提到加利福尼亚州在1990-2000年间，白人人口比例从57%降到48%，预计到2025年会降至34%，而缅因州的白人人口比例在整个90年代保持在98%，到2025年会达到97%，几乎未发生变化。因此加利福尼亚州在2025年之前人种变化是最大的，答案选[D]。

4. During the interview Dr Johnson indicates that

[A] greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.

[B] both older and younger populations are racially diverse.

[C] age diversity could lead to pension problems.

[D] older populations are more racially diverse.

【解析】选[A]。根据“大多数有着最大民族差异性的人群要比有着较大的白人比例的人群年轻”可以反向推出，年轻的人群中民族差异现象更为明显，故[A]为答案。

【点睛】[A]、[B]、[D]三项均说的是“younger populations 和older populations 中，哪个民族

差异更大”，三项互相矛盾并涉及所有可能的情况，故其中之一为答案，[B]项可直接排除。

5. According to the interview, religious diversity

[A] was most evident between 1990 and 2000.

[B] exists among Muslim immigrants.

[C] is restricted to certain places in the US.

[D] is spreading to more parts of the country.

【解析】选[C]。Dr Johnson 最后谈到religious diversity 时说…these religions didn ’t settle

everywhere. They settled mainly in Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities …，

所以说，宗教差异主要局限于几个城市，[C]正确，[D]错误。

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

NEWS ITEM ONE

【听前预测】四个选项中有三项与cell phone (wallet phone)有关，据此可以预测，本则新闻

[B]。信息综合题。新闻一开始就谈到日本将向海外市场积极推广移动技术，

尤其是颇具人气的手机钱包。后面还具体介绍了这种技术的原理和应用，因此答案为[B]。

NEWS ITEM TWO

【听前预测】由题干中的inflation ，current inflation rate ，Zimbabwe 可以预测，该新闻可能

升，达到世界最高，然后提到尽管政府采取了价格调控（despite the government ’s price

controls ），通货膨胀率仍从五月的2,200,000%猛升。答案显然为[C]。

8.【解析】选[A]。信息辨认题。抓住题干关键词Kingdom Bank 捕捉到…Kingdom Bank, said

the country ’s inflation rate was now more than 20 million percent ，因此答案选[A]。

NEWS ITEM THREE

【听前预测】由选项及题干中的A big fire ，Helicopters ，taken to hospital ，likely cause 可以

9.【解析】选[D]。信息推断题。新闻首句提到埃及议会发生火灾，五人因为吸入浓烟而被

送往医院，据此排除[A]与[C]。由新闻提到的While firefighters focused on one corner of the

building, the blaze burned heavier on the second corner, spreading to the second floor 可知，火势

蔓延至二楼，因此[D]说法正确，为答案。录音中提到直升机是用来从尼罗河里取水的，而

不是用来疏散人群，[B]错误。

10.【解析】选[A]。信息转述题。新闻提到政府当局排除了恐怖活动的可能性，称很可能是

电子短路引起的大火。[A]为答案，short-cut 同义替换了录音中的short-circuit 。

Para.1指出加尔各答仍然有大量人力车存在。

Para.2—Para.4阐述加尔各答人力车的用途以及人力车夫的生活状况。

Para.5—Para.7指出人们对政府取消人力车的计划意见不一，政府也难以出台相应政策。

Among the great cities of the world, Kolkata (formerly spelt as Calcutta), the capital of India’s West Bengal, and the home of nearly 15 million people, is often mentioned as the only one that still has a large fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws.

[11]Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. It’s the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws — not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service. [11]Proprietors of cafes or corner stores send rickshaws to collect their supplies. The rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are school children. Middle-class families contract with a puller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a family retainer.

From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains. During my stay it once rained for about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods cou ldn’t be reached by motorized vehicles, and the newspapers showed pictures of rickshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers’ waists. When it’s raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, “When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws.”

While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. [12]Among India’s 20 largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a few hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from.

[12]Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera— a combination of garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the rickshaw and [12]an occasional 75 or more for a payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. [13]A 2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income, doing better than only the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar.

[14]There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata’s Telegraph—Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academic who still writes history books — told me, for instance, that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road. “I refuse to be carried by another human being myself,” he said, “but I question wheth er we have the right to take away their livelihood.” Rickshaw supporters point out that when it comes to demeaning occupations, rickshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata.

When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government’s plan to rid the city of rickshaws was based on a genuine interest in his welfare, he smiled, with a quick shake of his head —a gesture I interpreted to mean, “If you are so na?ve as to ask such a question, I will answer it, but it is not worth wasting words on.” Som e rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent end of their livelihood and pinned their hopes on being offered something in its place. As migrant workers, they don’t have the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata’s sidewalk hawkers, who, after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the sidewalks, selling absolutely everything — or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas. “The government was the government of the poor people,” one sardar told me. “Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.”

But others in Kolkata believe that rickshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment delegations —or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they’re supplanted by more modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal official

to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. [16]Kolkata, a resident told me, “has difficulty letting go.” One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated.

“Which option has been chosen?” I asked, noting that the report was dated almost exactly a year before my visit.

“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.

“When will it be decided?”

“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.

11. According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the following EXCEPT

[A] taking foreign tourists around the city.

由第二段第一句Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists.可知，那里的人力车不是用来拉着游客绕城游览参观的，故[A]错，为答案。

[B] providing transport to school children.（第二段最后两句明确指出人力车最稳定的客户是学生，中产阶级家庭让车夫负责接送孩子上下学，故[B]表述的是人力车的一种用途，排除。）

[C] carrying store supplies and purchases.（第二段倒数第三句表明[C]正确，排除。）

[D] carrying people over short distances.（第二段第二句和第三句指出经常使用人力车的人是住在巷子里的人，他们常常要穿过小巷去较近的地方，故[D]也可排除。）

12. Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers from Bihar?

[A] They come from a relatively poor area.（第四段第二句提到比哈尔邦在印度的20个最大的邦中排在最后，并且在过去的五年中有四年都是如此，故比哈尔邦属于最贫穷的地区，而不是相对贫穷的地区，[A]错。）

[B] They are provided with decent accommodation.（与第四段第四句和第五句矛盾。）

[C] Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.

第四段第四句和第五句提到这些来自比哈尔邦的人力车夫在加尔各答或露宿街头或在人力车里过夜，或者每月付100卢比住进dera。再结合倒数第二句提到的“人力车夫的收入基本位于加尔各答各职业收入排名的最后，只强于乞丐”，可以推断出，这些人力车夫的生活水平很低。[C]符合文意。

[D] They are often caught by policemen in the streets.（原文中是occasional，不是often，故[D]错。）

13. That “For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar”(4th paragraph) means that even so,

[A] the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.（与第四段最后一句中的still逻辑不符。）

[B] the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.

第四段倒数第二句指出，人力车夫的收入在加尔各答各职业收入中几乎排在最后，只强于乞丐。末句中的still表示转折，表明，尽管人力车夫的收入非常低，但对于没有土地，没受过教育的人来说，仍然胜过在比哈尔谋生。[B]符合文意。

[C] the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.（绝对项，可排除。）

[D] the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.（绝对项，可排除。）

14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware people

[A] hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.

第五段第一、二句提到一些受过教育、有政治意识的人因为某种原因不坐人力车，同时他们又不积极禁止人力车。因此可以说，他们对人力车怀有矛盾的心理，[A]为答案。

[B] strongly support the ban on rickshaws.（与第五段第二句矛盾。）

[C] call for humanitarian actions for rickshaw pullers. （文中未说这些人呼吁针对人力车夫的人道行为，排除。）

[D] keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws.（由第五段第二句以及第五段所举的

Rudrangshu的例子可以看出，一些受过教育、有政治意识的人不赞成禁止人力车，keep quiet 表述有误。）

15. Which of the following statements conveys the author’s sense of humor?

[A] “…— not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.” (2 paragraph)（该句说的是乘坐人力车的人的状况：不是穷人，但也比穷人强一点，这是事实陈述。a notch above sb.是“比某人高一等”的意思。）

[B] “…, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera.” (4 paragraph)（这句话是说参观了dera之后才知道住进dera价格为什么会便宜，这表明dera的居住条件糟糕，是事实陈述。）

[C] Kolkata, a resident told me, “ has difficulty letting go.” (7 paragraph).（引用一个加尔各答居民的话表明加尔各答很难禁止人力车营运，是事实陈述。）

[D] “…or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas.” (6 paragraph)

该句说小贩们在下雨天除了雨伞什么都卖，这不禁让人笑出声来，充分体会到作者的幽默感。

16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passage seems to suggest

[A] the uncertainty of the court’s decision.（由第七段第四句和第五句可以看出，人力车禁令迟迟不出台的原因很复杂，但不是由法庭决策的不确定性、政府的低效或处理选项缓慢造成的。）

[B] the inefficiency of the municipal government.（同[A]解。）

[C] the difficulty of finding a good solution.

文章的最后几句是作者与一位城市官员的对话。在这段对话之前，作者引用一位市民的话说“Kolkata…has difficulty letting go”。一般情况下，细节是为观点服务的，据此推断，作者与城市官员的对话是为了说明Kolkata…has difficulty letting go，也就是说加尔各答要找到一个好的禁止人力车营运的办法是很难的，[C]为答案。

[D] the slowness in processing options.（同[A]解。）

(用力)拖，拉

a notch above Fig. a little higher in quality than someone or something高人一等，略胜一筹proprietor n. someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business所有人，业主，经营者retainer n. a servant or an attendant, especially one in the household of a person of high rank侍从；仆人；雇员

torrential a. flowing heavily or in large quantities奔流的；猛烈的；汹涌的

gross vt. to earn as a total income or profit before deductions获得…总收入(或毛利) humanitarian a. marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare人道主义的，博爱的

demeaning a. lacking dignity降低身份的，有辱人格的

resign vt. to submit (oneself) passively; accept as inevitable顺从，听任；放弃，辞去imminent a. about to occur; impending即将发生的，临近的，逼近的

clout n. power or influence, esp. in politics力量，影响；影响力

clog vt. to obstruct; block up 塞满，阻塞

supplant vt. to displace and substitute for (another) 取代；排挤

conveyance n. a means of conveying, especially a vehicle for transportation运输工具，交通工具；运送，运输

rehabilitate vt. to help (a person) to readapt to society or a new job, as by vocational guidance or retraining（通过就业指导、职业培训等）帮助人重新适应社会或新工作；改造；修复

【参考译文】

加尔各答是印度孟加拉邦的首府，有近1500万人。在世界各地的大城市中，加尔各答是人们常常提到的唯一一个仍然有大量人力车的城市。

[11]人力车不是用来拉着游客游览。住在小巷的人最经常使用人力车，他们不是穷人，但也只是比穷人强一点。他们常常要穿过小巷去较近的地方，这些小巷有时候即使最大胆的出租车司机也无法开进去。例如，一位老妇人可以坐人力车去市场采购，让车夫等候她从不同摊位采购回来，然后把购买的东西装上车带回家。住在小巷的人们将人力车当作24小时服务的救护车来用。[11]咖啡馆的老板或住宅区商店的店主让人力车运回他们进的货。人力车夫告诉我，他们最稳定的客户是学生。中产阶级家庭与车夫签订合同，负责接送孩子上下学，车夫实质上变成了一个家庭的侍从。

每年6月至9月的这段时间里，加尔各答下暴雨。我在加尔各答的时候，有一次降雨持续了大约48小时。机动车辆无法到达附近的任何一个地方，报纸上的图片显示人力车夫在水中艰难地行进，水位已经到达他们的腰部。下雨时，人力车夫正常的客户群增加很多，价格也一样提高不少。加尔各答的一位作家告诉我：“下雨的时候，甚至总督都坐人力车。”

我在加尔各答的时候，一本名为《今日印度》的杂志公布了一年一度的根据富裕程度和基础设施的印度各邦的排名。[12]在印度的20个最大的邦中，比哈尔邦排在最后，在过去五年中有四年排名垫底。比哈尔邦位于加尔各答以北几百英里，绝大多数人力车夫来自那里。

[12]一旦到了加尔各答，他们或露宿街头或在人力车里过夜，或者住在dera，那是由被称为萨达尔的人运营的一种车库、修理车间和宿舍的结合体。为了住进dera，车夫每月支付100卢比（约合2.50美元），如果你没见过dera，这听起来像是一个不错的生意。他们每天毛收入100至150卢比，其中要花去20卢比用于支付人力车使用费，[12]偶尔他们在穿越禁止人力车通过的街道时被警察拦住，他们还会花75卢比或更多的钱。[12][13]2003年的一项研究发现，人力车夫的收入基本位于加尔各答各职业收入排名的最后，只强于乞丐。但是对于没有土地，也没有受过教育的人来说，那仍然强于生活在比哈尔邦。

[14]在加尔各答，有些人，特别是受过教育、有政治意识的人不坐人力车，因为他们想到由另一个人拉着会感到不舒服，或者认为这与自己的社会地位不般配，或者因为他们把人力车看作殖民主义的余孽。具有讽刺意味的是，这些人当中的一些人并不对禁止人力车热心。比如，加尔各答《电讯报》社论版编辑Rudrangshu原来是一位学者，现在他还在撰写历史书籍，他告诉我，支持人力车继续出现在路上是出于人道主义的考虑。“我自己拒绝由另一个人拉着，”他说，“但是我怀疑我们是否有权利剥夺他们的谋生手段。”支持人力车的人指出，当提到低贱的职业时，人力车夫这个行业在加尔各答并不是唯一的。

当我问一位人力车夫他是否认为政府计划取消人力车是真正考虑到他的福利时，他微微一笑，很快摇了摇头，这一举止我理解为，“如果你天真地提出这样一个问题，我会回答，但它真不值得浪费口舌了。”我碰见的一些人力车夫接受了他们的生计即将结束的现状，寄希望于政府为他们提供某种东西作为替代。作为流动工人，他们甚至不享有加尔各答的人行道小贩都享有的政治影响力。据称，小贩们的规模在现代化建设初期被缩减，但现在他们仍然堵塞人行道，出售一切物品——或者说，正如我在下雨的那48小时内所发现的，他们出售除了雨伞之外的所有物品。“政府过去是穷人的政府，”一个萨达尔告诉我，“现在他们同资本家握手，试图摆脱掉穷人。”

但在加尔各答也有人认为人力车将会更严格地局限于某些街道——这是出自世界银行交通顾问公司和加利福尼亚州投资代表团的观点——或者说人力车将被允许自然消失，因为它们可以由更多的现代交通工具取而代之。Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee不是第一位说人力车将在几个月内从加尔各答街头消失的孟加拉邦高官。类似的声明早在1976年就出现过。Bhattacharjee颁布的禁令已被一件诉讼案件和普遍认为应该向人力车夫提供再培训或社会保障的观点而拖延。禁令延期也可能因为人们沉默着不愿放弃一个多世纪以来已经成为城市构造的一部分的某种东西。[16]加尔各答的一位居民告诉我：“加尔各答很难舍弃人力车。”有一天一个城市官员递给我一份政府报告，该报告列出了如何帮助人力车夫重新适应新工作的几种选择。

“哪个选项已被选中？”我问，注意到该报告的日期几乎是在我访问的一年之前。

“还没有确定，”他说。

“什么时候确定？”

“还没有定，”他说。

Para.1—Para.2指出美国富人经常不用排队，排队只限于没钱的普通美国人。

Para.3—Para.6列举了在一些场合美国人插队的事例。

Para.7—Para.9指出政治家偶尔与民众一起排队是别与用心的。

Para.10—Para.14将美国人分成两类：不用排队的大人物和缺乏耐心但又不得不排队的人。

Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts).

[17]The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers (people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.

Airports resemble France before the Revolution: [18]first-class passengers e njoy “élite” security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jetway.

At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. [18]This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.

Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. [18]An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada— get this —“we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else.”

Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines.

[18]On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay “waiters” or “placeholders” to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.

[19]Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he’s first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.

As early as elementary schoo l, we’re told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants “to cut in line ahead of millions of people.”

[19]Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.

But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it’s out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah’s Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.

How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called https://www.360docs.net/doc/022579048.html, will secure you a coveted “A” boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn’t even wait in line when he or she is online.

Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.

And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Pers ons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do— unhappily.

For those of us in the latter group — consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or proper to pay a placeholder — what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: “We wait. We are bore d.”

17. What does the following sentence mean? “Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor s uckers, mostly.” (2nd paragraph) [A] Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy.（上半句中的Once说明“排队象征美国民主”是过去的事情，排除[A]。）

[B] Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.（与第二段矛盾。）

[C] Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.

原文上句提到The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether，由此我们得知排队等候只是普通民众的行为。该句中的exclusive也表明排队的行为只限于没钱的普通美国人了，故[C]为答案。

[D] Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.（是对the most democratic of institutions的曲解，排除。）

18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?

[A] Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.

[A]是作者在第五段中举出的一个例子，NBA球员在加拿大海关没有受到特殊照顾，必须与别人一样排队等候。由此看出这不是违规插队的事例，故[A]为答案。

[B] Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.（第四段介绍了在游乐园里购买金卡可以免于排队，这明显是插队的事例，排除。）

[C] First-class passenger status at airports.（原文第三段提到头等舱的乘客可以优先登机、提前下机，故这也是插队的事例，排除。）

[D] Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.（第六段提到的“花钱购买占位者的位置”也属于插队事例。）

19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen)

[A] prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.（第九段提到“参议员和众议员使用私人电梯，以免他们不得不同选民一起排队”，这表明政客们实际上不喜欢与普通人一起排队，他们之所以排队是因为这样做对他们有利。）

[B] advocate the value of waiting in lines.（与第九段参议员和众议员使用私人电梯的例子矛盾。）

[C] believe in and practice waiting in lines.（同[B]解。）

[D] exploit waiting in lines for their own good.

原文第七段首句提到“一些不完全平民论的政治家们看到了与普通民众一起排队等候的重要性”，由此可知一些政客宁愿排队等候是因为“have seen the value”，即他们认为这一亲民的做法对自己有利，[D]正确。

20. What is the tone of the passage?

[A] Instructive.（根据[D]解可排除，文章并没有对读者进行某种教育）

[B] Humorous. （根据[D]解可排除）

[C] Serious.（根据[D]解可排除。）

[D] Teasing.

文章前两段即将wealthy Americans与poor suckers进行了对比，指出排队只限于没钱的普通美国人，接着在第7段用讥讽的语气指出政治家偶尔与民众一起排队也是别有用心，though he’s first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.显然有调侃的语气。最后两段，作者更是表露了对美国特权阶段不排队的嘲弄之情，“Very Important P ersons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do — unhappily.”“We wait. We are bored.”等用语则说明对特权的讥讽，对普通人的无奈，所以[D]为答案。

【语境记忆】

disembark vi. to leave a vehicle or aircraft下飞机，下车；登陆；上岸

foul vt. to clog or obstruct使堵塞；弄脏，污染

haplessly ad. unfortunately不幸地，倒霉地

haves n. the wealthy or privileged, contrasted to those who are poor or deprived富人，有钱人

bemused a. bewildered or greatly puzzled困惑的，发呆的

breach vt. to break or violate破坏，违反；侵害

civility n. politeness or courtesy礼貌，客气，谦恭

coveted a. greatly desired渴望得到的，梦寐以求的

cleave vi. to split or separate, especially along a natural line of division劈开，分开

【参考译文】

普通美国人一生中，排队等候的时间为两年（全国公共广播电台说）或五年（据一些客户忠诚度专家说），这取决于他相信谁了。

[17]关键词是“普通”，因为美国富人经常避免排队等候。排队曾经是最民主的制度，现在正迅速成为笨蛋（那些信奉排队等候，同时也确实在排队等候的人）的专属领域了。多数笨蛋都是穷人。

机场类似于大革命前的法国：[18]头等舱乘客可享受“精英”安全线，优先登机，他们可以在普通客舱的乘客被乘务人员留在分隔舱里的情况下提前下飞机，哪怕是堵塞了登机桥。

在游乐园里，你现在也可以花钱免于排队。[18]今年夏天我不幸看到孩子们在六旗新英格兰游乐园使用52美元一张的速通金卡免于排队。类似系统在包括奥兰多环球影城和迪斯尼乐园的大多数美国主要的主题公园里都在使用，在那里，有钱人会看到比自己更富有的人轻松地走向他们的座位。

速通卡教会孩子现实世界中经济学上的一条宝贵的经验：有钱的人比你更重要，尤其是在排队等候的时候更是如此。[18]一名NBA球员曾经带着难以置信的困惑的微笑对我说，“在加拿大比赛时，我们必须像其他人一样在海关排队等候”，听听这个。

几乎所有排队均可以花钱避免。今年夏天在一些美国城市，早期使用者里面的一些早早排队购买iPhones的人愿意出卖他们在队伍中的位置。[18]在Craigslist，准iPhone买家愿意花钱让“排队者”或“占位者”替自己在苹果专卖店门外排队等候。

[19]不可避免地，一些不完全平民论的政治家们看到了与普通民众一起排队等候的价值所在。今年夏天，费城市长约翰·斯瑞特从凌晨3点30分至上午11点30分等候在美国电话电报公司门外，之前在他处理办公事务时，一个办公室职员替他排队。亿万富翁纽约市长迈克尔·布隆伯格经常与他的市民们一起等候地铁，尽管他先是由车队护送到22个街区之外的车站，期间会经过一个离他家最近的车站，他在那里等待的时间，或至少可以说是车程，更短。

早在上小学时，我们就被告知插队是不道德的行为，因此有那么多的美国立法者将有关移民的争论也框定为诸如在学校中午就餐时不排队同类的罪行。仅以一个立法委员为例，阿拉巴马州参议员理查德·谢尔比说，特赦将允许非法移民“插队到数百万人之前。”

[19]没有什么能比一个人不排队更让一个国家立法者生气了，除非那个队列是在美国国会大厦前的电梯处，因为参议员和众议员使用私人电梯，以防他们不得不与选民一起排队。

但是使排队这种正直的行为蒙受耻辱不仅是反民主的，而且太落伍了。在大洪水时期，人们两个两个地有序登上诺亚方舟，这似乎恢复的不仅是文明，还有礼貌。

你上次的飞行有多文明？西南航空公司有先来先得的节日座位。你每次航行只要花上5美元，一家独立的https://www.360docs.net/doc/022579048.html,公司将确保你在该航空公司的离港前24小时内开放的网上登记处得到你所渴望的“A”登机牌。因此，精明的旅客在线时甚至不排队等候。

有些文化不以排队闻名，但是有些文化善于排队：前苏联的居民仅仅是为了能到达队列前面看看大家都在排队干什么而排队。

而在美国，社会似乎分成两类人：那些不用排队的大人物和那些极度缺乏耐心、虽然不开心但不得不排队的人。

我们当中的后一类人——被限制在普通机舱里、被剥夺了速通卡、因为太穷或者太正派

而不能雇佣占位者——在做什么呢？我们做的就是弗拉基米尔和爱斯特拉冈在《等待戈多》里做的：“我们等待。我们感到厌烦。”

Para.1叙述Turgis走进一家奢华的餐馆，餐馆正合Turgis口味。

Para.2从Turgis的角度交代了餐馆的氛围。

A bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the caféof his choice, [22]a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a while palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the older buildings like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, [22]perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; [21]and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, [22]balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, [22]behind the ten thousand lights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farthing, who knew how many units of electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress( five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen lift to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such was the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. [23]Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.

It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there. [24]It steamed with humanity. [25]The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: [25]the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. [25]Disdaining the lifts, [24]Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, [25]where an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls.The door was swung open for him by a page; there burst, like a sugary bomb, the clatter of cups, the shrill chatter of white-and-vermilion girls, and, cleaving the golden, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, a sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: “ Fo r one, sir? This way, please,” Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.

21. That “behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel” suggests that

[A] modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.

文中紧接该句提到“... just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny”，由句中的比喻我们可以看出，在奢侈外表的背后是现实商业财力的支持。[A]是对该句的合理诠释。

[B] there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café.（falseness在文中无依据。）

[C] the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.（文中未说marble 是新建筑材料，concrete 和steel是旧建筑材料，故排除。）

[D] the café was based on physical foundations and real economic strength.（marble与concrete and steel不能分别对应“物质基础”和“经济实力”，排除。）

22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPT

[A] “…turned Babylonian”.（原文中说茶馆had gone mad and turned Babylonian，由gone mad 可以看出turned Babylonian含有作者的批判之意。）

[B] “perhaps a new barbarism’.（第二句中，作者说茶馆“也许是某种新的文明，也许是某种新的野蛮”，“野蛮”显然带有批判色彩。）

[C] “acres of white napery”.

acres of white napery与前面的ten thousand lights一样，是对茶馆奢侈程度的描述，没有批判之意，故[C]为答案。

[D] “balanced to the last halfpenny”.（表示茶馆奢侈的背后是对金钱精打细算地使用，last halfpenny含有批判意味。）

23. In its context the statement that “the place was built for him” means that the café was intended to

[A] please simple people in a simple way.（根据[B]解可排除。）

[B] exploit gullible people like him.（gullible people“易上当的人”，文章没有地方可以看出Turgis上当了。）

[C] satisfy a demand that already existed.

文章中该句的前一句Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury.说明Turgis的心理，想体验这种奢华，也就是说有体验奢华的需求，到这个地方来满足。下一段中It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there.也进一步说明这个茶馆满足了这种已经存在的需求，[C]正确。

[D] provide relaxation for tired young men.（文章只是指出，在这里可以寻求refreshment，并没有提到tired young men。）

24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?

[A] The café appealed to most senses simultaneously. （根据第二段第五句“Turgis, on ce more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all”可知，该咖啡馆同时满足视觉、听觉和嗅觉的需求。[A]正确。）

[B] The café was both full of people and full of warmth.（根据第二段第二句和第三句，我们可以得知茶馆熙熙攘攘；从第四句的“the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical…”可以看出该茶馆温馨，这一点也能从第一段倒数第四句“there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life…”看出。）[C] The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.（根据第二段第四句可知室内氛围与室外气候差别很大，[C]正确。）

[D] It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.

第二段多站在Turgis的角度对茶馆的氛围进行了一番描述，并没有强调咖啡馆主人的商业决断，故[D]为答案。

25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPT that

[A] the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.（第二段第三句as…as结构将the entrance hall比作拥挤的火车站。）

[B] the orchestra is compared to a magnet. （第二段第五句说the orchestra acted as a magnet，这是暗喻的手法。）

[C] Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.

根据原文中“Disdaining the lifts ...”一句，我们可以得知Turgis并不喜欢电梯，而其他的比喻都能在第二段中找到出处。故答案为[C]。

[D] the interior of the café is compared to warm countries.（第二段第四句提到“the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical…”，[D]也符合文意。）

26. The author’s attitude to the café is

[A] fundamentally critical.

注意题干问的是作者的态度，而不是Turgis的态度。根据原文第一段中使用的“mad”，“Babylonian”，“barbarism”和“vulgar”等贬义词，我们可以看出作者对于咖啡馆的态度基本上是批判的。

[B] slightly admiring.（这是根据第二段出现的溢美之词如“the atmosphere inside was golden,

tropical…”，“the golden, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings…”等得出的结论，但这些描述大多出自Turgis的感受，故排除。）

[C] quite undecided.（根据[A]解可排除。）

[D] completely neutral.（根据[A]解可排除。）

【语境记忆】

Babylonian a. characterized by a luxurious, pleasure-seeking, and often immoral way of life奢侈的；颓废的；巴比伦的

outpost n. a settlement on the frontier of civilization前哨，前哨基地，警戒部队barbarism n. the condition of being backward, coarse, or ignorant野蛮，未开化，原始，不文明

profusion n. the state of being profuse; abundance.丰富，大量，浪费

temperamental a. subject to sharply varying moods喜怒无常的；性情的

sensuous a. appealing to or gratifying the senses感觉上的，激发美感的

enchantment n. great charm or fascination魅力；着迷，着魔

loot vt. to pillage; spoil洗劫；强夺

raw a. unpleasantly damp and chilly阴冷的，湿冷的

disdain vt. to regard or treat with haughty contempt; despise蔑视，鄙弃

deferentially ad. in a respectfully deferential manner表示敬意地，谦恭地

【参考译文】

公交车将他拉到伦敦西区，在五彩斑斓的彩灯喷泉中，时不时迸出带着红绿色彩的蓝色暗光。他找到了想去的餐馆，[22]那是家茶馆，疯狂，奢华，上万盏灯照亮了那座白色的宫殿。它像一座城堡一样高高耸立于古老的建筑之上，而实际上，它是新时代的先锋，[22]也许是某种新的文明，也许是某种新的野蛮。[21]在薄薄的大理石外表下掩藏着钢筋水泥，就像在不经意的奢华背后有成百万的便士，[22]与最后的那半个便士维持着一种平衡。在后台的某个隐蔽地方，[22]在上万只灯和大片的白色餐布后面，在亮得耀眼的成排的茶壶后面，在几千个服务生、收银员、穿着黑色外套的楼层经理、神经质的长发小提琴手后面，在成堆的一锅锅的牛排、一车车的冰块后面有几个男人，在用几个铜币变戏法，他们知道用多少电能够烤熟一个牛排肾脏布丁，以及服务生（5尺4寸高，健康良好）需要几分钟可以将某个重量的盘子从厨房电梯处端到远处角落的桌子上。简而言之，在上面的楼层里弥漫着温暖的、给人以美的享受的、平民化的生活气息，而在地下室里工作着的则是冰冷冷的科学。[23]这就是Turgis进入的那家巨大的茶馆，他寻找的不仅是身心愉悦还有那种自己并不熟悉的奢华的魅力。也许，他内心深处知道人类已经征服了半个已知的世界，掠夺了整个王国，却从来没有达到如此奢华。这个地方就是为他而建的。

它也是为许多其他的人而建的，像往常一样，他们都在那儿。[24]茶馆里到处是人。[25]大理石门厅里堆着糖果和蛋糕，令人眼花缭乱，像火车站一样拥挤喧闹。阴郁污浊的街道、阴冷的空气、整个十一月立刻被抛在脑后：[25]里面的氛围是金色的、具有热带气息的，有盛夏糖果店的氛围。Turgis又一次为茶馆里的场景、声音以及味道感到激动，[25]他不喜欢电梯，爬上了宽宽的楼梯到了自己喜欢的楼层。[25]在那儿有一个乐队，为首的是一名年轻的犹太小提琴手，闪亮的眼神四处逡巡，喜欢拉出颤音，像磁铁一样吸引着上千名女观众。一个侍者为他打开了门，立刻爆发出杯子的碰撞声，粉白皮肤的女孩子们刺耳的聊天声，将金色有香气的空气，令人迷醉的琴声分裂开来。他站在那儿犹豫了一会儿，有点儿头晕，这时一个整洁庄重的男士走过来，向他鞠躬，这个男士比他年长，比他想象得要出众得多，他恭敬地低声说：“先生，是一位吗？这边请。”Turgis有些害羞但却自豪地跟在那位男士身后。

Para.2—Para.4阐述了美铝项目为冰岛的发展带来的巨大可能性。

Para.5引用冰岛前总理的话说明美铝项目对冰岛居民的生存至关重要。

Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe’s last pristine wilderness. [27]But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can’t do anything about. But the truth is, once you’re off the beaten paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they’re all bad, so Iceland’s natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhabitants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited —[27]the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the “Mona Lisa”.

When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter, those who had been dreaming of something like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world’s richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. [28]But the project’s advocates, some of them getting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to the country’s century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially had ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a sod hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegetation and livestock, all spirit —a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one’s sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.

Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions — the remote and sparsely populated east—where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. [29]After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many individual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies, and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing everything they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and [29]their children move away. [30]With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. “Smelter or death.”

The contract with Alcoa would infuse the region with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself.

“We have to live,” Halldor Asgrimsson said. Halldor, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. “We have a right to live.”

27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of

[A] environmental value.（第一段第二句说多数冰岛人没有环保意识，[A]与此不符。）

[B] commercial value.

根据原文第一段最后一句“the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art ...”可以得知，大多数冰岛人把土地当作商品，即认为土地有商业价值，[B]正确。

[C] potential value for tourism.（文章未提及。）

[D] great value for livelihood. （文章未提及。）

28. What is Iceland’s old-aged advocates’ feeling towards the Alcoa project?

[A] Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the project.（既然是advocates，不可能reject the project。

[A]明显错误。）

[B] The project would lower life expectancy.（文章未提及，并且从逻辑上看也不会是advocates 的观点。）

[C] The project would cause environmental problems.（第一段第二句说多数冰岛人没有环保意识，因此advocates可能没考虑到项目对环境的影响，排除[C]。）

[D] The project symbolizes an end to the colonial legacies.

题干中的old-aged advocates对应原文第二段第三句中的advocates getting on in years。根据“But the project’s advocates...were more emotionally attuned to...colonial servitude to Denmark... whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh.”，我们得知冰岛支持该项目的老人认为这一项目可以结束殖民后遗症。[D]符合文意，为答案。

29. The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPT

[A] fewer fishing companies.

虽然第三段中提及“... fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies”，但是并没有提及渔业公司数量的减少，[A]为答案。

[B] fewer jobs available.（从第三段第三句中的“Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands”可以看出，工作机会的减少是导致传统生活方式消失的原因之一。）

[C] migration of young people.（根据第三段第三句中的“... and their children move away.”可知，年轻劳动力的迁移也是导致传统生活方式消失的原因之一。）

[D] imposition of fishing quotas.（原文第三段第二句“After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s…”表明，[D]是导致传统生活方式消失的一种原因。）

30. The 4th paragraph in the passage

[A] sums up the main points of the passage.（根据[C]解可排除。）

[B] starts to discuss an entirely new point.（根据[C]解可排除。）

[C] elaborates on the last part of the 3rd paragraph.

第四段主要谈到美铝的合约给冰岛人的生存带来新的契机，是与第三段最后两句的内容紧密关联的，既不能作为对整篇文章内容的概括，也不是开始一个全新的话题，更不是继续讨论冰岛暗淡的经济前景，故[C]为答案，排除[A]、[B]、[D]。

[D] continues to depict the bleak economic situation.（根据[C]解可排除。）

【语境记忆】

pristine a. primitive or original远古的，原始状态的；未受损的；纯朴的

bypass vt. to go around or avoid绕过，绕开；忽视

encumber vt. to hinder or impede; make difficult; hamper妨碍，拖累

mind-set n. mentality思想倾向，心态

attune vt.to adjust or accustom 使适应，调和，使相合

imprint n. a distinguishing influence or effect深刻的印象，印记

outlying a. relatively distant or remote from a center or middle远离中心的，偏僻的ostensibly ad. apparently; seemingly表面上地，外表上地

impose vt. to force (oneself, one’s opinions etc.) on a person强加于；征(税等)，处以(罚款等)

allotment n. a portion or amount allotted分配数

infuse vt. to put into or introduce as if by pouring 将…注入；(向…)灌输

spin-off n. byproduct副产品

【参考译文】

现在，世界其他地方的人们提起冰岛这个西欧最后的原始荒野时，多少有点儿心驰神往。

[27]但是，席卷全球的环保意识却绕过了多数冰岛人。当然他们与自己的土地有联系，就像是人们与自己无法改变的家庭联系着或被其拖累着一样。但事实是，一旦你离开人们居住的低洼海岸地区那些被踩出来的路，就很少会发现道路了，并且道路都非常糟糕，所以人们无法到达冰岛的自然奇观，甚至冰岛居民都对它们一无所知。对他们来说，土地一直都在那儿，如果有可能，应该做点儿什么进行土地开发利用，[27]人们的思维认为土地是商品而不是与“蒙娜丽莎”等量级的无价的艺术品。

2003年机会出现了，国家电力公司与美国铝业公司签订了40年的合同，为一家新的冶炼厂提供水力发电，那些几十年来一直梦想着有这样机会的人们欢呼雀跃，义无反顾。冰岛目前可能是全球最富裕的国家之一，识字率高达99%，人均寿命很长。[28]但是，这一项目

的倡导者，其中一些人已上了年纪，越发在感情上适应了国家几个世纪以来经受的匮乏、困苦以及丹麦的殖民奴役。殖民统治直到1944年才正式结束，留在人们心里的印记仍历久常新。长时间以来，这里的生活不过意味着茅草屋、黑暗的冬天、寒冷、没有希望，无数将死的儿童、地震、瘟疫、饥饿以及摧毁了所有植被、家畜和一切生灵的火山喷发——这是一个几乎全部生活都围绕着羊群是否安康，以及之后的鳕鱼捕捞情况如何的世界。在边远地区，很大程度上仍然是这样。

从表面上看，美铝项目是为了挽救这些垂死的地区——偏远和人口稀少的东部——在那里，生活逐渐衰败到濒临绝望和沮丧。[29]在20世纪80年代早期强制实施捕捞配额以保护鱼类资源后，许多个体船主或出售其配额或送给他人，最终捕鱼权大多掌握在少数公司手中，小渔民几乎灭绝。技术进步挤掉了更多原本由手工来做的工作，人们看到的是他们一生所做的工作都变得毫无价值，[29]他们的子女也都搬走了。[30]随着旧生活方式的消亡，不管明智与否，像这样的美铝项目就被视为最后的机会。“治炼厂或死亡。”

与美铝的合约将外国资本注入该地区，随之而来的估计有400个职位和附带的服务行业。这也是冰岛发展专门知识的一种途径，将来这些专门知识有可能被卖到世界其他地区，让历史上依赖于捕鱼的经济多样化，能够引人注目地展示冰岛人乐观进取的气魄，（30C）甚至可能一劳永逸地保护冰岛所有人摆脱生命本身的不可预测性。

Halldor Asgrimsson说：“我们必须生活”。他是冰岛前总理，地区议会的长期成员，参与推动了该项目，“我们有生存的权利。”

PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

31. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

[A] The British constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.

[B] The British constitution includes Parliamentary acts.

[C] The British constitution includes decisions made by courts of law.

[D] The British constitution includes one single written constitution.

【解析】选[D]。英国没有成文宪法，是典型的不成文法国家，以判例法为主。不成文宪法是指不具有统一法典形式，而散见于多种法律文书，由国家认可并赋予其法律效力的习惯、判例等。因此[D]表述有误。

32. The first city ever founded in Canada is

[A] Quebec.

[B] Vancouver.

[C] Toronto.

[D] Montreal.

【解析】选[A]。魁北克市是魁北克省的省会，是法国人到北美后建立的第一个居民点，至今已有近400年的历史。温哥华是仅次于多伦多、蒙特利尔的第三大城市，有200多年的历史。多伦多也只有300多年的发展历史。作为魁北克省最大的城市，蒙特利尔是加拿大历史最悠久的城市之一，约在350年前由法国人建立。因此本题答案选[A]。

33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?

[A] 1770.

[B] 1788.

[C] 1900.

[D] 1901.

【解析】选[D]。1770年，英国航海家库克船长（Captain James Cook）发现澳大利亚东海岸，宣布这片土地是英国的属土。1788年1月26日，由菲利普船长率领的一支有6艘船的船队共1530人正式在澳大利亚杰克逊港（Port Jackson）建立起第一个英国殖民区。后来英国人不断移居，在澳大利亚逐渐建立起六个各自为政的殖民区。1900年，全部六个殖民地的居民举行了一人一票的全民公决，用投票决定是否把六个殖民地统一成一个联邦国家。1901年1月1日，六个殖民区统一成为联邦，澳大利亚联邦成立，同时通过第一部宪法。原来的六个殖民区遂成为联邦下属的六个州。

34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in the South of the U.S.