赖世雄语法

赖世雄语法
赖世雄语法

第一章句子的形成

概说:1、任何一个句子一定由主语和动词组成

2、有时主语可以省略,而形成祈使句。这种祈使句句首为原形动词,之前省略了You should

第一节可作主语的词类

通常有:名词、代词、动名词或不定时短语、名词性从句、名词短语、表距离的地点副词短语

(一)动词不能直接做主语,一定要变成动名词或不定时短语

(二)动名词作主语:表已知的事实或曾经做过的经历例:Listening to music makes me happy

(三)不定式作主语:表意愿、目的、或未完成的事例:To study abroad is my greatest desire

(四)用it作形式主语(解决主语太长):动名词或不定时短语移至句尾,改为不定式。

例:It makes me happy to Listening to music

(五)特殊句型:用it替代动名词短语时,不可使用不定式

It is no use+V-ing= It is useless +to do= It is of no use +to do

-ing

(一)句子不能作主语,一定要变成名词性从句(比如在前面加that)

(二)名词性从句的种类

注:1、包括:宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

2、三种:(1)that从句(2)whether从句(3)疑问词所引导的从句

1、that从句:在主语起首的句子前加that

2、whether从句:由一般疑问句变化而成,将主语和be动词/助动词/do、does、did还原(还原后需将do、does、did去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化)

例:Did he come? (问句)→whether he did come came(名词性从句)

3、疑问词所引导的从句:由疑问词(when、what、how、where、why)等引导的特殊疑问句变化而成。

(1)主语和be动词/助动词/do、does、did还原(还原后需将do、does、did去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化)

例:What did he write? (问句)→What he did write wrote.(名词性从句)

(2)who、what、which(哪一个)为疑问代词,若在问句中作主语,变成名词性从句时,结构不变。

例:Which was bought?(问句)→Which was bought(名词性从句)

(三)名词性从句的功能:同名词一样,主、宾、表

1、作主语:(1)例:That honesty is the best policy is a proverb(which)we should always keep in mind.

例:Where he lives is still in doubt. 例:Whether he can do it remains to be seen.

(2)用形式主语it替代名词性从句:被替代的名词性从句置于句尾

例:It remains to be seen whether he can do it

2、作及物动词的宾语:例:I know(vt.) that he will go abroad in the near future(o.).

3、作介词(prep.)的宾语:

(1)此时仅能用“whether从句”或“疑问词所引导的从句”作宾语,that从句不可作prep.的宾语。

例:I am sure of(prep.) that the team has won the game(o.).(×)

(2)遇有介词,非要使用that 从句时:

①“prep.+the fact +that从句”例:I am sure of(prep.)the fact(o.) that the team has won the game(同位语).

②首先去掉that,然后that后的主语变成所有格,最后动词变成动名词

例:I am worried about(prep.)that he plays his playing around all day.

I、that 从句若有do、does、did/will、would时,去掉即可。

例:I am worried about(o.) that he doesn’t study.→I am worried about(o.) his not studying.

II、从句若有一下助动词时,做以下变化:may→be likely to can→be able to

例:I am happy about that he may come. →I am happy about that his being likely to come.

③“be+adj.+ that 从句”:即去掉介词,将that 从句放在adj.后面,作其宾语。

例:I am worried(adj.) about that he plays around all day(宾语从句).

注意:①三种方法中一、三较为普遍,二是常考的。

②有时prep.之后可直接接that 从句,而不需the fact,形成惯用语:

In that=because except that(只可惜;除了)

(一)疑问副词:where to live、whether to try again、when to talk to him、how to do it

(二)疑问代词:what to do、whom to see、which to buy、whom to talk to

1、疑问副词形成的名词短语:因为疑问副词是副词的性质,故不作不定式短语中及物动词的o.

疑问代词形成的名词短语:因为疑问代词具有名词的性质,故一定要作不定式短语中v/prep.的o.

2、名词短语因具有名词的性质,故可作主语,系由名词性从句化简而成。

Where to meet him is not decided yet.= Where we should meet him is not decided yet.

“from+地方名词+to+地方名词”作主语,与单数的be动词连用

例:

(1)完全不及物动词(c.vi.)(2)不完全不及物(i.vi.)

(3)完全及物动词(c.vt.)(4)不完全及物动词(i.vt.)(5)授予动词(d.v.)

(1)我他【主动】(2)他被我【被动】

放入动词后,若意思无毛病,就是及物动词,否则就是不及物动词。

例:sing vt.唱(一首歌)vi.唱歌Run vt.经营(工厂)vi. 跑步

vi.杀戮

例:dream vt.做(梦)vi. 做梦dream a terrible dream

live vt.过(生活)vi.生活live a happy life smile vt.露出(微笑)vi.微笑smile a bright smile laugh vt. 展开(大笑)vi.笑laugh a hearty laugh

睡(觉)vi.睡觉sleep a sound sleep

(一)完全及物动词:加了宾语之后,意思才很完全的动词

完全不及物动词:即不需加宾语,意思就很完全的动词

(二)完全及物动词出现的形态

1、“S+vt.+o.”

2、“S+be动词+及物动词的现在分词+o.”表某个动作正在进行的主动状态

3、“S+be动词+p.p.”表被动的概念(p.p.→past participle过去分词)

4、“S+be动词+being+p.p.”表某动作正在进行的被动状态

(三)完全不及物动词出现的形态

1、“S+vi.”

2、“S+be动词+不及物动词的现在分词”表某动作正在进行的状态

注:Something was happened.(×) happened是不及物动词,故无被动语态

(1)c.vi.置于主语后可单独存在,之后不需加任何词类意思就很完全。

例:Something happened. 例:He died

(2)但c.vi.之后,可接adv.或adv.的对等语(如prep.短语、状语从句等)

例:Something happened(c.vi.) yesterday(adv.). 例:He died in an accident(prep.短语)

.

(一)概述

这类动词(i.vi.即系动词)意思不完全,因而无法单独存在,之后要接n./adj./n.的对等语(代词、动名词、不定式、名词性从句、名词短语等),以补充其意思的不足。这些补充语称为表语(s.c.→subjective complement)(二)i.vi.的判断方法:(以become为例)

1、判断其是vt./vi. (我变成他,他被我变成→可知become为vi.)

2、确知become为vi.后,利用i.vi.的造句法,形成下列句型:

(1)“S+vi.”(2)“S+be动词+不及物动词的现在分词”

3、但由中文翻译知:“他变成”或“他正变成”语义不完全,可知become是意思不完全的不及物动词,不能单独存在,之后要接补充语。

(三)六大类及其用法

1、be动词:之后可用n.(含n.对等语)/adj.(含作adj.的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、地点副词或地点副词短语等)作s.c.

(1)be动词之后有11种表语:

注:用n.作表语时→be动词译成“是”;用adj. 作表语时→be动词不必翻译;用地点副词或地点副词短语作表语时→be动词译成“在”;

①名词:例:He is a great hero.(is译成“是”)

②名词性从句:例:The trouble with me is that I lack money. (is译成“是”)

③名词短语:例:The question is when to set out. (is译成“是”)

④作名词用的动名词短语:例:My hobby is collecting stamps. (is译成“是”)

⑤作名词用的不定式短语:例:My purpose here is to see him. (is译成“是”)

⑥形容词:例:She is beautiful. (“is”不必译出)

⑦作形容词用的现在分词:例:The question is interesting.

⑧作形容词用的过去分词:例:I am interested in the question.

⑨作形容词用的介词短语(由“of +抽象名词”构成):例:The book is of much value./valuable.

⑩地点副词:例:She is there. 例:ls he home now? (is译成“在”)

○11地点副词短语(由“介词+地方名词”构成):例:She is in danger 例:She is in town. (is译成“在”)(2)be 动词之后的现在分词有三种词性:

①adj.→译成“。。。的”例:The girl(S)is(be动词)charming(现在分词作adj.当表语).

②表“进行状态”的现在分词→译成“正在。。”例:The girl(S)is singing(完全不及物动词的进行时).

③动名词→be动词之后的V-ing能与主语互换时,该V-ing就是动名词;若不能互换时就是现在分词。

例:His job is washing cars. →Washing cars is his job.√(动名词)

例:He is washing the car. →Washing the car is he.×(现在分词)

(3)be 动词之后的过去分词有两种词性:

①adj.→译成“感到。。。的”例:The man(S)is(be动词)tired(过去分词作adj.当表语).

②及物动词的被动语态→译成“被。。。”例:The man(S)was killed(及物动词的一般过去时的被动语态).

2. become (变成):可用任何n./adj./可做adj.的现在或过去分词做表语.

例:You'll become a good student if you study hard.

3. turn(变成):

(1)通常只用形容词做表语,而且所能使用的形容词多与颜色或情绪有关,不能用其他形容词。

例:He turned angry when he saw Mary 例:The leaves were turning yellow.

例:She turned became beautiful.

(2)turn用以表专业时,可以n.作表语(但名词若为单数名词时,冠词要省略。);与名词连用(形成复合词),作adj.用。例:After the war, he turned a farmer. 例:He is a soldier- turned farmer.

4. get(变成):

(1)通常用表“生气”或“激动”的形容词作表语,若用其他形容词时,宜用become。

例:She got became beautiful.

(2)若用于进行时的句子中,可用任何adj.的比较级形式做表语。即:“be + getting + more and more +任何adj.”。例:She is getting more and more beautiful.

(3)”get/be+p.p.”(被动语态past participle):表“被。。。”,get= be,不可译成“变成”

例:He got/was killed in the accident.

5. seem ( =appear) (似乎):

(1)seem 之后用不定式短语做表语。例:He seems knowing to know it.

(2)但在“seem + to be + n. /adj. ”结构中,to be 可省略,直接用n.或adj.做表语。

例:He seems (to be) happy(adj.). 例:He seems (to be) a nice man(n.).

6. 感官动词:

(1)一共只有5个,一律译成“……起来”,后面一律用adj.(含可做adj.用的分词)做表语。

look (看起来)/sound (听起来)smell (闻起来)/taste (尝起来)/feel (感觉起来,感到)+adj.

(2)感官动词绝不可用n.作表语,若要与n.并用时,须用下列句型:“感官动词+like(prep.)+n.”

That material feels like silk.

(3)feel like +n.→“感觉像……”/ feel like +动名词→“想要……”

例:I feel like taking(动名词) a walk today. 例:He felt like a new-born baby.

(4)feel, taste, smell 也可当做完全及物动词,可用n.做宾语。此时意思均有改变。

feel (摸)/taste (尝)/smell (闻)+n. 例:Don’t taste that food(n.作o.), it has spoiled.

(5)look 之后有介词时: look 就不是感官动词,而与该介词构成及物动词短语,一定要用adv.修饰,而非以adj.修饰。例如:look into = investigate vt. 调查look over = examine vt. 检查look at = watch vt看例:He looked at me happily(adv.). =He looked happily at me. →He looked happy at me.×

(四)不完全不及物动词的重要相关短语:(举例如下)

1. He soon fell asleep(adj.)

2. Provisions ran short(adj.).

3. Things will come right(adj.)in the end.

4. The document proved to be a forgery.

(一)概述:

1、完全及物动词就是加了宾语后意思很完整的动词,有主动及被动两个语态,在此,我们要与大家讨论主动语态。至于被动用法,我们则将在语态的专篇中再讨论。

2、完全及物动词在主动语态中,用法极为简单,句型如下:“主语+完全及物动词+宾语”

例:They want(vt.) to go dancing(o.). 例:He thinks(vt.) that the book is good(o.).

(二)完全及物动词用法

其宾语有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、名词从句及名词短语等。这些词类、短语或从句均有名同的特性,故亦同时可以做主语。

1. 名词充当及物动词的宾语:例:He didn’t buy(vt.) that car(o.).

2. 代词充当及物功词的宾语:例:I don’ t like John. Indeed, I hate him(o.).

3. 动名词充当及物动词的宾语:并非所有及物动词均可用动名词做o.,常以动名词做o.的动词在下列几个:例:He considered studying abroad(o.). 例:I once imagined going to the beach with them(o.).

例:I just can’ t fancy getting along with them(o.). 例:They suggested putting off the game.

例:He risked doing it. 例:I avoided seeing him again. 例:He escaped being killed in the accident.

例:He recommended traveling abroad. 例:I enjoy dancing. 例:I resent having to do so much work.

例:I practiced playing the piano. 例:He stopped/quit smoking.

例:Would you mind opening the window for me?

4. 不定式充当及物动词的宾语:这些动词皆有表示某种愿望、企图之意,如:want、hope、desire等

例:I hope to study abroad someday(o.).

(1)resist + V-ing(抗拒)=refuse to +原形动词(拒绝)

(2)expect +to +原形动词(期望。。。)=anticipate+V-ing

(3)stop/quit+V-ing=cease+V-ing/to do (停止)

(4)contine(继续)start(开始)begin(开始)like/love/dislike/hate可用不定式或动名词作宾语,意思不变。

5. 名词从句充当及物动词的宾语:(3种)

(1)that 从句做及物动词的宾语时,名词从句连接词that 通常予以省略。

例:He thinks ( that) the book is worthy of reading.

(2)whether从句做及物动词的宾语时,名词从句连接词whether 亦可被if取代。

但whether 从句若做主语、介词的宾语或be 功词的表语,则whether 不可被if 取代。

例:I don't know if/whether the typhoon will come. 例:Whether/If he can go is not yet known.

例:It is not yet known if/whether he can go. 例:The problem is if/whether he has enough money for the trip

5 项)充当及物动词的宾语:例:I don’t know whom to talk to.

(一)概述

1.不完全及物动词仍属→种及物动词,但此类动词加了宾语之后,意思并不完整,需要加补语(complement),以补充意思之不足。

2.以make为例:

(1)make当“制造”解时,为完全及物动词:He made a car.(本句意思完整,故无需补语)

(2)但make若做“使”或“叫”解时,则为不完全及物动词: He made Mary(o.) happy(o.c.).

(二)分类及用法

1. 使役动词:

(1)叫。。。

①“make/have/bid+宾语+原形动词”例:I made him(o.) wash the car(o.c.)

②get亦可表“叫......”之意,但只能用不定式短语作补语。例:I got him(o.) to wash the car(o.c.)

③make可使用在被动时中,但have 及get 则不可。

(2)让。。。

①let 十宾语+原形动词〈做宾语补语〉。例:I let him(o.) wash the car(o.c.).

②let 十宾语十做副词用的介词(in, out, down) 例:Don’t let him(o.) out(o.c.).

I. 介词由于之后无宾语,可单独存在作副词用,因此称为:介副词。与地点副词一样,有形容词的功能,可做be 动词之后的补语。例:He is in/out(介副词)there/here/home/(地点副词)

II. 在let 之后,只能用介副词做补语,而不可用地点副词或地点副词短语作补语。

例:He let me in.√→He let me in the house/there×

(3)强迫/要求/怂恿/催促。。。“此类动词+宾语十不定式短语〈做宾语排语〉”

push one to/seduce one to(引诱)/entice one to(引诱)/wish one to/want one to

例:I asked him(o.) to write the letter(o.c.).

(4)使……成为此类动词只有make 一个,加了宾语之后,要用形容词或名词做补语,句型如下:“主语+make +宾语+adj./n. ”例:The trip made him(o.) happy(o.c.).

2. 知觉动词:此类动词有二类:看:see, observe , watch ,look at 听: hear, listen to 感觉:feel

(1)此类动词可做完全及物动词,加了宾语之后无需另加补语。例:Did you see him?

(2)但此类动词亦可做不完全及物动词,加了宾语之后,需另加o.c.,用法如下:

①表事实时,用原形动词做补语,碎成“...... 了”例:I saw him dance. 〈我看见他跳舞了。〉

②表进行状态时,用现在分词做补语,译成“……正在……”

例:I saw him dancing when I walked in. 〈当我进来时,我看见他正在跳舞。〉

③表被动的概念时,要用过去分词做补语,译成“....被....”例:I saw him killed.

④以上三种补语变被动语态时,除原形动词要变成不定式短语之外,其余不变。

例:I saw him do it→He was seen to do it. 例:I saw him dancing.→He was seen dancing.

3. 任命动词: 此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意,其宾语之后用表职位的名词做补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。

此类动词通常有:elect (选举),assign (指派),appoint(任命)

例:We elected him(o.) chairman(o.c.) of the committee.

4. 认定动词: 此类动词均表“视……为”之意,加了宾语之后,用名词或形容词做宾语补语。

(1)与介词连用者:

例:We regard/refer to/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius.=We take him for a genius.

(2)与to be 并用者:We consider/deem/think him (to be) a genius.

①一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语,但表“视.......为”的动词与介词as 或for 并用时,可直接接形容词于其后。例:I am sick of his rude attitude. 例:l regard him as nice.

②consider/ deem/think/believe/find:

A.这五个动词做不完全及物动词时,不得直接用that 引导的名词从句或不定式短语做宾语,一定要用形式宾语it取代,consider/ deem/think均译为“认为。。。是。。。”句型:“S+i.vt.+it+o.c.(n./adj.)+to V”

例:I find it(形式宾语) wonderful(o.c.) that he sings so well(真宾语).

例:I think interesting(o.c.) to climb mountains(真宾语).

B. 这五个动词亦可做完全及物动词,此时要用that 引导的名词从句做宾语。consider/ deem/think均译为:“认为”,其他译为:“发现”、“相信”。

例:I think (that) it is interesting to climb mountains.和上一例句虽结构不一样,但意思相同。

③make表“使……成为”时,为不完全及物动词,不得直接用不定式短语做宾语,一定要用形式宾语it取代。句型:“S+make+it+o.c.(n./adj.)+to V”例:He make it(形式宾语) a rule(o.c.) to get up early(真宾语).

5. 转变动词: 此类动词均表“使……变成”之意,常用的有change 与turn 两个。通常要与介词into并用。例:The experience turned/changed him into a good student.

6. 其他重要的不完全及物动词:

例:They set him free. 例:I painted the door green. 例:The sight struck him dumb

例:The baby cried itself to sleep 例:His assistance will render(make) success certain

例:The misfortune nearly drove him mad 例:They named the baby Tom. 例:Don’t leave the door open 例:They call him a liar 例:You must keep your teeth clean.

例:I want the job done no later than five. 例:Help me (to)find my watch.

(一)概述

此类动词为及物动词的一种,需接两个宾语。第一个宾语叫做间接宾语(Indirect Object 简称i. o. )表授予

的对象;第二个宾语叫直接宾语(Direct Object 简称d. o. ),表授予的东西。

例:I bought him a car 例:I ask him a question. 例:I will give you this watch.

(二)间接与直接宾语倒置原则

1. 表“给予”的概念,要用to

例:I gave him the book.= I gave the book to him. 例:I told him the story.= I told the story to him.

但explain (解释) , introduce(介绍) ,propose(提议), recommend(建议) , express (表示)等词,不论间接或直接宾语的位置是任颠倒,均要与to 并用。

例:He explained the reason to me.= He explained to me the reason.(少用)

2. 表“代劳”的概念,要用for

例:I bought him the book.= I bought the book for him.

3. 表“从……中”的概念,要用of

例:I asked him a question.= I asked a question of him.

此处的of ,等于from 之意,但使用时,仍以of 为宜。凡表“要求”的动词均属此用法。

例:He required nothing of me. 例:I expected much of him. 例:He demanded little of me.

惟使用此三个动词时,不得像ask 一样可将间接宾语置于前面。例:He demanded me little .×

(三)与of连用的授予动词

下列动词也可与of 并用,但是与上述不同的是of 之后是以表“东西”的名词为宾语,而非以表“对象”的名词为宾语。

1. rob 抢夺:

例:He robbed my money.×→He robbed me(对象)of my money(东西).

例:My money was robbed.×→I was robbed of my money.

2.deprive剥夺(权利): 例:The court deprived him(对象)of all his civil rights(东西).

3. relieve解除(职务、指挥权等)例:The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command.

4. rid 解除,摆脱:例:I cannot rid myself of/get rid of the painful memory.

(1)rid myself of中的rid是动词,表“使脱离”

(2)get rid of中的rid是过去分词,相当于形容词,表“脱离的”,get相当于be;但get rid of(摆脱)表“动作”,而be rid of(已摆脱)表“状态”。

例:I’ll get rid of those chores(要摆脱) I’m glad to be rid of those chores.( 已摆脱)

5. break 戒除:

例:You should break/rid yourself of the bad habit of smoking.= You should break the bad habit of smoking.

6. cure 医治: 例:The doctor cured him of his disease.= The doctor cured his disease.

(四)表“提供”的授予动词

1. 常用的此类动词有offer, provide, supply,furnish ,present等。除offer 以外,其余要与介词with 并用。

例:He offered me all I needed.=He provided/supplied/furnished/present(赠送) me with all I needed.

2.= He offered/present all I needed to me. = He provided all I needed for me.

3.offer除表“提供”外,亦表“愿意,主动提议”,此时接不定式短语作宾语:“offer to=be willing to”

第三节结论

根据此五类动词,演化成英文的五大类句型:

1. 主语+完全不及物动词:

例:He fainted. 例:He went away(adv.).例:He went to the station(prep.短语作adv.).

2. 主语+不完全不及物动词+表语:例:He looks happy(adj.作s.c.).

3. 主语+完全及物动词+宾语: 例:He wants to do it(不定式短语作“意愿”动词的宾语).

例:He knows that he is wrong(名词从句作宾语).

4. 主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+宾语补语:例:He made me happy.例:We elected him chairman.

5.主语+授予动词+间接宾语(授予对象)+直接宾语(被授予的东西)

例:I give him a book.=I give a book to him.

以上所列五大句型的示范例句均为陈述句,也是常见的句子。除了陈述句外,尚有祈使句、感叹句、问句三类。但不论形态如何改变,绝不超出此五大句型。下面将另三类句型介绍如下:

(一)祈使句:简单地说,祈使句就是把主语You 省略的句子。此类句型一开头即为原形动词.由上述五大句型演变而成。

1. 第一句型:主语+完全不及物动词例:You must run now.→Run! 否定型在前加Don’t即可(下同)

2. 第二句型:主语+不完全不及物动词+表语例:You must be quiet now.→Be quiet.

3. 第三句型:主语+完全及物动词+宾语例:You must open the door now. →Open the door.

4. 第四句型:主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+宾语补语例:You must make him do it. →Make him do it.

5. 第五句型:主语+授予动词+间接宾语(授予对象)+直接宾语(被授予的东西)

例:You must sent him a letter. →Sent him a letter.

注:否定型的祈使句一共有两种:一为Don’t起首,另-为Never起首。使用Never 时,不必加Do,即无Do never的用法。

(二)感叹句:感叹句的形成,均由How 或What 引导。句型如下:

1.“What +n.+S.+动词……”造句方法如下:

(1)先置what 于句首(由于此处what 为形容词,译成“多么的”,之后-定要加名词,以供修饰。)(2)再将含有n.作及物动词的o./s.c./补语的句子至于其后

(3)将此o./s.c./补语置于what之后,句尾加感叹号。

例:What you have made him(o.) a good boy(宾补). →What a good boy(宾补) you have made him(o.)!

2.“How+adj. /adv. +S.+动词……”造句方法如下:

(1)先置how 于句首(由于此处how 为副词,译为“多么的”,之后一定要加形容词或副词,以供修饰。)(2)在How 之后造一含有adj. /adv.的句子;

(3)再将adj. /adv.置于how 之后,句尾加感叹号。

例:How he studied very hard. →How hard he studied.

3. How 之后亦可直带有形容词修饰的单数可数名词,但绝不可置复数名词或不可数名词。

句型:“How+adj. 十a(an) +单数名词+S.+动词……!”

例:How great a man he is!= What a great man he is!

但:How 之后可接many,much,little,few数量形容词,再接复数或不可数名词。

例:How many students there are in the classroom! 例:How few friends he has!

(三)问句:两类,一般疑问句、特殊疑问句

1. 一般疑问句:此类问句不以What, When, Where, How 等疑问词为句首。均可用Yes/No 回答,是由陈述句变化而成。构成方式如下:

(1)句中有be 动词时,将该be 动词与主语倒置。例:He is nice. →Is he nice?

(2)句中若有一般助动词.如can(could)/may(might)/will ( would )/ shall(should)/must,have (has, had)等,则将该助动词与主语倒置。例:They can handle the problem. →Can they handle the problem?

(3)句中若仅有动词,而无be 动词或一般助动词时.先按动词的人称或时态的不同,在句首添加Do, Does 或Did 等助动词,再将主语之后的动词一律改为原形动词。例:He left early.→Did he leave early?

注:①一般疑问句若以否定形式起首时,均译成“难道不……吗?”

例:Isn’t he happy? (他难道不高兴吗?)

②不论问句以否定或肯定形式起首,形成答句时,只要认为肯定,就用Yes回答;若认为否定,则用No回答。例:Isn’t he happy?--- Yes. he is. (不,他很快乐)/No, he isn't(是的,他不快乐)

2. 特殊疑问句:此类问句均以When, Why, Where, How, What, Who, Whom, Which 等疑问词为句首,不可用Yes/No回答。构成方式如下:

(1)先将问句按中文的句子译出;例:You will go where?

(2)再将句中的疑问词移至句首,即成:Where you will go?

(3)再将疑问词之后的结构按一般疑问句的倒置原则倒置,即告完成: Where will you go?

注:what,who,which 等三个疑问词,具有名词性质,故在特殊疑问句中,可直接置于句首做主语,而无须采用倒装结构。例:Who(S.) came? What(S.) has happened? Which(S.) was broken?

第二章两句的连接方法

概述:两句连接的方法不外乎下列六种方式:

1.破折号

2.冒号

3.分号

4.并列连词

5.连接副词

6.关系词

第一节连接符号

1. 破折号与连字符的区别:此类符号,有别于连字符(-)。前者用于连接句子或同位语,而后者则用以连接单词,形成复合词。

2. 破折号连接句子时,用来强调第一个从句,以补充意思的不足。此时破折号有“也就是说”或“换句话说”的意思。

3. 破折号也可以用来连接同位语。例:His hobby—taking pictures —is a far cry from mine.

例:He finally made his purpose known to us—to run after Susan.

此类符号也可以用以连接句子,来强调前面句中的名词。

例:He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.

1. 此类符号=“逗号+连词(and/so/but…)”

例:He is a man of principle ;we all respect him.= He is a man of principle , so we all respect him.

2.句中的对等语原本用逗号相隔,再以并列连词相连,但若某对等语中间有插入语时,会多出一些逗号。为了句意清楚起见,可用分号取代逗号。

例:He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on,and that he expected me to help him.

三个that从句,以and连接,共作said宾语,因此这三个从句称为对等语。现在句中加入插入语:

He said that he had no money;that,because of his ill temper,(插入语) he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.

第二节并列连词

基本的并列连词一共只有三个:and,or, but。此种连词可用以连接并列的单词、短语或句子,故称为并列连词。

1.单词:例:He and I enjoy singing.(并列主语) 例:He is kind and handsome.(对等的adj.作表语)

2.短语:例:I came to see him and (to) tell him the truth.(对等的不定式短语)

3.句子:例:He doesn’t study, but his teacher likes him.

例:I like John,who is easy to get along with but whose brother is too arrogant to associate with.

虽然基本的并列连词只有and,or,but 三个,但也可以由此三个变化成下列数个连词:

and→both…and…

or→either…or…/neither…nor…(要不就是…要不就是…)/(既非…也非…)

but→not only…but also…/not…but…(这些连词短语也可以连接并列的单词、短语或句子)

1.单词:例:He will either stay or leave.

2.短语:例:He went to the United not only to learn English but(also)to know more about American culture.(并列的不定式短语)

例:He succeed both because of his intelligence and because of his hard work.(并列的介词短语)

并列的主句)

1.单词:例:He is happy rather than sad.

2.短语:例:He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life.

3.句子:as well as 与rather than连接主语时,该句动词始终要随第一个主语做变化。

例:He as well as I/no less than I/together with me/along with me is interested in music.

上句中由于as well as 与no less than为并列连词,故之后接主格形式I ,以与He 并列。而together with 或along with则为介词,故之后接宾格形式me ,以作为with 的宾语。

例:He rather than I/instead of me is interested in music.=He ,not I, is interested in music.

上句中由于rather than为并列连词,故之后接主格形式I ,以与He 并列。而instead of 则为介词.故之后接宾格形式me, 以作为of 的宾语。not也可以视为并列连词,等于rather than,惟使用时,not前恒加逗号。例:

使用“both…and…/either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…/not only…but also…”等连词应注意事项:

1.连接主语时,both…and…之后,始终接复数动词:其余连词连接主语时,动词则要随最近的主语做单复数变化。例:Both he and I are happy about it. 例:Either he or I am wrong.

2. both…and…/neither…nor…/not…but…通常不用来连接句子,而not only…but also…则可连接句子,唯not only 引导的句子要采用倒装结构:

例:Both he is good at English, and he is good at math.×→He is good at both English and math.√

例:Not only can she sing,but she can also dance.

3. 由于not only 是否定副词的关系,若置于第一分句之前,该从句要采用倒装结构。而but also 则为连词,所连接的第二分句不需倒装。倒装原则依据动词形式不同,分为以下三种情况:

(1)be 动词的倒装例:Not only is he clever, but he is polite.

(2)助动词的倒装例:Not only can she sing,but she can also dance.

(3)一般动词: 倒装时要按人称时态另加do,does或did于主语前.原有的动词一律改为原形动词。

例:Not only does she sing well, but she dances beautifully.

4. not only…but also…之中的also通常可以省略。若不省略,则连接单词或短语时but also不可分开,但连接主句时,but also”一定要分开,也就是将also置于主语之后。

例:She is not only beautiful but (also) kind . 例:Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.

5. not only…but also…= not only…but…as well

and,or,but通常置于两个两个对等的句子之间,以发挥连词的功能。但有时我们也可见到and,or,but变成大写,置于单句句首,形成独立的用法。只是此类用法必须要有上下文才能成立。

第三节副词连词

在主从复合句中,because,if等连词引导的从句充当状语,类似副词的功能,所以称为副词连词。

1、常用的副词连词:because、though(虽然)、if、unless(除非)、as soon as(一旦)、once(一旦)等。

2、副词连词只能连接从句:

例:I like him because he is easy to get along with. 例:When he came, I was writing a letter.

3. 副词连词引导状语从句:副词连词冠于任何一个从句前面,该从句就成为状语从句,而状语从句绝不可能单独存在,一定要与主句共存。整个状语从句可视为副词,用来修饰主句。

例:I like him(主句) because he is nice(从句).= Because he is nice,I like him.

4. 状语从句的位置:任何一个副词连接词所引导的从句若置于主句之后,两句之间通常不置逗号。但若该状语从句置于主句之前,则两句之间通常置逗号。

5. 避免双重连接:a. Because ... so... (×) b. Though ... but... (×)

6. if、unless(除非)、as soon as(一旦)、once(一旦)、When等副词连词所引导的从句,亦可表示一种条件,形成所谓的条件句。若用来表示将来的状况时,该条件句的时态要采一般现在时(或现在完成时),而主句的时态则用一般将来时。

即:“If/Unless/As soon as/Once/When+一般现在时(或现在完成时)动词,主语+will+原形动词”

例:As soon as I have done it, I'll let you know.

有连接词的意味,但却不能作连接词用,前面要有分号,用以连接两句。

1. however、nevertheless (然而)——有连接词but 的意味。

例:He is nice; however/nevertheless, I don’t like him.= He is nice, but I don’t like him.

= He is nice. However/Nevertheless, I don’t like him.

注:however 或nevertheless 之后通常要加逗号。however 亦可插入在句中,两旁以逗号相隔。

例:He is nice. I, however, don’t like him.

2. therefore、thus (因此)——有连接词so 的意味。

例:He is kind; therefore,/thus we all like him.= He is kind, so we all like him.

= He is kind.Therefore,/Thus we all like him.

注:therefore之后通常要加逗号,thus则不加逗号。therefore亦可插入在句中,两旁以逗号相隔。

3. moreover、furthermore、in addition(此外)——句有连接词and的意昧。

4. besides(此外):与in addition均表“此外”,不过前者多用于有否定或消极意味的句中,而in addition 则用于肯定句或积极意味的句中。

例:I don’t think I will go to the movies with you, John. I’m too tired; besides, I have no money.

注:furthermore、moreover、besides、in addition通常只置于主语前,而不插入句中。

1.表“当……”时,while视为副词连词,引导状语从句。

例:While I was writing a letter(状语从句), she was doing the dishes(主句).

2. 表“而……”时,while 视为并列连接词,连接并列句。

1.as (当;虽然;因为)

(1)as作“当”解时,相当于when之意。例:As I was young, I was quite happy.

(2)as作“虽然”解时,等于though ; though 引导的状语从句有下列句型变化:

例:Though he is rich, he isn’t happy.=Rich as/As rich as he is, he isn’t happy.(句首的As 视作虚词,无意义。第二个as 则视为连词,译成“虽然”)

(3)as作“因为”解时,相当于because之意。例:As/Because he has apologized to me, I’m going to forgive him.

2.where ( = in the place where = in the place in which )(在……的地方)

例:Put the book where/in the place where I can see it. 例:Where/In the place where there is a will, there is a way.

3.once(一旦)例:Once/As soon as you hear any good news, let me know.

4. or(否则)例:You must work hard, or I'll fire you.= You must work hard; otherwise I'll fire you.

注:or是连词用以连接两个否定的句子;otherwise是连接性副词,并非连词,故之前置分号,以连接两句。

5.nor(也不):nor是连词,用以连接两个否定的句子,nor之后的分句要采用倒装句型。

例:He never lies, nor does he bully other kids.

6.so that(这样的话;以便):so that引导的状语从句句中应有助动词may, will, can 等。

例:I got up early so (that)/in order that I could get to school on time.

7. so…that…(如此…以至于…)例:He is so nice that we all like him.=He is so nice, we all like him.

8.in that(因为):in that相当于because,惟in that 引导的状语从句多置于主句之后,而because引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后。例:He is great(主句) in that he speaks five different languages.

9.except that(只可惜,只不过是)例:He is nice except that he is a little shy.

10.since(因为,自从):since表“因为”时,相当于because 之意;表“自从”时,所引导的状语从句采一般过去时,主句则为现在完成时或现在完成进行时。

例:He has been studying quite hard (ever) since he went to college.

高中英语语法系统全解【珍藏版】

高中英语语法系统全解 第一章动词时态 在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时 一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。 A.一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s 或-es。 They want good jobs. 他们想要好的工作。 The coat matches the dress. 外衣和裙子很相配。 This work does not satisfy me. 这项工作我不满意。 Do you understand? 你懂了吗? 2.一般现在时的用法 ①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper. 晚饭后他总是散散步。 Everyone is in high spirits now. 现在大家都情绪高涨。 b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起在西方落下。 Sound travels faster through water than it does through air. 声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。

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