自动化外文翻译
景德镇陶瓷学院
毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻
译
院系：机械电子工程学院
专业：自动化
姓名：肖骞
学号： 201010320116
指导教师：万军
完成时间： 2014.5.8
说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。
2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。
3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。
4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。
5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。
6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。
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TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402
TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402
DSP CONTROLLERS
The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features.
The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for:
◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades.
◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to
ROM-based devices.
Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming.
All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
control with a single ?240x DSP controller.
The high performance, 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has a minimum conversion time of 500 ns and offers up to 16 channels of analog input. The auto sequencing capability of the ADC allows a maximum of 16 conversions to take place in a single conversion session without any CPU overhead.
A serial communications interface (SCI) is integrated on all devices to provide asynchronous communication to other devices in the system. For systems requiring additional communication interfaces; the ‘2407, ‘2406, and ‘2404 offer a 16-bit synchronous serial peripheral interface (SPI). The ‘2407 and ‘2406 offer a controller area network (CAN) communications module that meets 2.0
B specifications. To maximize device flexibility, functional pins are also configurable as general purpose inputs/outputs (GPIO).
To streamline development time, JTAG-compliant scan-based emulation has been integrated into all devices. This provides non-intrusive real-time capabilities required to debug digital control systems. A complete suite of code generation tools from C compilers to the industry-standard Code Composerdebugger supports this family. Numerous third party developers not only offer device-level development tools, but also system-level design and development support.
PERIPHERALS
The integrated peripherals of the TMS320x240x are described in the following subsections:
●Two event-manager modules (EV A, EVB)
●Enhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module
●Controller area network (CAN) module
●Serial communications interface (SCI) module
●Serial peripheral interface (SPI) module
●PLL-based clock module
●Digital I/O and shared pin functions
●External memory interfaces (‘LF2407 only)
Watchdog (WD) timer module
Event manager modules (EV A, EVB)
The event-manager modules include general-purpose (GP) timers, full-compare/PWM units, capture units, and quadrature-encoder pulse (QEP) circuits. EV A‘s and EVB‘s timers, compare units, and capture units function identically. However, timer/unit names differ for EV A and EVB. Table 1 shows the module and signal names used. Table 1 shows the features and functionality available for the event-manager modules and highlights EV A nomenclature.
Event managers A and B have identical peripheral register sets with EV A starting at 7400h and EVB starting at 7500h. The paragraphs in this section describe the function of GP timers, compare units, capture units, and QEPs using EV A nomenclature. These paragraphs are applicable to EVB with regard to function—however, module/signal names would differ.
Table 1. Module and Signal Names for EV A and EVB
EVENT MANAGER MODULES
EV A
MODULE
SIGNAL
EVB
MODULE
SIGNAL
GP Timers Timer 1
Timer 2
T1PWM/T1CMP
T2PWM/T2CMP
Timer 3
Timer 4
T3PWM/T3CMP
T4PWM/T4CMP
Compare Units Compare 1
Compare 2
Compare 3
PWM1/2
PWM3/4
PWM5/6
Compare 4
Compare 5
Compare 6
PWM7/8
PWM9/10
PWM11/12
Capture Units Capture 1
Capture 2
Capture 3
CAP1
CAP2
CAP3
Capture 4
Capture 5
Capture 6
CAP4
CAP5
CAP6
QEP QEP1
QEP2
QEP1
QEP2
QEP3
QEP4
QEP3
QEP4
External Inputs Direction
External
Clock
TDIRA
TCLKINA
Direction
External Clock
TDIRB
TCLKINB
General-purpose (GP) timers
There are two GP timers: The GP timer x (x = 1 or 2 for EV A; x = 3 or 4 for EVB) includes:
● A 16-bit timer, up-/down-counter, TxCNT, for reads or writes
● A 16-bit timer-compare register, TxCMPR (double-buffered with shadow
register), for reads or writes
● A 16-bit timer-period register, TxPR (double-buffered with shadow
register), for reads or writes
● A 16-bit timer-control register,TxCON, for reads or writes
●Selectable internal or external input clocks
● A programmable prescaler for internal or external clock inputs
●Control and interrupt logic, for four maskable interrupts: underflow,
overflow, timer compare, and period interrupts
● A selectable direction input pin (TDIR) (to count up or down when
directional up-/down-count mode is selected)
The GP timers can be operated independently or synchronized with each other. The compare register associated with each GP timer can be used for compare function and PWM-waveform generation. There are three continuous modes of operations for each GP timer in up- or up/down-counting operations. Internal or external input clocks with programmable prescaler are used for each GP timer. GP timers also provide the time base for the other event-manager submodules: GP timer 1 for all the compares and PWM circuits, GP timer 2/1 for the capture units and the quadrature-pulse counting operations. Double-buffering of the period and compare registers allows programmable change of the timer (PWM) period and the compare/PWM pulse width as needed.
Full-compare units
There are three full-compare units on each event manager. These compare units use GP timer1 as the time base and generate six outputs for compare and PWM-waveform generation using programmable deadband circuit. The state of each of the six outputs is configured independently. The compare registers of the compare units are double-buffered, allowing programmable change of the compare/PWM pulse widths as needed.
Programmable deadband generator
The deadband generator circuit includes three 8-bit counters and an 8-bit compare register. Desired deadband values (from 0 to 24 μs) can be programmed into the compare register for the outputs of the three compare units. The deadband generation can be enabled/disabled for each compare unit output individually. The deadband-generator circuit produces two outputs (with or without deadband zone) for each compare unit output signal. The output states of the deadband generator are configurable and changeable as needed by way of the double-buffered ACTR register.
PWM waveform generation
Up to eight PWM waveforms (outputs) can be generated simultaneously by each event manager: three independent pairs (six outputs) by the three full-compare units with programmable deadbands, and two independent PWMs by the GP-timer compares.
PWM characteristics
Characteristics of the PWMs are as follows:
●16-bit registers
●Programmable deadband for the PWM output pairs, from 0 to 24 μs
●Minimum deadband width of 50 ns
●Change of the PWM carrier frequency for PWM frequency wobbling as
needed
●Change of the PWM pulse widths within and after each PWM period as
needed
●External-maskable power and drive-protection interrupts
●Pulse-pattern-generator circuit, for programmable generation of asymmetric,
symmetric, and four-space vector PWM waveforms
●Minimized CPU overhead using auto-reload of the compare and period
registers
Capture unit
The capture unit provides a logging function for different events or transitions. The values of the GP timer 2 counter are captured and stored in the two-level-deep FIFO stacks when selected transitions are detected on capture input pins, CAPx (x = 1, 2, or 3 for EV A; and x = 4, 5, or 6 for EVB). The capture unit consists of three capture circuits.
Capture units include the following features:
●One 16-bit capture control register, CAPCON (R/W)
●One 16-bit capture FIFO status register, CAPFIFO (eight MSBs are
read-only, eight LSBs are write-only)
●Selection of GP timer 2 as the time base
●Three 16-bit 2-level-deep FIFO stacks, one for each capture unit
●Three Schmitt-triggered capture input pins (CAP1, CAP2, and CAP3)—one
input pin per capture unit. [All inputs are synchronized with the device (CPU)
clock. In order for a transition to be captured, the input must hold at its
current level to meet two rising edges of the device clock. The input pins
CAP1 and CAP2 can also be used as QEP inputs to the QEP circuit.]
●User-specified transition (rising edge, falling edge, or both edges) detection
●Three maskable interrupt flags, one for each capture unit
Enhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module
A simplified functional block diagram of the ADC module is shown in Figure 1. The ADC module consists of a 10-bit ADC with a built-in sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit. Functions of the ADC module include:
●10-bit ADC core with built-in S/H
●Fast conversion time (S/H + Conversion) of 500 ns
●16-channel, muxed inputs
●Autosequencing capability provides up to 16 ―autoconversions‖ in a single
session. Each conversion can be programmed to select any 1 of 16 input
channels
●Sequencer can be operated as two independent 8-state sequencers or as one
large 16-state sequencer (i.e., two cascaded 8-state sequencers)
●Sixteen result registers (individually addressable) to store conversion values
●Multiple triggers as sources for the start-of-conversion (SOC) sequence
?S/W – software immediate start
?EV A – Event manager A (multiple event sources within EV A)
?EVB – Event manager B (multiple event sources within EVB)
?Ext – External pin (ADCSOC)
●Flexible interrupt control allows interrupt request on every end of sequence
(EOS) or every other EOS
●Sequencer can operate in ―start/stop‖ mode, allowing multiple
―time-sequenced triggers‖ to synchronize conversions
●EV A and EVB triggers can operate independently in dual-sequencer mode
●Sample-and-hold (S/H) acquisition time window has separate prescale
control
●Built-in calibration mode
●Built-in self-test mode
The ADC module in the ‘240x has been enhanced to provide flexible interface to event managers A and B. The ADC interface is built around a fast, 10-bit ADC module with total conversion time of 500 ns (S/H + conversion). The ADC module has 16 channels, configurable as two independent 8-channel modules to service event managers A and B. The two independent 8-channel modules can be cascaded to form a 16-channel module. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the ‘240x ADC module.
The two 8-channel modules have the capability to autosequence a series of conversions, each module has the choice of selecting any one of the respective eight channels available through an analog mux. In the cascaded mode, the autosequencer functions as a single 16-channel sequencer. On each sequencer, once the conversion is complete, the selected channel value is stored in its respective RESULT register. Autosequencing allows the system to convert the same channel multiple times, allowing the user to perform oversampling algorithms. This gives increased resolution over traditional single-sampled conversion results.
From https://www.360docs.net/doc/094126802.html,
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402
TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402
数字信号处理控制器
TMS320LF240x和TMS320LC240x系列芯片作为’24x系列DSP控制器的新成员，是C2000平台下的一种定点DSP芯片。’240x芯片为以’C2xx为核心CPU 的增强型的TMS320结构设计提供了低成本、低功耗、高性能处理能力。芯片集成了用以优化电机数字控制应用的一些高级外设，以实现一个真正的单芯片DSP 控制器。与现有的’24x DSP控制芯片编码兼容的通知，’240x系列芯片具有更好的处理能力（30 MIPS）和更高级的集成外设。
’240x系列芯片提供一系列不同的存储空间和不同的外设搭配，以满足各种应用中特殊的性价比要求。高达32K的FLASH存储空间为以下应用提供了可重复编程的解决方案：
◆需要整体编程能力升级的应用
◆移植到基于ROM的设备的应用的开发和初始化
Flash芯片和对应的ROM芯片引脚是完全逐一兼容的。基于flash的芯片包含一个256字节的引导ROM，使在线编程十分便利。
所有的’240x系列芯片至少提供一个用以优化数字控制电机和电源的事件管理模块。该模块可以提供中间和/或边缘排列的PWM发生器，为防止穿透型击穿可编程死区以及同步的A/D转换器。带有双事件管理器的芯片一个DSP芯片就可控制多个电机和/或转换控制器。
高性能的十位模拟-数字转换器（ADC）最低转换时间是500ns，可以提供多达16通道的模拟输入。具有自动排序功能的ADC在一个转换周期内允许最多16次转换而不增加任何CPU开销。
芯片内集成了串行通信接口（SCI）以同系统中的其他设备进行异步通信。对于要求额外通信接口的系统，’2407, ’2406和’2404芯片提供一个16位的同步串行外设接口（SPI）。’2407 和’2406芯片提供控制器局域网通信模块，符合2.0B规范的要求。为了最大化设备的易用性，功能引脚也可配置为通用的I/O接口（GPIO）。
为了开发的流线性，每块芯片都集成了基于SCAN的JATG适配器，这为数字控制系统的调试提供了在线实时调试能力。一整套从C编辑器到工业级的代码编译调试器的工具支持这一系列的芯片。很多第三方开发软件不仅提供设备级的开
发工具，并且支持系统级的设计和开发。
外设
对TMS320x240x系列芯片的集成外设包括：
●两个事件管理模块
●增强型模拟-数字转换（ADC）模块
●控制器局域网（CAN）模块
●串行通信接口（SCI）模块
●基于锁相环的时钟模块
●数字输入/输出以及引脚复用功能
●外部存储器接口（仅’LF2407）
●看门狗（WD）时钟模块
事件管理器模块（EVA,EVB）
事件管理器模块包括通用（GP）定时器、全比较/PWM单元、捕捉单元以及正交编码脉冲（QEP）电路。EVA和EVB的定制器、比较单元以及捕捉单元的功能都是一致的。只是定时器和单元的名称不同。表1列出了所用的模块和信号的名称，列出了事件管理器模块的可用特征与功能，并着重讲解了EVA模块。
事件管理器A和B拥有相同的外围寄存器。EVA的起始地址是7400h，EVB 的起始地址是7500h。本节以EVA为例描述了通用（GP）定时器、比较单元、捕捉单元以及正交编码脉冲（QEP）的功能。EVB模块也有相同的功能，只是模块/信号的名称不同。
表1 EVA与EVB的模块与信号名称
事件管理器模块EVA模块信号EVB模块信号
通用定时器Timer 1
Timer 2
T1PWM/T1CMP
T2PWM/T2CMP
Timer 3
Timer 4
T3PWM/T3CMP
T4PWM/T4CMP
比较单元Compare 1
Compare 2
Compare 3
PWM1/2
PWM3/4
PWM5/6
Compare 4
Compare 5
Compare 6
PWM7/8
PWM9/10
PWM11/12
捕捉单元Capture 1
Capture 2
Capture 3
CAP1
CAP2
CAP3
Capture 4
Capture 5
Capture 6
CAP4
CAP5
CAP6
QEP QEP1
QEP2
QEP1
QEP2
QEP3
QEP4
QEP3
QEP4
外部输入计数方向
外部时钟
TDIRA
TCLKINA
计数方向
外部时钟
TDIRB
TCLKINB
通用定时器
每个事件管理模块包含2个通用定时器：定时器x（对EVA，x=1或2；对EVB，x=3或4）包括：
●一个16位定时器、增减计数的计数器TxCNT，可读写
●一个16位定时器比较寄存器（双缓冲，带影子寄存器）TxCMPR，可读写●一个16位定时器比较寄存器（双缓冲，带影子寄存器）TxPR，可读写
●一个16位定时器控制寄存器TxCON，可读写
●可选择的内部或外部输入时钟
●用于内部或外部时钟输入的可编程的预定标器
●控制和中断逻辑用于四个可屏蔽中断：下溢、溢出、定时器比较和周期中
断
●一个可选择方向的输入引脚(TDIR)（当用双向计数方式时用来选择向上或
向下计数）
每个GP定时器既可以相互独立运行，又可以同步工作。与GP定时器相关的比较寄存器既可用作比较功能，也可用于PWM波形的发生。每个GP定时器在加或加减计数时有三种连续工作的模式。每个GP定时器都拥有可编程预定标的内部或外部输入时钟。GP定时器还向事件管理器的子模块提供时基。GP定时器1向所有比较单元和PWM电路提供时基。GP定时器2/1还向捕捉单元以及正交脉冲计数操作提供时基。周期寄存器和比较寄存器的双缓冲允许根据需要编程修改定时器的周期以及比较/PWM的脉宽。
全比较单元
每个事件管理器模块包含三个全比较单元。这些单元以GP定时器1作为时基，可产生六路输出用于比较和可编程死区电路的PWM波形。这六个输出的状态可以独立配置。比较单元的比较寄存器是双缓冲的，允许依据需要编程控制比较/PWM的脉冲宽度。
可编程死区发生器
死区发生器电路包括三个8位计数器和一个8位比较寄存器，死区时间间隔（0~24 μs）可根据需要编程存入比较寄存器以控制三个比较单元的输出。每个比较单元的死区发生器可以独立的使能或取消。死区产生电路（不论是否有死区空间）对每一比较单元产生两路输出。通过双缓冲的ACTR寄存器，死区发生器的输出状态可根据需要配置或改变。
PWM波形发生器
每个事件管理器可以同时产生多达8路的PWM波形（输出）：有可编程死区功能的三个全比较单元产生三对（6个输出）独立的波形，GP定时器比较产生两
个独立的PWM波形。
脉宽调制电路
脉宽调制电路波形的特征如下：
●16位寄存器
●有从0到24μs的可编程死区发生器控制每一个输出对
●最小死区宽度为50ns
●依据需要可以改变PWM的载波频率
●在每个PWM周期内或之后可依据需要改变PWM的脉冲宽度
●外部可屏蔽的功率驱动保护中断
●脉冲形式发生器电路，用于可编程的对称、非对称以及4个空间矢量PWM
波形产生
●自动重装载的比较和周期寄存器使CPU的负担最小
捕捉单元
此单元可采集每个事件或跳变。当侦查到输入引脚CAPx（对EVA，x=1、2或3；对EVB，x=4、5或6）上有与设定想通的跳变时，GP定时器2的计数值会被存入一个两级的FIFO栈中。捕捉单元由三个捕捉电路构成。
捕捉单元的特征如下：
●一个16位的捕捉控制寄存器CAPCON（可读写）
●一个16位的捕捉FIFO寄存器CAPFIFO（8位MSBs只读，8位LSBs只写）
●以通用GP定时器2作为时基
●3个16位两级深的FIFO，每个捕捉单元一个
●3个施密特触发器（CAP1/2/3），每个捕捉单元一个输入引脚。【所有的
输入与内部CPU时钟同步，为了使跳变被捕获，输入必需在当前电平保
持两个CPU时钟周期。输入引脚CAP1/2和CAP4/5也可用作正交编码脉
冲电路的正交编码脉冲输入】
●用户可定义的跳变检测方式（上升沿、下降沿或任意跳变）
●三个可屏蔽中断标志位，每个捕捉单元一个
增强型模拟-数字转换（ADC）模块
图2是ADC模块的功能框图。通过一个内置抽样和保持电路，ADC模块可进行10位ADC变换。此模块的功能如下：
●带内置采样/保持（S/H）的10位模数转换模块ADC
●转换时间快（采样/保持+转换），金庸500ns
●16个可选择的模拟输入通道
●自动排序功能。一次可执行最多16个通道的“自动转换”，而且每次要
转换的通道都可通过编程选择
●排序器即可当作两个八位的排序器，也可用作一个大的16位排序器（例：
两个级联的八位排序器）
●16个结果寄存器（独立编址），用以存储转换结果
●多个触发器可以启动AD转换：
?S/W - 软件立即启动
?EVA –事件管理器A（在事件管理器A中有多个事件源可以启动AD
转换）
?EVB –事件管理器B（在事件管理器B中有多个事件源可以启动AD
转换）
?外部– ADCSOC引脚
●灵活的中断控制允许在每一个或每隔一个序列结束时产生中断请求
●排序器可以工作在启动/停止模式，允许多个按时间排序的触发源同步
转换
●EVA和EVB各自独立的触发SEQ1和SEQ2(仅在双排序模式)
●采样和保持获取时间窗口有独立的预定标机制
●内置校验模式
●内置自测试模式
’240x的ADC模块已经被加强从而为事件管理器提供了灵活的接口。ADC 接口围绕在一个快速的10位ADC模块旁，总转换时间为500ns（采样/保持+转换）。ADC模块拥有16个通道，可配置为两个独立的8通道模块以服务于事件管理器A和B。两个独立的8通道模块可级联为一个16位的模块。表2为’240x ADC 模块的功能框图。
两个8通道的模块也可将输入自动排序为一系列转换。通过模拟输入选择器，每个模块可选择各自输入的八个通道。在级联模式，可形成一个16通道的自动排序器。在每个排序其中，一旦转换结束，所选择的通道的转换值将会被存入对应的结果寄存器。自动排序功能允许系统多次转换同一通道，允许用户执行过抽样法则。这可使传统的信号抽样转换结果得以增强。
图2 ＇240x ADC模块功能框图
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
农业产业化外文翻译文献
农业产业化外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
农业产业化：从农场到交易市场 Mark R. Edwards and Clifford. J. Shultz 摘要 农业产业化就是农业以市场需求为导向，有效的满足客户以及市场要求的一系列的链条。这种变革需要一个更广泛的概念化和更准确的定义，传达一个致力于创造价值和可持续利用食物，纤维，可再生资源的更有活力，系统性，综合性和纪律性的系统。我们讨论的力量，推动这一转移到市场，提供了新的和更具有代表性农业产业化的定义，提供模型以说明一些最引人注目的趋势，并阐明这些模型关键因素和影响。 关键词：农业产业化的定义，概念模型，市场为中心，市场体系
1 绪论 农业产业化在1955年开始作为一个独特的研究领域，当时约翰.戴维斯将它定义为：农业产业化是以农场生产为中心，然后商品化。这个定义当时是最适当的，那是农业行动的重点是最大限度地生产食物和纤维。戴维斯和高德博格用新鲜的见解，将农业产业化定义为:制造和分销农场用品：在该农场生产经营、储存、加工、分销所有的农产品的商品和物品所涉及的所有业务的总和。类似的定义也有其他的人提出，如唐尼和埃里克森：农业产业化，包括所有这些业务和管理活动由公司提供投入到农业部门，生产农产品，运输，金融，处理农产品的全部过程。 这些传统的定义，随着时间的推移，对农场或生产的单位所反映农业产业化的焦点，如农业交易中心已数十年之久。今天，一个就业散点图显示，虽然超过百分之三十的就业机会农业产业化提供的，少于百分之一的人直接参与农场生产。农业产业化已不再是以农场为中心。二十一世纪农业产业化包含了更广泛的一系列行动，主要是外围行动，包括以市场为导向的可持续利用食物，纤维，和可再生资源。
英文翻译 机械自动化类
Mechatronics Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent. Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following: (1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology. (3) System Technology System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
农业产业化组织的营销策略分析-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Title:Agricultural Industrialization Organization of Marketing Strategy Analysis Material source:2010 International Conference on Industry Engineering and Management Author:Zhao Yanhong, Ren Aihua Abstraet:Agricultural industrialization is the development direction of world agriculture, it is also the main form of the agricultural operation in developed countries. Vigorously develop the industrialization of agriculture is to enhance the competitiveness of China’s agricultu re is an effective means of marketing innovation in agriculture. It is related to the industrialization of agriculture an important factor in business success. In this paper, product, place, promotion, three organizations, the face of the industrialization of agriculture marketing innovation of the corresponding development proposals. Keywords:Product;Channel Innovation;Promotion 1 Introduction Although China has already established a number of agricultural industrialization organization, but very few successful cases, reason, the product can not sell that influence their development, an important factor. At present the industrialization of agriculture organizations in product development, sales channels and marketing methods. There are many ways to solve urgent problems, we can say, marketing has become a bottleneck restricting development of the organization. In this Paper, the development of marketing concept, mainly based on the content of the theory of 4P, from development to meet consumer demand for products. Innovation in the channel, flexible use of marketing mix and so the organization seeking to promote the industrialization of agriculture marketing of innovative measures. 2 Development of Products to Meet Consumer Demand 4C theory holds that companies should give top priority to the pursuit of customer satisfaction, then theagricultural industry of the organization must first develop a customer satisfaction products. Marketing believes that demand for the
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
自动化外文翻译
景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文最新 （节选重点翻译） 英文 Managing uncertainty and expectations: The strategic response of U.S. agricultural cooperatives to agricultural industrialization Julie Hogeland Abstract The 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted U.S. agricultural cooperatives with responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. Agrarian-influenced cooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty and influence producer expectations by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer driven compensation. The serfdom metaphor alluded to industrialization's potential to either bypass family farmers, the cornerstone of the economy according to agrarian ideology, or to transform them into the equivalent of piece-wage labor as contract growers. The “family” metaphor reflects how cooperatives personalized the connection between cooperative and farmer-member to position themselves as the exact opposite of serfdom. Hypotheses advanced by Roessl (2005) and Goel (2013) suggest that intrinsic characteristics of family businesses such as a resistance to change and operating according to a myth of unlimited choice and
模具设计与制造外文翻译
The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;
自动化外文翻译
电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日
原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.360docs.net/doc/094126802.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram