2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案详解(全套)
2021年12月大学英语四级考试
阅读理解真题及答案（全套）
——幸福就好我亦安2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题（一）【阅读】
Section C
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even
simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them —in other words, how much they remembered eating.
This disparity (盖弃）suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
"Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says. "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."
These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2021 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3S0-calorie (卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.
What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.
The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.
注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?
A) How we perceive the food we eat. C) When we eat our meals.
B) What ingredients the food contains. D) How fast we eat our meals.
57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?
A) You would probably be more picky about food.
B) You would not feel like eating the same food.
C) You would have a good appetite.
D) You would not feel so hungry.
58. What do we learn from the 2021 study?
A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.
B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.
C) Hunger levels depend on one's consumption of calories.
D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.
59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?
A) Trick ourselves into eating less. C) Concentrate on food while eating.
B) Choose food with fewer calories. D) Pick dishes of the right size.
60. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.
B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.
C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.
D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.
High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are
prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.
We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德）and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard's 2021 "Pathways to Prosperity" report for more attention to the "forgotten half" (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.
Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.
Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all-solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills ihat will serve for a lifetime.
Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (惡化）by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to
intervene (干涉）will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.
注意：此部份试越请在答题卡2上作答。
61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?
A) It benefits the great majority of the general population.
B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.
C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.
D) It ensures that students' expectations are successfully fulfilled.
62. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?
A) Ignoring the needs of those who don't go to college.
B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.
C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.
D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.
63. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?
A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.
B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.
C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.
D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.
64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?
A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.
B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society.
C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.
D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.
65. What suggestion docs the author offer to parents?
A) Rethinking the value of higher education.
B) Investing wisely in their children's education.
C) Helping their children lo bring their talent into full play.
D) Avoiding too much intervention in their children’s education.
【答案解析】
Section C
Passage One
参考译文
(56) (60)最近几年来,愈来愈多的研究表明:除对能量的生理需要外,人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响,包括人们的饮食环境和对眼前食物的认知。
研究表明，例如,在电视机(或类似的消遣)前饮食能够同时增加饥饿感和食物的摄取量。即便是筒单的视觉信号，比如餐盘的尺寸和灯光,也被证明会对食物分量和摄取量造成影响。
(60)新的研究显示人们的短时间记忆一样对食欲起作用。(57)饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量,而是他们用饭时眼前所见到的食物量,换言之,是他们所记得的食物量。
布里斯托大学实验心理学教授Jeffrey M. Brunstrom以为:这种差别表明人们之前的饮食记忆对食欲造成的影响可能超过食物的真实数量对食欲造成的影响。
"饥饿程度不单单与最近所食食物的特征有关。咱们已经确认了最近饮食在记忆中的独立作用Brunstrom说,"这表明饥饿程度和食物摄取之间的关系要比咱们想象的复杂得多。"
这些发现印证了初期的研究。(60)初期研究表明，人们对食物的认知有时会欺骗身体对食物作出反映.例如：（58)在2021年的一项研究中,参与者在两个不同场合食用了一样含有380卡路里的奶昔,可是按照奶昔标签上标注的是620卡路里仍是140卡路里,参与者分泌出了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙。而且,按照报告，当参与者以为自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。
这对于人们的饮食习惯意味着什么呢？虽然新发此刻让人减少饮食方面显得不切实除,可是确实能令人们熟悉到专注于食物、避免饮食时看电视或同时进行多项活动的益处。
(59)Brunstrom说,所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮忙人们控制食欲。
56. 【定位】由题干中的appetite和food intake定位到首段第一句。
A) 【精析】事实细节题。文章开篇指出了人们的食欲和食物摄取受到诸多因素的影响，包括人们的饮食环境和对眼前食物的认知,故答案为A)。
57. 【定位】由题干中的remembered和previous meal 定位到第三段第二句。
D)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出,饭后几小时,决定人们饥饿程度的不是他们已食用的食物量，而是他们用饭时眼前所见到的食物量,也就是说,影响人们饥饿程度的是他们记忆中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推断,记忆对饮食造成影响，若是记忆中上顿饭吃了很多,那么不论是不是真的吃了很多,都不会感觉太饿,故答案为D)。
58. 【定位】由题干中的2021 study定位到第六段第二句。
B) 【精析】细节归纳题。定位句详细描述了2021年的一项研究。在研究中，参与者在两个不同场合食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，可是奶昔标签上别离标注了620卡路里和140卡路里,结果显示,按照标注的中路里含量,参与者分泌了不同水平的与饥饿相关的荷尔蒙，而且当食用了标注620卡路里的奶昔时,他们感觉更饱。实际上两份奶昔的卡路里含量是相同的，由于标签标注的不同,让人产生自我暗示,令人体对食物产生了不同的反映。故答案为B)。
59. 【定位】由题干中的control our appetite定位到文
章最后一句。
C)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句指出，所谓的"用心饮食"策略能够对抗干扰,帮忙人们控制食欲。也就是Brunstrom建议咱们通过"用心饮食"策略控制饮食用心饮食"和前文中提到的"专注于食物" 相照顾,故答案为C)。
60. 【定位】由题干中的main idea定位到各部份主题句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段的第一句和最后一句。
B)【精析】主旨大意题。全文可分为三个部份,第一部份提出论点——人们的食欲和食物摄取受到包括环境和对食物的认知等诸多因素的影响。第二部分引用相关科学研究论证这些影响因素，特别指出饮食环境、对食物的记忆、食物包装上的标签对人产生的心理暗示作用影响饮食。最后一部分提出通过专注饮食来控制食欲的建议。对食物及饮食环境的认知，对食物的记忆，食物标签产生的心理暗示等都属于心理因素,统观全文,作者一直围绕心理因素对食欲的影响展开论述，故答案为B)。
Passage two
参考译文
咱们的社会应该反思花费在教育上的时间和金钱,以便这些资源能使更多的人受益。(61)理想上,高中和大学都应该能培育可以适应未来角色转变的学生。
(62)高中学历所提供给学生的就业准备远比预期少,或远比目前其他国家所提供的少,因此造成了经济中不新扩大的技术差距。无论学生有无做好准备,有无明确的目标或兴趣,咱们都鼓励他们继续读大学,因此产生了自前世界上最高的大学停学率。
咱们可以借鉴其他国家的做法,学习高中阶段如何提供更好的培训，同时培育学生勤奋工作的美德及继续学习和发展所需的心智技术。我向大家推荐哈佛大学2021年"迈向繁荣之路"报告,来更多地关注"被遗忘的一半"(那些没上大学的人)和解决这一问题的观点。
同时,人文科学比以往任何阶段都更重要。(63)在知识型经济中，职业角色迅速转变,很多大学生为之准备的职位乃至可能还不存在,他们所需的是能让他们适应转变和继续学习的技术组合。
(64)学会在书面和口头陈述中很好地表达观点,知道如何寻觅信息及如何作调查研究都是为适应各种不同角色所应具有的扎实的背景技术。在文理学院,此类的培训比任何一门专业都重要。咱们需要继续重视并普遍培育将会終生受益的思维技术。
学生们还需要学会独立学习,学会做出负责任的决定。由于家长在大学阶段的参与,通向成年的漫长道路看起来仿佛更长了。考虑到对大学教育不断爬升的投资,家长的担忧也不足为奇，(65)可是学会如何地进行干涉将会有助于学生享受这些日趋昂责的教育所带来的功效。
答案详解
61. 【定位】由题干中的ideal定位到第一段第二句。
B) 【精析】语义理解题。定位句指出:理想上,高中和大学都应该能培育学生适应未来角色的转变。此句表明在未来社会中，人们的角色会不断发生变化,理想的教育就是能培育适应这种转变的人材，也就是说,理想的教育可以知足未来社会的需求，故答案为B)。
62. 【定位】由题干中的problem, high school定位到第二段。
D)【精析】事实细节题。作者在文章第二段论述了目前高中教育的问题,如提供给学生的就业准备不足,造成了经济中不断扩大的技术差距。盲目鼓励学生读大学造成了目前世界上最高的大学綴学率,故答案为D)。
63. 【定位】由题干中的knowledge economy定位到第四段第二句。
C) 【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到，在知识型经济中,职业角色转变迅速,很多大学生为之准备的职位乃至可能还不存在。由此可推断,知识型经济的特征是职业的迅速转变,新的职位不断地被创造,有些念书时还不存在的职位可能在毕业时出现,届时,在学校里学到的知识就远远不够了，因这人们需要持续学习来适应这些不断被创造出的新职位，故答案为C)。
64.【定位】由题干中的liberal arts college定位到第五段第一句。
C)【精析】细节归纳题。文章第五段提到在文理学院,这些培训比任何一门专业都重要。"这些培训"指上文提到的"学会在口失和书面陈述中很好地表达观点，知道如何寻觅信息而且知道如何作调査研究",而这些技术培训是为了适应未来的变化，故答案为C)。
65.【定位】由题干中的suggestion和parents定位到文章最后一句。
【精析】细节归纳题。最后一段提到由于家长在大学阶段的参与，通向成年的漫长道路看起来好像更长了",这句话咱们可以理解为家长在大学阶段过量参与孩子的教育会影响孩子的成长。文章最后指出"学会何时何地进行干涉将会有助于学生享受这些日趋昂贵的教育所带来的功效。"也就是说，作者建议家长学会适当的参与，避免过量的干涉,这样才能使孩子更好地成长,使教育取得更大的成效,故答案为D)。
2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题(二)Part 3 Section C
【阅读理解】
Section C
Directions ：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
A recent global survey of 2 000 high-net-worth individuals found that 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among US participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from
full-time jobs. "Many of these people made their wealth by doing something
they're passionate (有激情的）about," says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas. "Given the choice, they prefer to continue working." Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”.
Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If
106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep
coming to work every day, who's going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.
It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it’s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. "People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida，" he says. He described one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire.
"We're beginning to see a change in how people view retirement，" says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似）to being cast aside. What Leeson terms "the Warren Buffett effect" is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to "view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity but also about contribution."
Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (坚韧的）chief. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advance—an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree.
注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”？
A) They are passionate about making a fortune.
B) They have no choice but to continue working.
C) They love what they do and choose not to retire.
D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to.
57. What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?
A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.
B) Neither of them desires reward for their work.
C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition.
D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.
58. What is the finding of Howard Friedman’s research?
A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be.
B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.
C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.
D) Working at an advanced age lengthens people’s life.
59. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?
A) It means a burden to the younger generation.
B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.
C) It is a compensation for one's life-long hard work.
D) It helps increase a nation’s economic productivity.
60. What do critics say about "nevertirees"?
A) They are an obstacle to a company’s development.
B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation.
C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.
D) They prevent young people from getting ahead.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt* the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But there’s a growing body of evidence suggesting that today’s young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt-and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.
More than 20% overspent their income by more than $ 100 every single month. Since they haven’t built up their credit histories yet, it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.
Although many young people blame "socializing" as a barrier to saving money, most of them aren’t knocking back $ 20 drinks in trendy (时尚的）lounges. They’re struggling with much more daily financial demands.
To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday. This obviously isn’t sustainable in the long run, and it’s going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because they’ll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条）they bought a decade earlier.
A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they're slower at paying it off. "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future’" warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State. "If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can’t pay off their credit cards."
Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt. "Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life* which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks,"
注意：此部份试题请在答题卡2上作答。
61. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A) Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.
B) Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life.
C) Credit cards are doing more harm than student loans.
D) The American credit card system is under criticism.
62. Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?
A) They tend to forget about the deadlines.
B) They haven't developed a credit history.
C) They are often unable to pay back in time.
D) They are inexperienced in managing money.
63. What is said to be the consequence of young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?
A) It will place an unnecessary burden on society.
B) It will give them no motivation to work hard.
C) It will exert psychological pressure on them.
D) It will affect their future spending power.
64. What will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn?
A) They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rate.
B) They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.
C) Their quality of life will be affected.
D) Their credit cards may be cancelled.
65. What does Lucia Dunn think might be a risk for the credit card issuing banks?
A) They go bankrupt as a result of over-lending.
B) They lose large numbers of their regular clients.
C) Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.
D) Their interest rates have to be reduced now and then.
【答案解析】
Section C
Passage One
参考译文
最近一项由2 000位高净值客户参与的全世界范围的调查发现,60%的人并未打算正常退休。参与此项调查的美国人中,75%的人希望从全职工作退休以后能尽其所能继续工作。
(56)"这些人当中有很多是通过去做自己感兴趣的事情来获取财富的,"美洲巴克莱财富行为
财务主管Daniel Egan说若是能自由选择,他们更愿意继续工作下去。"巴克莱把这些人称为"永不退休者"。
与很多按照公司规定不能不提前退休的美国人不同，对"永不退休者"来讲,没人能强迫他们退休。(57)此刻106岁的投资家Irving Kahn是家族企业的老总,若是他想坚持天天到公司上班,谁会阻止他呢？《美国宪法》保证现年78岁高龄的最高法院法官Ruth Bader Ginsburg的工作安全。
这些老年人似乎是正在尝试逃避死亡。事实确实如此,而且这也的确起到了必然的作用。
(58)加州大学河滨分校的教授Howard Friedman的研究表明,工作最尽力和事业上有所成绩的人通常活得最长。"人们通常被建议要慢下来,放轻松,不要着急,然后退休去佛罗里达,这种建议其实不好，"他说。他还描述了一名受调查者.虽然100岁的高龄但仍然坚持工作,最近看到自己的儿子退休感觉很失望。
牛津人口老龄化研究所主任George Leeson说咱们发现人们对待退休的态度开始发生转变。" (59)过去,人们曾以为退休是他们在某个令人痛苦的工作职位上长期奋斗后的即时奖励,而此刻人们以为退休与被遗弃类似。随着人们开始意识到"退休不单单是简单地与经济生产力相联系,而且也关乎贡献Leeson提出的-沃伦•巴菲特效应"也愈来愈流行。
(60)关于这是不是完满是一件好事情,评论家们各持己见。一方面,企业和金融公司可以受益于坚韧的领导人的智慧。另一方面,下一代人要想进一步发展会加倍困难, 可是这一点对于一个"永不退休者"来讲影响不大。
答案详解
56. 【定位】由题干中的so-called "nevertirees" 定位到第一段第三至五句。
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