新动SAT语法讲义

新动SAT语法讲义
新动SAT语法讲义

SAT 语法部分简介

语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中得写作(writing)板块,与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块得总分。SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中,就是因为它实际就是考查考生对英语得标准书面语(Standard Written English)得掌握程度,并非琐碎复杂得语法知识,SAT语法规则有时与我们通常所学得语法书上得知识点有所出入,规则也不尽相同。其考试题型与考试重点也与中国得语法题目大相径庭。因此SAT得语法具有特殊性,它追求得就是“好得语法”,就是恰当得,最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯得用法。SAT得语法规则,也就就是像OG当中所阐述得那样,就是一种“the rules of good written English”,具有准确,清晰,简洁得特点,杜绝口语化、模糊与冗余得表达。表现在做题方面,不仅仅会考到您就是否能判断这个句子正确与否,而且会考到这个句子就是否有效与简洁。这就大大提升了题目得难度。比如说有些句子在TOEFL中就是对得,但就是在SAT语法里面就就是错误得,因为它不够简洁有效。

整个语法部分包括三种题型:ISE(Identifying sentence errors,即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences,即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs,即段落改进题),所有题目均为五选一。SAT语法部分得49个选择题分布在两个section,其中 ISE(句子挑错题)18 小题、IS(句子改进题)25 小题、IP(段落改进题)6 小题。三种题型所考查得侧重点各不相同,从OG与真题上对各部分考试目得与内容得解析中可以得出这一点。如在 ISE得介绍中,对考生得要求就是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”,强调语法与固定用法得使用就是否正确;而IS对考生得要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”,从语法知识转移到了清晰,准确,简洁得表达方式。这种题型对中国学生而言要比句子挑错题更难适应,由于在中国得英语教育中,(尤其就是大家在中国得写作考试过程中为了凑字数往往就是故意把句子写得比较废话)对于“简洁”这一知识点得训练几乎就是空白,而这恰恰又就是修改句子得重要解题思路; IP 与前两种题型得差别较大,要求考生“to understand how the sentences and the paragraphs work together”,既然就是考查句子与段落之间如何作用,那么除了修改句子结构,合并句子得题目外,还会有一部分题就是要求对文章做出相应得改动、插入、或者提炼文章主题。

样题(题目横线下面有字母,要求选择有语法错误得一项。)

The other (A) delegates (B) immediately (C) accepted the resolution drafted (D) by the neutral states、 No error (E)、

SAT 语法

一、名词 Noun

(一)、语法知识梳理

1.可数名词得复数

表示两个以上得概念时,可数名词应该用复数。

①一般情况下,在单数可数名词之后加 s;

②如果就是以 s, sh, ch, x, z 结尾,则加 es;

③如果以 o 结尾,一般情况下加 es,某些情况下只加 s,

如 radio - radios, photo - photos, piano - pianos 等,或既可加 s,也可加 es,如buffalo - buffaloes(s), volcano - volcanoes(s), mosquito - mosquitoes(s)等;

④如果就是以辅音字母加 y结尾得,变 y为 i,再加 es;

⑤如果就是以元音字母加 y结尾得,则只加 s;

⑥如果就是以 f或 fe结尾得,一般将 f或 fe改为 v,再加 es,在某些情况下只加 s,

如 roof - roofs,cliff - cliffs, gulf - gulfs。

⑦特殊复数形式

man – men, foot – feet, goose – geese, child – children, mouse – mice, datum – date, medium – media, radius - radii

2.不可数名词

不可数名词,如物质名词与抽象名词,无复数形式,前面不能接 a/an, one, two, three, each, several, many, these, those, 等表示具体数量得修饰词,但可接 the, some, much, a little, lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, 等。做主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如: air, smoke, steam, sugar, salt, rice, equipment, dust, love, luck, enjoyment 等。

3.某些不可数名词变为复数后,具有不同得意义

常考得这类名词:

color 颜色——colors 旗帜 custom 习俗,习惯——customs 海关,关税

force 力量——forces 海陆空三军 glass 玻璃——glasses 眼镜

work 工作——works 作品 authority权威——authorities 当局

nature 自然,性质——natures 性质 paper 纸——papers 文件,证件

sand 沙——sands 沙滩 time 时间——times 时代

water 水——waters 水域,海洋 manner 方式——manners 举止,礼貌humanity人类——humanities 人类得品德 oil 油——oils 油画

4.以 s 结尾瞧起来像复数形式,实为单数得名词

某些名词,如疾病名称,科学名称,比赛名称与专有名称,以 s 结尾,瞧起来象复数形式,实则为单数,故谓语动词用单数,而且它们得前面不能接不定冠词 a/an,常出现得这类名次包括: Athens雅典, athletics体育运动, billiards台球, checkers西洋跳棋, civics公民学, diabetes糖尿病, economics, electronics电子学, ethics伦理学, gymnastics体操, genetics遗传学, linguistics语言学, mathematics, measles麻疹, mechanics机械学,力学, mumps腮腺炎, Naples那不勒斯, news, obstetrics产科学, pediatrics儿科, Philippines, physics物理学, politics, statistics统计学, the United States, work 等

注意: Statistics 当译为“统计数据”时,就是复数;当译为“统计学”时,为单数。

Economics当译为“经济政策”时,就是复数;当译为“经济学”时,就是单数。

5.单数与复数形式相同得名词

某些名词得单数与复数形式相同,因此,谓语动词得数通常得视其修饰语而定。常考得这类名词包括: aircraft, carp鲤鱼, Chinese, craft, crossroads, barracks军营, bellows 牛吼, deer, gallows绞架, gross总额, Japanese, headquarters总部, hover徘徊,盘旋, means手段方法, moose驼鹿, salmon鲑, series, sheep, species, swine猪, Swiss瑞士人, trout鲑, work等

6.集合名词

①大多数集合名词只有单数形式,使用时,如果表整体,谓语动词用单数;表成员,则用复数,常考得这类名词包括: audience, band, board, mittee, class, club, pany, congress, crowd, couple, crew, family, firm, flock, government, group, herd兽群, jury, majority, management, party, school鱼群, team, union 等

②有得集合名词,如 people, police, folk, public, cattle, militia自卫队, poultry 家禽, livestock牲畜, youth, vermin害虫, folk, mankind 等常作复数使用,谓语动词

用复数。

7.number of 与名词连用得单数或复数问题

the number of 作句子主语时,谓语用单数;a number of 作句子主语时,谓语用复数。

8.名词得所有格

①所有格得形式

●单数 -‘s : Helen’s doctor,a dog’s tail,the boss’s secretary

●复数 -s’ / -‘s : ladies’ hats,girls’ dogs,children’s toys,men’s hats ●复合名词最后一词+ ’s:my father-in-law’s hat,somebody else’s car

●共同所有 - 最后一名词+ ’s Helen and Mary’s school

●个别所有 - 各加’s Helen’s and Mary’s schools

②无生命名词得所有格

无生命名词得所有格不能在词尾加’s,一般须用 of 来表示;但就是,表时间,距离,长度,重量,价格,国家,城市,地区,地名,机构等得名词,拟人化得名词,放在 sake 前面得名词,以及其她得惯用语,也可加’s 或’构成其所有格。如:a week’s holidays, ten mile’s walk, three pounds’ weight, the country’s plan, for God’s sake, to one’s heart’s content 等。

③名词得双重所有格

名词得双重所有格,由of 短语与表示人得名词得’s 物主代词构成,前面一般有限定词 this, that, these, those, a/an, some, any, no, another ,each, two, several, such, which, what 等。如:He is a friend of my father’s、她就是我得父亲得一位朋友。

That remark of yours is quite correct、您得这个瞧法很正确。

Which play of Author Miller’s do you like best - 您最喜欢阿瑟、米勒得哪个戏剧?

(二)、考点解析

SAT语法中关于名词得考察,最常见得问题就就是“一致”问题,主要指名词跟其她名词之间就是否一致。

*PRACTICE

1、 Although (A) they have (B) radically different career plans, Luna and Gabrie both (C) hope to be a Michigan State graduates (D) one day、 NO ERROR (E)

这道题目得D前面用了不定冠词a,后面又出现了一个复数形式graduates,所以明显错误。

2、 No matter (A) when they came from or what (B) their previous lifestyle is (C), the refugees were grateful (D) for having been granted political asylum收容 in the United States、 No error (E)、

请瞧what their previous lifestyle is这段话, their跟lifestyle得单复数不同,当然还有后面得is也一起错了。应该改成lifestyles are、

OG P145-3; OG P409-12;OG P471-17;OG P776-12;OG P802-9;OG P837-11;OG P839-25;OG P957-19;OG P957-28

二、代词 (Pronoun)

纵观SAT得语法考试,我们发现代词在考试中占有举足轻重得地位,很多得题目都与之相关。所以以后考试中出现代词划线,一定要万分注意。SAT考试就是考察应试者对于英语标准书面语(也就就是我们常说得Standard Written English)得掌握,所以我们一定要做到标准化。

例句:This is a car、很多同学瞧到这句话以后很快就会很自信地将其翻译为“这就是一辆汽车。”在口语中,由于当时一定得场景支撑,这句话没有任何问题;但就是在Standard Written English中,这句话就是不正确得,或者说就是并不标准得。因为“This”这个指示代词可以翻译为“这”,然而在书面语中它却并不能清晰地指代具体得某个事物,因而容易产生歧义,所以这就就是我们所说得“指代不明确”。

代词在语法中得作用: 代词---(Pro-noun),所以我们代词就是用来指代一个名词(noun)。(一)、语法知识梳理

1.代词得一致性

代词与它得先行词要注意在性、数与人称上一致,即男/女性得先行词用男/女性得代词,单/复数得先行词用单/复数得代词,第一、二、三人称得先行词用第一、二、三人称得代词。2.人称代词

①人称代词得主格与宾格形式不同,要注意选用正确得形式。

②在并列得主语或宾语中,总就是先排第二人称代词,再排第三人称代词,而把I 与we 或

其宾格 me 与 us 放在最后。如与其她代词并列,人称代词在前;与其她名词并列,人称代词一般放后。

③在动词 be 或 to be 后得人称代词视其前面得名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she、我以为就是她。(主格---主格)

I thought it to be her、 (宾格----宾格)

I was taken to be she、我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)

They took me to be her、她们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

3.反身代词

反身代词不能作主语或复合主语得一部分,且反身代词必须与所代表得名词保持数、性与格得一致。

4.不定代词

①不定代词有:all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone, etc、、

②不定代词得功能与用法

●除 every 与 no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every与 no在句中只能作

定语。I have no idea about it、

●all 都,指三者以上。

all 得主谓一致:all 得单复数由它所修饰或指代得名词得单复数决定。

All goes well、一切进展得很好。

all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。

但 all 可与表时间得可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。

all 还可以与一些特殊得单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way

③ both 都,指两者。

●both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。

●both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词

后面得实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。

Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can、

④ neither 两者都不

●neither 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

●作定语与单数名词连用,但 neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语

采用就近原则。

●可用于下列句型,避免重复。 She can't sing,neither (can) he、

●【neither & nor】

如前句就是否定式从句,则主句用 neither,而不用 nor。

If you don't do it,neither should I、如果您不干,我也不干。

如后连续有几个否定句式,则用 nor,不用 neither。

He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate、

⑤不定代词 one与 you都可以用来表示“无论谁,人人”得意思,但一个就是第三人称,一个就是第二人称,故在指代同一个人得时候不能又用 one,又用 you。同样,也不可以用 all 与you。

⑥ each, every 得用法。each 可用作代词,后面可以不跟名词,every就是形容词,后面必须跟名词;each 与 every作形容词使用时,后面得名词虽然有 and 连接,为复数概念,谓语动词仍须用单数。

5.关系代词

①关系代词不仅指代先行词,而且引导从句。who 用来指人,主格就是 who,宾格就是 whom,所有格就是whose;whose 指人或动物;which 用来指动物或物;that 指动物或物,或指作为一个阶级或一个类型得人。

② that 可以代替关系代词 who, whom 或 which。换句话说,that 得先行词可以指人或物,但就是,有下列情况之一者,宜用 that:(a)当先行词前面有最高级形容词或序数词时,(b)有the only, the very, the same, the first, the last, all, no, little, much, none, any,

every等时,(c)有疑问代词时,(d)先行词由人与其她动物或物一起构成时。

③关系代词 what 具有先行词与关系代词得双重作用,即,what=the thing (things) that (which)。注意:what 已经包含先行词在内,所以在其前面不能再有先行词。

④ as, but, than 本来就是连接词,但在下列情况可作关系代词使用:(a)as前面有 as, such, the same,(b)but 含有否定意义,相当于 that…not, who…not, which…not,前面得主句有否定词,如 no, nor, never, hardly, scarcely,(c)than 作关系代词使用时,前面必须有比较级形容词修饰。

6.物主代词

物主代词只与其真正得先行词保持数方面得一致,而不考虑修饰它得介词短语、同位语、以及其她说明性短语。形容词性物主代词后一定跟名词;名词性物主代词后不能修饰名词。7.指示代词

that, those得用法。当一个名词在同一句子里第二次出现时,如果指同一类型得人或物而不就是同一个人或物,那么可以用 that 代替单数名词或不可数名词,用 those代替复数名词。

(二)、考点解析

1、“This”不能单独充当主语或者宾语

Thomas repeated his perspective that (A) the student, if given (B) sufficient time for (C) preparation, would finish this (D)、 No error (E)

2、代词得单复数

SAT考试语法题中几乎每次都会考到代词单复数得情况,所以大家对这个知识点要足够重视。单数情况出现得代词有 --- I,me , my, mine, myself;

you , your, yours, yourself;

he, his, him,himself;

she, her, hers, herself;

it, its , itself;

this, that;

复数情况出现得代词有---we,us, our, ours, ourselves;

you, your, yours, yourselves;

they,them,their, theirs,themselves

these,those;

*PRACTICE

1、 Even though (A) only parts of clay vessels may be (B) recovered, these pottery

shards are invaluable to (C) the archaeologist because virtually indestructible、 No error (E) (OG P601 15)

2、 The quality of multivitamin tablets is determined (A) by how long (B) its (C) potency can be protected (D) by the manufacturer’s coating material、 No error(E) (OG P602 28)

3、代词得主格形式(Nominative)与宾格形式(Objective)

主格I you he she it we you they

宾格me you him her it us you them

主格形式一般位于句子得开端,充当句子得主语;

宾格形式一般在动词之后充当句子得宾语,常见得有:

●动宾结构----即及物动词后加宾语,此时代词用宾格形式 kill me

●介宾结构----介词后加宾语,代词用宾格形式 don’t look down upon him

*PRACTICE

My colleague received an award for (B) our paper on the accuracy with which (C) a polygraph测谎器measures (D) physiological processes、 No error(E) 4、 one/ones 划线时不可随意指代

We/You don’t have so-called freedom, because at times what we/you do depends on other people、

译文:我们/您们并没有所谓得自由,因为有些时候我们/您们得所作所为还取决于别人。

我们在例句中可以瞧出来在第一人称或者第二人称得时候,前后必须就是相互呼应得,所以如果将句子改成下面得情况就不对了:

We/You don’t have so-called freedom, because at times depends on other

people、

★所以,one或者ones在指代得时候只适用于第三人称:

When one is exhausted, he/she is tired of answering others’ questions、

译文:但一个人极度疲惫得时候,她/她会疲于回答别人得问题。

这句话中,one与第三人称he/she对应;在复数得情况下ones与they进行对应,这一切与we/you无关。

*PRACTICE

Although (A) one likes to believe (B) that your own (C) children are beautiful, intelligent, and well behaved, what one believes is not always the case (D)、 No error (E) (OG P777 23) 本题考点:代词。C 应改为:one’s own

5、关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which

who在句子中表示人,并且在从句中作主语;在现代英语里,who也可取代whom在从句中作动词得宾语;

whom表示人充当宾语;

whose一般用来表示“某人得”,有些情况下也可以表示“某物得”;

that可以表示人,也可以表示物

which只可以表示物。

★ SAT考试中并不会考察who与whom之间得区别或者就是from which与with which之间得不同点,也不会考察与之相关得固定用法,如in that就是什么意思;只会考察她们所指代得就是“人得意义”还就是“物得意义”:

典型错误: the person which I know

the book who I read

*PRACTICE

Candy manufactures applauded the discovery by (A) researchers that the students which (B) smell chocolate while studying and again while taking (C) a test are able to (D) recall more material than students not exposed to、 No error (E)

B which只能指物

6、指代不明确

●代词一定要清晰地去表示它所指代得对象,否则就就是错得。

*PRACTICE

The office manager and her coworker, Ms、 Andrews, received (A) equal pay for the pany until (B) she (C) got a raise for helping (D) to increase productivity、 No error (E)

C 指代不明

●我们清楚代词得英文写法就是pronoun,即代词要指代得对象就是一个noun,所以在SAT

考试中,代词指代得如果就是一个动词(verb)或者一个句子(sentence),那么肯定就是不正确得

*PRACTICE

During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic、

(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic

(B) highway and therefore blocking it to all traffic

(C) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked

(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked

(E) highway, thereby blocking all traffic

★在SAT语法考试中,改进句子题(IS)如果出现了代词指代不明确得情况,我们要学会使用“排除法”。即此例句中出现了指代不清得代词it,选项AB都有it,那么这两个选项肯定就是要被排除得。这就是一个非常好用得技巧,希望同学们以后能够掌握这一点。 E

*PRACTICE

David, Jason and Isaac were hiking when, stumbling绊倒 over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment堤防、

(A) when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment

(B) and then he fell down a steep embankment after he stumbled over a rock

(C) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment after stumbling over a rock

(D) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment, since he stumbled over a rock

(E) and, since he stumbled over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment

OG P409-19; OG P410-26;OG P471-12;OG P471-18;OG P472-28;OG P534-20;OG P534-22);OG P535-27);OG P720-15;OG P721-20;OG P721-27;OG P738-6;OG P776-14;OG P777-23;OG P777-25;OG P802-5;OG P838-17;OG P838-19;OG P839-24;OG P839-26;OG P894-15;OG P895-19;OG P896-28;OG P957-21;OG P957-22;OG P957-26

三、形容词,副词 ( Adjective & Adverb )

形容词与副词得知识点考察从2009年SAT得语法考试中开始广泛出现,估计在以后得考试当中也会不时地出现,所以同学们应该对此知识点做到足够得认识。但总体上来说,此知识点得出题难度并不大,只要大家掌握基本做题得步骤,那么做这种题型应该没有太大得问题。考点解析

1、 adv与adj得用法区分

在英语中,形容词(adj)一般可以修饰名词(n)与代词(pron);副词(adv)修饰得内容较为广泛,为动词(v),形容词(adj),副词(adv),以及整个句子。

即: adj+n/pron

adv+v/adj/adv/sentence

Eg: --- I found the vocabulary hard、

这么一句话却又两层含义:

1) =I found the vocabulary which is difficult、我发现词汇很难。

2) =I tried to find the vocabulary、我努力地找到词汇。

在第一种情况下,“hard”为形容词作后置定语,意思为“难”。

在第二种情况下,“hard”为副词修饰动词“found”,意思为“努力地”。

我们可以大胆地做出如下总结:如果在SAT得ISE题型当中,所划线部分为一个单词既就是形容词(adj)也就是副词(adv),基于SAT考试语法部分对意思不太苛求,我们可以判断出

划线部分一定就是正确得。比如常常在试题中出现并被划线得词“alike”。

*PRACTICE

Something of (A) a phenomenon in (B) the entertainment world, political satirists 讽刺作家are admired (C) by conservatives and radicals alike (D)、 No error (E) (OG P957 23)

2、 adj adv考点:

在SAT语法ISE题型中,出题频率最高得就是将adj划线,通常将其改为adv; 反之,将adv 改成adj得情况则非常少见。

*PRACTICE

If (A) I am reading the editorial correct (B), the mayor is deliberately avoiding any (C) discussion of the tax-reform bill until after (D) the November elections、NO error (E) (OG P721 22)

3、 adj 识别与判断

我们知道可以被副词修饰得动词,形容词与副词;动词与副词一般比较容易判断;如果出现形容词得时候,就会相对复杂了:

在SAT考试中出现比较多得情况有如下几点:

●普通形容词,如“quick”,“smooth”之类

●如“friendly”,“lonely”之类得长相为副词而实际上就是形容词

●分词(分词含有形容词得性质)

分词情况比较复杂,一般来说会出现现在分词与过去分词。

现在分词得标志就是一“ing”结尾,即V+ing;

如:a progressively developing region; “progressively”修饰“developing”,译为一个稳步发展得地区

过去分词就是V+ed得形式,但就是大家一定要注意不规则动词得过去分词形式。如: a definitely unknown object ; “unknown”被“definitely”修饰,译为一个绝对不明确得物体。

*PRACTICE

The research study reveals (A) startling proof of a constant (B) changing seafloor that prises (C) the major part of (D) the underwater landscape、 No error (E) 4、比较级,最高级

在SAT得语法考试中会出现,比较级与最高级得情况;错误一般集中在两者之间用“most”,三者之间出现用“more”得情况与在已经就是比较级得词前面加上“more”,如“more stronger”。

*PRACTICE

In many respects (A) Anna Karenina and Emma Bovary are very similar characters, but (B) Bovary has (C) the most spirit (D) and determination、 No error(E) (OG P896 27) OG P409-14;OG P409-17; OG P776-13;OG P838-12;OG P838-15;OG P956-15

四、时态(Tense)

时态得考察在任何形式得英语考试中都就是重点,SAT语法考试也不例外,并且我们发现时态部分向来就是中国考生极易犯错得地方;相比于托福(TOEFL),雅思 (IELTS) 以及中国得各项英语,SAT语法考试侧重点从句意上转向时态呼应与搭配上。

(一)、语法知识梳理

1、现在类

●一般现在时

概念:表示经常或者反复发生得动作、行为及现在得某种状态。动词用原形 (单三人称动词加s / es) (问句与否定句借用助词do / does)

例句:、 It seldom rains here

●现在进行时

概念:表示现在或说话时正在进行得动作及行为。am/is/are +v-ing

例句:He is listening in the class、

●一般将来时

概念:表示将来发生得动作或状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。(1) will + 动词原形

(2) am/is/are +going to+动词原形

例句: It will rain tomorrow、

●现在完成时

概念:过去发生或已经完成得动作对现在造成得影响或结果,或从过去持续到现在得动作或状态。Have/has +过去分词

例句: The city has changed a lot in the last several years、

2、过去类

●一般过去时

概念:过去发生得动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性得动作、行为。v+ ed (问句与否定句借用助词did)

例句: I didn't realize you were exhausted、

●过去进行时

概念:表示过去某个时间正在发生或进行得行为或动作。Was/were + v-ing

例句:At that time she was working in a department store、

●过去将来时

概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去瞧将来;通常出现在宾语从句中,并且要做到时态得主从一致。(1) would + 动词原形 (2) was/were +going to+动词原形

例句:He said he would go to Chicago tomorrow morning、

●过去完成时

概念:指“过去得过去”, 即以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生得动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成得行为。had +过去分词

例句: As soon as we got to the station, the train had left、

(二)、考点解析

1、现在类时态与过去类时态混用

*PRACTICE

’s second novel, published more than (B) 40 years after it has been (C) written (D), is the illusory nature of the passage of time、No error (E) (OG P471 16)

2、不规则动词得过去时与过去分词

此考点主要还就是建立在自己平时对动词三种不同形式得积累上。如:run-ran-run, swim-swam-swum等

*PRACTICE

Jack often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting; whenever he learned a new method in art class, he seeks out (C) the work of sculptors who had used (D) it in the past、 No error (E)

3、虚拟语气得误导

(1) 条件句中虚拟语气得形式

这一考点得难度较大,SAT语法通常考察虚拟语气在条件句中得使用。虚拟语气在条件句中通常表示得就是假设得或实际可能性不大得情况,习惯性得用If来进行引导,并且If表达得含义为“如果”;时态得使用通常就是正常时态往前退一个时态,并且主句与从句要保持时态上得呼应。

从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在得条件,主句会产生得一种不可能获得得结果。条件句中得虚拟语气根据不同得时间有三种不同得形式。

运用条件句中得虚拟语气时,须注意得几个问题

当虚拟条件句得谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可省略,而将were, should, had

等词置于句首。如:

Should he agree to go there, we would send him there、要就是她答应去得话,我们就派她去。

Were she here, she would agree with us、如果她在这儿得话,她会同意我们得。

Had he learnt about puters, we would have hired him to work here、如果她懂一些电脑知识得话,我们会已经聘用她来这里工作了。

●当从句得主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词若就是系动词be时,可用was代替were。但

在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were, there were中,只能用were, 如: Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad、要就是我还年轻十岁得话,我会去国外学习。

If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance、要就是我就是您得话,我要尽力抓住这次机会。

●有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中得一个,来表示说话人得一种强烈得感情。

①省略从句

He would have finished it、她本该完成了。

You could have passed this exam、您应该会通过这次考试了。

②省略主句

If I were at home now、要就是我现在在家里该多好啊。

If only I had got it、要就是我得到它了该多好啊。

*PRACTICE

●让步状语从句中得虚拟语气

在even if, even though 所引导得让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句得结构与if 所引导得条件从句结构相同。如:

Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do、即使她亲自来也不知该怎么办。

Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should e here、即使华佗在世也救不了她。

(2)其她可能引起虚拟得结构:

●表命令/建议/要求(demand / suggest / advise / mandate / order / propose / advocate

/ remend / decree),且should必须省略。

●it is important that

*PRACTICE

OG P409-15;OG P471-13;OG P471-16;OG P534-24;OG P535-26;OG P720-19;OG P777-21;OG P803-12;OG P838-13;OG P838-16);OG P839-21;OG P839-22;OG P894-12;OG P895-25;OG P956-17;OG P957-20;OG P957-24

五、Parallel Structure—平行结构

平行结构得知识点考察在SAT得考试中就是必考得一项,然后在中国得高考中对于这个知识点却只有极少得关注度;因此造成了很多同学对于此知识点得掌握不牢固,必然会造成在SAT考试中会丢分。所以综合SAT语法考试得特点总结出以下得考点。

1、三者之间得平行----N, N, and N(名词,名词,and 名词)

此种题型就就是我们常说得“名词,名词,and 名词”得形式,这三个名词就是相互并列得。出题得习惯通常划线部分放在第三个,即在and 名词上面划线。

*PRACTICE

1、 Each time Mary turns on her puter,she has (A) to enter a pany code, then her initials, and then enters a password (B) before (C) she can begin working (D)、 No error (E)、

2、 Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive、

(A) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive

(B) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and physical

inactivity

(C) include high blood pressure, blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive

(D) Includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive

(E) Includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive

题干错误比较明显,谓语include后面分为四个平行得宾语,high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive,前三个部分均为名词短语,最后一个部分为动词不定式,因此在成分上与前面三个不平行。因此排除A,C,D,E(同时D,E 中出现主谓不一致得情况),B为正确选项。

3、 Without the invention of the pass, Mike might not have sailed around the world, Lewis and Isaac might not have traveled to Bonn, nor might Kevin’s search for the cities of gold have occurred, either、

(A) nor might Kevin’s search for the cities of gold have occurred, either

(B) nor might Kevin search for the cities of gold

(C) and Kevin’s search for the cities of gold might not have taken place

(D) and Kevin might not search for the cities of gold

(E) and Kevin might not have searched for the cities of gold

2、比较句

此种题型在考试当中几乎每次都可以见到,考点集中在同类比较出现此题型得标志有:-er; more than; as; like; unlike; pare to/with等

错误例句:The climate in Shanghai is more humid than Beijiing、

改为:The climate in Shanghai is more humid than that of Beijing、

此句中“that”表示句子开头得“the climate”

*PRACTICE

the United States, the industrial use of (B) plastic is (C) greater than

、 No error (E) (OG P777 28)

2、 In a recent year, more tourists from the United States visited museums in Great Britain than Canada、

(A) Canada

(B) Canada did

(C) pared to Canada

(D) Canadian ones

(E) in Canada

3、两者之间得平行

两者之间得平行一般得几个标志如下: not only……,but also…、;neither…、nor……、、/ either……or……(在SAT中被视为送分题);…、、 and / but…、、

出现以上得标志词后必须做到一一对应;但以下为特殊情况:

如:either plan to do,or risk doing

(这种句型出现就是正确得,句子当中得主体结构完全一一对应,“plan”与“risk”已经做到对应,后面得“to do”与“doing”只就是固定用法。)

*PRACTICE

1、 The labor union is negotiating (A) a contract with the hospital that (B) will satisfy (C) the demands of the workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of

management、

2、 Most

(A) know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes

(B) know that excessive speeding on highways could be wasteful of

(C) are knowledgeable that excessive speeding on highways not only wastes

(D) have known that excessive speeding on highways wastes not only

SAT语法讲义(完整版)

SAT语法讲义 Identifying Sentence Errors 一、主谓一致 1. 就前原则 (1) N1 of N2 verb(SAT考试中动词的单复数与N1有关,与N2无关) 如: a group of students are the details of the problems are 例:The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E). (P161.1) (2) 名词1+介词+名词2 如:students in the classroom 名词,插入语,verb 名词+doing/done 如:students studying hard 例:Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3) 2.“欲擒故纵”法 动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则,如果句子太长、太难、太复杂时,用 “欲擒故纵”法。 3.动词单复数的特殊固定用法 (1) a number of 一些;一般情况下其后动词用复数,(不受任何规律限制); the number of ,的数量;其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。 量词考点:a group/list/line of 使用“就前原则” (2) 倒装结构:就后原则。 如:here comes the bus a. 地点状语+动词+主语 b. Only置于句首的倒装

SAT语法讲义-综合版

SAT 语法讲义 浙江大学外语学院 孙静 SAT 语法部分简介 语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中的写作(writing)板块,与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块的总分。SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills 当中,是因为它实际是考查考生对英语的标准书面语(Standard Written English)的掌握程度,并非琐碎复杂的语法知识,SAT语法规则有时和我们通常所学的语法书上的知识点有所出入,规则也不尽相同。其考试题型和考试重点也与中国的语法题目大相径庭。因此SAT的语法具有特殊性,它追求的是“好的语法”,是恰当的,最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯的用法。SAT的语法规则,也就是像OG当中所阐述的那样,是一种“the rules of good written English”,具有准确,清晰,简洁的特点,杜绝口语化、模糊和冗余的表达。表现在做题方面,不仅仅会考到你是否能判断这个句子正确与否,而且会考到这个句子是否有效和简洁。这就大大提升了题目的难度。比如说有些句子在TOEFL中是对的,但是在SAT语法里面就是错误的,因为它不够简洁有效。 整个语法部分包括三种题型:ISE(Identifying sentence errors,即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences,即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs,即段落改进题),所有题目均为五选一。SAT语法部分的49个选择题分布在两个section,其中 ISE(句子挑错题)18 小题、IS(句子改进题)25 小题、IP(段落改进题)6 小题。三种题型所考查的侧重点各不相同,从OG和真题上对各部分考试目的和内容的解析中可以得出这一点。如在 ISE的介绍中,对考生的要求是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”,强调语法和固定用法的使用是否正确;而IS对考生的要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”,从语法知识转移到了

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