5外文翻译1

5外文翻译1
5外文翻译1

本科毕业设计外文翻译

(2010届)

题目:面向对象数据库Xindice的应用系统

学生姓名韩文杰

指导教师王奔

专业班级软件工程2008(2+2)2班

所在学院计算机科学与技术学院

提交日期2010年3月

使用开源XML数据库Xindice构建鼻咽癌2D/MS库--Feng Li,Maoyu Li,Zhiqiang Xiao,Pengfei Zhang,Jianling Li and Zhuchu Chen

地址:中国卫生部癌症蛋白组织学重点实验室中南大学湘雅医院中南大学癌症研究所Email:Feng Li-fengl@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,;Maoyu Li-maoyuli@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,;Zhiqiang Xiao-

zqxiao2001@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,;Pengfei Zhang-jimszhang0421@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,;Jianling Li-jianlingli2001@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,;Zhuchu Chen*-tcbl@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,

1.摘要

1.1背景

许多蛋白质组学的倡议要求所有信息要用统一的标准来集成。这些信息来自于收集的样品和展示给公众的实验结果的数据。这些不同格式和结构的数据的集成和转换对我们来说是一个巨大的挑战。XML技术因为它的简单性和灵活性在处理这类问题时给我们呈现出一个希望。鼻咽癌(NPC)是最常见的癌症之一,在南部中国和东南亚,这标志着鼻咽癌发病的地理和种族差异。尽管有一些癌症蛋白质组数据库,现在仍没有鼻咽癌蛋白质组数据库。

1.2结果

用人类蛋白质标记语言编辑器将原始实验数据原始实验数据捕获到一个XML文档,将XML文档导入原生XML数据库Xindice。关于鼻咽癌蛋白质组的2D/MS库是由Apache,,PHP,Xindice创建的。这个库提供了一种通过互联网访问数据库的方法。在我们的网站上,同时两种方法(关键字查询,点击查询)来访问鼻咽癌蛋白质组学数据库的实体。

1.3结论

我们2D/MS存储库可以用于共享的鼻咽癌蛋白质组学原始数据,这些数据来自于凝胶型的蛋白质实验。用于构建用户自己的蛋白质存储库的数据库和PHP源代码可以在https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/上访问到。

2.背景

人类和其他模型有机体基因组计划的完成提供了一系列的基础设施来允许我们对细胞发信号、规则、新陈代谢的动态过程有一个更好的了解。尽管所有的细胞中都含有完整的基因组,但是在特定细胞中只有基因的一小部分被表达。在不同的条件和同一器官的不同组织中,一个特定组的蛋白质被表达或翻译后修饰来执行细胞的特定功能。术语蛋白质组是蛋白质和基因组和混合体,它指整个的

蛋白质成份,连同所有在一个挑选的细胞中共有原子价修正蛋白质。随着后基因组学的到来,功能性基因组学已经变成了生物研究的一个新焦点,当评定全功能性蛋白质时,蛋白质组已经成为一个非常有希望的领域。

为了了解不同蛋白质所扮演的角色和解剖蛋白质之间相互作用的网络,一个高渗透的方法学正在被应用在这个新出现的领域。结果,通过高渗透的蛋白质组方法大量的实验数据产生。这些高渗透的蛋白质组方法有大型双杂交系统,高全质量光谱技术,多维色谱仪。同时,随着蛋白质组信息量的迅速增加,对有一个公共库蛋白质组库和在实验室之间交流原始蛋白质组的实验数据有着迫切需求。原始实验数据通常是由不同的生成仪器,实验室和方法产生,因此仍难以直接交换原始蛋白质组数据。最近,一个新的特殊的组织,名为PSI(蛋白质组学标准计划)成立于在美国华盛顿举办的人类蛋白质组组织会议上,定义数据表示社区标准会议蛋白质组学的数据比较方便,交流和核查。由于在我们实验室产生的原始蛋白质组实验数据和在大多数蛋白质组学实验室使用的技术还是基于2D/MS

系统,我们打算把精力集中在由2D/MS系统一般蛋白质组学格式产生的原始蛋白质组学数据的交换上。

目前,形成了一些与整个蛋白质组学标准相关的XML模型如PEDRo,HUP-ML和AGML。在这些模型中,PEDRo,HUP-ML是两个用于处理蛋白质组学原始数据流行的模型。PEDRo是由诺曼佩顿教授率领的一个小组开发,考虑到凝胶蛋白质组数据与其他的XML模式的许多方面,如mzXML,mzData和mzIdent,更具体地说应为质谱数据。HUP-ML是另一个基于XML面向蛋白质组分析的格式,它是由Kamijo et al.在2002年的AOHUPO XML专题讨论会上提出的。

HUP-ML是建立在典型的2D/MS系统之上的,可以被大多数的实验室使用。

在这里,我们把HUP-ML editor作为数据采集的软件,把HUP-ML数据模型作为鼻咽癌蛋白质组库。鼻咽癌在中国南部和东南亚是最常见的癌症之一,这表明鼻咽癌的发病具有明显的地域和种族差异。公共蛋白质组库是研究复杂的癌症机制基础设施。虽然有许多癌症蛋白质组数据库,但就我们所知一直没有鼻咽癌蛋白质组数据库。在本文中,我们用HUP-ML编辑器来收集原始鼻咽癌蛋白质组学数据,包括实验结果和实验条件。然后,将这些XML文件导入Xindice数据库,PHP是用来把来自Web客户端的查询请求传递给数据库管理系统,并查询结果以

HTML格式返回给客户端。PHP源代码可以从我们的网站

https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/上下载以构建用户自己的蛋白质组库。

3.结果

在鼻咽癌2D/MS库中鼻咽癌凝聚型蛋白质组实验数据的Xpath的查询结构如图3.1所示。

图3.1Xpath查询结果

这个2D/MS库的结构如图3.2所示。

图3.22D/MS库的结构

要检索一个标识点的精确信息,我们提供了两种选择来查询信息。一种方式是通过文本输入来查询数据库,可以输入一个NCBI加入数字,蛋白质名称或别名,或者基因的名称。另一种查询方法是点击2-DE凝胶图上的点击点。这两种查询方法都是建立在Xpath查询之上。这个Xpath查询结果是将返回一个XML文档。为了显示一个可读的查询结果,在将结果输送给客户端浏览器之前XLST处理器的转换工作是必须的。Sablotron XSLT处理器转变结果的一个例子如图3.3所示。

图3.3Sablotron处理器转化结果

在右上方的框中,有返回结果的点用红色十字叉在二维凝胶图像中标出,同时查询点的蛋白质详细信息显示在右下角的框中。另一种查询方法是直接点击二维凝胶图像中的一个点。如果这个点在实验中已经被确定,详细的蛋白质信息将显示在右下角的框中。这两种方法都允许用户进入NCBI数据库通过超链接访问蛋白质的相关功能的注释信息。

在我们的鼻咽癌蛋白质组学库中,肽质量指纹图中的每一个单一同位素峰的顶点都是用Mascot Distiller策略提取的,被保持为mgf文件。所有的mgf文件都被转化成文本文件并且被输入到HUP-ML文档中。当用户点击确定点的MS-MAP图上的超链接时,数据库管理系统就会查询该点,从ms_peak_list标签中抽取单一同位素峰到PHP上,然后PHP会被转化成模仿的肽质量指纹图。通过这种方法,模拟的肽质量指纹图能够被每一个人分享,不受大量的质谱制造商定义的文件格式的限制。图3.4展示了一个确定的蛋白谷胱甘肽转移由单一同位素峰列表生成的欧米茄1-1的肽质量指纹图。

图3.4欧米茄1-1的肽质量指纹图

讨论

目前有两种用于存储蛋白质组学实验数据的数据库管理系统,它们是关系数据库管理系统(RDMS)和XML数据库系统。当前最流行的2D/MS数据库采用SWISS-2DPAGE或者免费的数据库。SWISS-2DPAGE数据库是建立在瑞士生物信息研究所的Make2ddb软件基础之上的。Make2ddb后端的数据库系统是PostgreSQL数据库管理系统。虽然SWISS-2DPAGE数据库已经建立,某些重要实验信息和原始数据仍不能集合到数据库中,如蛋白质分离和识别的条件,实验样品的详细说明,原始质谱图等。如果研究人员使用其他免费的关系数据库,他必须用很大的努力来设计、优化信息数据库。关系数据库的优点是因为它的特定的

设计结构和关系模型,关系数据库能够很容易地用来存储、管理和查询结构化的信息。然而用HUP-ML模型集成的蛋白质组数据的复杂数据结构使我们用关系数据库构建蛋白质组库变得困难了。此外,如果我们用关系数据库作为后端数据库,将蛋白质组数据映射到表中,这样的数据库管理系统强迫我们将数据分割成许多小段以满足第三范式的要求。当一个查询能够使数据库管理系统将许多片段整合成原始数据时,片段就能够导致效率问题。

XML技术是互联网语言的下一代技术。它具有强大的数据交换能力。XML 技术特别适合展示生物数据和方法。它是目前在许多领域的共同选择包括蛋白质组学领域。因为XML具有高灵活性并且能够提供一个开发的框架来定义标准规范。随着网络服务迅速增长,XML在数据交换和共享方面得到蓬勃发展,并且形成了两种基于XML的新数据库技术:原生XML数据库管理系统和XML数据库管理系统。使用原生XML数据库系统,没有必要将特定的蛋白质组模式映射到关系数据库中。Xindice是一个由Apache开发的开源原生XML数据库。它是一个促进基于WEB工具和标准的建设的软件基础。相比其他开放源码的XML数据库,例如eXist和xmldb,我们认为Xindice具有更好的稳定性,更好的兼容性和技术支持。因此,我们决定采用原生XML数据库Xindice来存储、管理、查询原始鼻咽癌蛋白质组实验数据的集合。

PEDRoDB是另一个新的用来存储、搜索、传播实验蛋白质组数据的数据库存储系统。它用Xindice存储XML格式的原始蛋白质组数据。PEDRoDB是一个以原始数据采集软件Pedro为基础的数据库系统。Pedro已近被开发出来用于编码实验数据并且生成基于XML的PEML(蛋白质组学实验标记语言)文件。PEML以Pedro模型为基础用于本地存储或者提交一个数据库。不像基于Make2ddb,更多强调凝聚注释,2D/MS数据库,PEDRoDB数据库被设计用来提供更多的信息,允许详细地比较获取结果的方式。然而,PEDRoDB不能用于下载,至少在我们的写作方面。

HUP-ML文档采用平面文件结构,在某种意义上它可以被视为一个数据库或关系数据库中的一个表。XML文件可以直接投入相同的目录中,可以被文件管理系统处理。但是,这种方法的功能还不够,因为它不能提供一个数据库的优点,如事件安全救助机制,并行控制和高效率的索引和查询。因此,通过部署NXD

的HUP-ML文件,整个系统能够更有效和安全。

Xindice是一个开源的原生XML数据库,具有XPath的查询效率,对XUpdate 的支持,与现有的XML开发工具的紧密集成的特点。然而,Xindice受到公共原生XML数据库的局限。因为与关系数据库相比它的少量存在,并且没有太多NXD 的支持技术和应用可用。

PEDRo和HUP-ML都代表了使用XML技术来交换原始蛋白质组数据的当

前成果。目前使用已经存在的成果如PEDRo和HUP-ML作为系统设计的起点而不是全新设计是一个不错的选择。要选择原始蛋白质组软件,我们认为凝聚注释比详细的实验条件描述更有用。因此,我们选用HUP-ML集成来自不同源的凝聚蛋白质组数据信息。

肽质量指纹图和并串联质谱是目前在鉴定蛋白质方面最常用的两种技术。由于在不同实验室使用的质谱是由不同制造商制定的,由不同装置生成的肽质量指纹图和MS/MS图使用只能由质谱制造商的特定软件才能打开的不同文件格式,这大大增加了交换原始质谱数据的困难。一个标准的峰值列表格式,例如mzData 由PSI提供,需要从最初的质谱制造商提供的软件协议到第三方软件开发公司的许多协议并且会被下一个版本取代。我们提取单一同位素峰列表,其中包括了从原始地图数据中提取的m/z数据,然后把它输入到鼻咽癌库中。通过单一同位素峰列表,用户可以查看肽质量指纹图和比较用户自己的MS图。

尽管Xindice适合作为鼻咽癌库的后端服务器,为了提高数据库查询的性能,有些因素应该被考虑在内。数据库索引是一个用来改进数据库查询性能的强大技术。假设浏览器通常使用蛋白质名称和NCBI号来查询数据库。在这里,我们采用元素protein_name、protein_data和accession属性来索引鼻咽癌集合,但是与没有数据库索引相比,它花费几乎相同的时间。意外发现可能是Xindice的一个bug 或者是我们实现上的一个问题。数据文件的大小是另一个影响因素。现在集成216个点的所有数据到Xindice中的文件大小是600KB。与5MB的Xindice的文件限制相比,这可以被视为作为一个中等大小的文件。由于Xindice的是专为管理许多中小型的文件而设计的,它不是把一切都融入到一个文件的好方法,即使当前的鼻咽癌文档的大小仍然是可以接受的。集成所有的东西到一个大的文件中会增加文件的复杂性并且需要更多的时间来进行数据查询,尤其是在确定的点数量增加

的情况下。我们认为一种解决办法是提取每一个点的数据到一个单独的文件中,当数据量增大时把所有的文件输入到一个集合中。这也是优化的重要一步,涉及构建我们的鼻咽癌库。虽然数据库基准测试尚未进行,最好是进行优化和调整数据库之前进行数据库基准测试。

4.结论

利用我们的PHP源代码,通过万维网2D/MS实验数据能以一个很容易理解的格式传递。我们的平台一个固有的展示字母数字字符串的优势是使用XML技术数据能够很容易地存储并很容易地在不同计算机平台和应用之间传输,这特别适合蛋白质组学的web-services发展。PHP加上XML的另一个优势是这个平台能够被快速构建,这能够极大地降低在数据库设计、存储和交换使用不同标准格式的实验室之间的数据方面的努力。我们的网站提供了更多的2D/MS实验结果的信息,如发现点,双向电泳地图,峰值列表。

图4.1Xupdate界面

5.方法

测试的材料和XML源文件

从湖南省湘雅医院出现鼻咽癌症状的5个病人中获得的新鲜鼻咽癌活检样品用于这项研究。在去除和清洗掉血液后,该样品用液态氮立即冻结并保存在零下80度的环境下,同时被组织学证实为低分化鳞状细胞癌。样品准备的协议,2-DE 和质谱的现场鉴定都如先前描述的一样。Mascot Distiller方法被用来从原始的质谱文件中获取单一同位素峰值。然后利用Mascot搜索引擎同位素峰值被用来搜索MSDB数据库。搜索参数可以通过以下的步骤确定:Homo sapiens作为分类选择;容忍的误差范围为±100ppm;未接的网站数允许到1;固定修改选定arbamidomethyl(半胱氨酸);变量修改被选定为氧化(甲基)或无。所有的实验条件和实验结果,如2-DE凝聚图像,凝胶图像的肽质量指纹峰名单,确定点的蛋白质信息等由HUP-ML编辑器集成到XML文档中并且利用HUP-ML编辑器

以HUP-ML模式hup-ml.dtd验证正确性。XML文档的模式可以从JHUPO上下载。在双向电泳凝胶的鼻咽癌图中,用MALDI-TOF质谱光谱法确定了216个点,其中41个点是由MALDI-TOF质谱确定,剩下的由Q-TOF质谱确定。

软件环境

我们用康柏电脑顺从370,运行着windows2000专业版作为我们的服务器。我们用J2SDK1.4.2作为我们的java开发环境,Apache1.3.29作为Web服务器,用PHP服务器接收客户端浏览器请求,把XML文档的查询结果返回给浏览器。作为本源XML数据库Xindice-1.0装在数据库服务器上来存储、管理原始蛋白质组XML文档集合,处理查询请求,用XUpdagte更新实验结果。Xindice-XMLRPC0.6装在WEB服务器上来作为一个简单的访问应用程序接口的XML-RPC来操纵Xindice数据库。从DSTC上下载下来XMLDBGUI,把它装在web服务器监听本地上的Xindice的状态,用如图五所示本地机上的XUpdate功能来更新存储库。

交换蛋白质组数据的结构

Appel曾被成功用在构建ExPASy的2D/MS库上。XML存储库是根据Appel提出的规则设计的。不像以postgreSQL RMDB为基础的Make2ddb包,XML存储库是以本源XML数据库为基础的。不同的源信息,包括IEF条件、SDS-PAGE条件、2-DE凝胶图像,和现场点确认信息,包括蛋白质名称、肽质量指纹图中的同位

素峰的顶点列表、MS/MS标签,是首先要用HUP-ML编辑器收集进一个XML文档的。然后,不同的HUP-ML文档被导入Xindice数据库,不用修改相应的模式。交换蛋白质组数据的结构如图3.2所示。为了操纵Xindice数据库,XML-RPC被用作WEB服务的API。

6.作者的贡献

FL和MYL实现了这个软件,协同数据采集。PFZ和JLL指导生成数据库中数据的实验,在查询数据库回应方面做出贡献。ZQX和ZCC监督了数据设计和开发,后者领导了论文写作。

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Apweiler R:Common interchange standards For proteomics data:Public availability of tools and schema.Proteomics2004,4(2):490-491.

[7]Laoudj-Chenivesse D,Marin P,Bennes R,Tronel-Peyroz E,Leterrier F:High

performance two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis using a wetting agent Tergitol NP7.Proteomics2002,2(5):481-485.

[8]Jones A,Hunt E,Wastling JM,Pizarro A,Stoeckert CJJ:An object model and

database for functional genomics.Bioinformatics2004,20(10):1583-1590. [9]Garwood KL,Taylor CF,Runte KJ,Brass A,Oliver SG,Paton NW:Pedro:a

configurable data entry tool for XML.Bioinformatics2004,20(15):2463-2465.

[10]Garwood K,McLaughlin T,Garwood C,Joens S,Morrison N,Taylor CF,

Carroll K,Evans C,Whetton AD,Hart S,Stead D,Yin Z,Brown AJ,Hesketh A,Chater K,Hansson L,Mewissen M,Ghazal P,Howard J,Lilley KS, Gaskell SJ,Brass A,Hubbard SJ,Oliver SG,Paton NW:PEDRo:a database for storing,searching and disseminating experimental proteomics data.BMC

Genomics2004,5(1):68.

[11]Stanislaus R,Jiang LH,Swartz M,Arthur J,Almeida JS:An XML standard

for the dissemination of annotated2D Gel electrophoresis data complemented with mass spectrometry results.BMC Bioinformatics2004,5:9.

[12]Pedrioli PG,Eng JK,Hubley R,V ogelzang M,Deutsch EW,Raught B,Pratt

B,Nilsson E,Angeletti RH,Apweiler R,Cheung K,Costello CE,Hermjakob H,Huang S,Julian RK,Kapp E,McComb ME,Oliver SG,Omenn G,Paton NW,Simpson R,Smith R,Taylor CF,Zhu W,Aebersold R:A common open representation of mass spectrometry data and its application to proteomics research.Nat Biotechnol2004,22(11):1459-1466.

[13]Taylor CF,Paton NW,Garwood KL,Kirby PD,Stead DA,Yin Z,Deutsch

EW,Selway L,Walker J,Riba-Garcia I,Mohammed S,Deery MJ,Howard JA, Dunkley T,Aebersold R,Kell DB,Lilley KS,Roepstorff P,Yates JR,Brass A, Brown AJ,Cash P,Gaskell SJ,Hubbard SJ,Oliver SG:A systematic approach to modeling,capturing,and disseminating proteomics experimental data.Nat Biotechnol2003,21(3):247-254.

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Bioinformatics2001,17(2):115-125.

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Sherlock G,Ball C,Lepage M,Swiatek M,Marks WL,Goncalves J,Markel S, Iordan D,Shojatalab M,Pizarro A,White J,Hubley R,Deutsch E,Senger M, Aronow BJ,Robinson A,Bassett D,Stoeckert CJJ,Brazma A:Design and implementation of microarray gene expression markup language (MAGE-ML).Genome Biol2002,3(9):RESEARCH0046.

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genomics data.BMC Bioinformatics2005,6:235.

[17]PSI-MS[https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/ms/].

[18]Matrix Science[https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/].

[19]JHUPO[https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.biglobe.ne.jp/~jhupo/index-e.htm].

[20]DSTC[https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.au/xml/xmldbgui/].

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 应用程序的代码时,可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 应用程序。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 包括: ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在 Web 服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 网页,https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如 HTML)。通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为 https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是,您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA))的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

5外文翻译原文1

A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

外文翻译五分钟搞定5000字

五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译,你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】来源:董绪的日志 五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/node/2151 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下: 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献; 2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了; 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。 另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。 注: 1、Google翻译:https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/language_tools google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜

索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译, 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译:https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, CNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html, 3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M):https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,/694690163794 4806 翻译时的速度: 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,

5. 外文翻译1

译文一: CuNi10Fe1Mn合金空心坯水平电磁连铸的研究 Yan Zhiming a,b, Li Xintao a,c, Qi Kai a,b, Cao Zhiqiang a,b, Zhang Xiaoli a,b, Li Tingju a,b,* a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116085, China b State Key Laboratory for Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116085, China c Gaoxin Zhangtong Co. Ltd., Zhangjiagang 215600, China 摘要:旋转磁场用于商业频率试验CuNi10Fe1Mn合金空心坯电磁连铸水平。对于低倍组织下旋转磁场的凝固的影响,元素的分布和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,在旋转磁场的应用下,非宏观结构转变为宏观均匀柱状晶粒结构。平均粒径降低从6.1到0.56毫米。元素偏析也受到限制。薄板的拉伸强度和伸长率增加20.3%,改进65.7%要高于没有旋转磁场。此外,对于旋转磁场的作用机理进行讨论从而解释它的效果对提高凝固宏观结构,分析元素的分布和力学性能有所帮助。 关键词:有色金属及合金铸造金相 1.介绍 CuNi10Fe1Mn合金是一种铜合金材料,广泛作为冷却条件应用于海运方面,除了海水和海上电力行业。如今,CuNi10Fe1Mn合金空心坯连续铸造通常产生坯穿孔、劈去。以前这个过程很复杂,而且是个产量低,没有竞争力的市场。如果可以使用空心铸坯直接,这个程序将会缩短时间,增加产量,大大降低了成本。通过研究人员和生产工厂,使得更多的注意力集中在水平连续铸造,因为它的中间包函结晶器,从而防止次生氧化和获得清晰的熔体,获得高质量铸件,提高利用率和适应金属使用短程序。得到网形铸件来节约能源。MHD是一门近年来广

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要: 努力保护水源,尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源,是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用,目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的,处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景,人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率,一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地(thcw)应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构,第二部分分三层,呈圆形,呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层,形成瀑布溢流,因此水中溶解氧浓度增加,从而提高了硝化反应效率,反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善,增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏(Taxodium ascendens),经济作物蔺草(Schoenoplectus trigueter),野茭白(Zizania aquatica),有装饰性的多花植物睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona),香蒲(Typha angustifolia)被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷(16 cm/d 和32 cm/d)对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定,发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词: 人工湿地;硝化作用;反硝化作用;生活污水;脱氮;硝化细菌;反硝化细菌 1. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求,尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区,生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因,废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺,经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效,并且要便于施用,能量输入及维护费用较低,而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂,对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性,主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering,Fen xia ,Ying Li。

土木工程外文翻译5

PROJECTCOSTCONTROL INTRODUCTION project a corporate image window and effectiveness of the source. With increasingly fierce market competition, the quality of work and the construction of civilizations rising material prices fluctuations. uncertainties and other factors, make the project operational in a relatively tough environment. So the cost of control is through the building of the project since the bidding phase of acceptance until the completion of the entire process, It is a comprehensive enterprise cost management an important part, we must organize and control measures in height to the attention with a view to improving the economic efficiency of enterprises to achieve the purpose. 2, outlining the construction project cost control, the cost of the project refers to the cost and process of formation occurred, on the production and operation of the amount of human resources, material resources and expenses, guidance, supervision, regulation and restrictions, in a timely manner to prevent, detect and correct errors in order to control costs in all project costs within the intended target. to guarantee the production and operation of enterprises benefits. 4, the construction cost control measures cost control measures. Reduce the cost of construction projects means, we should not only increase revenue is also reducing expenditure, or both also increase savings. Cutting expenditure is not only revenue, or revenue not only to cut expenditure, it is impossible to achieve the aim of reducing costs, at least there is no ideal lower cost effective.

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/124424466.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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