大学英语四级阅读理解精读100篇

Passage One (Clinton Is Right)

President Clinton‘s decision on Apr.8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing without an agreement on China‘s entry into the World Trade Organization seemed to be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and Whit House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious over the lost opportunity. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked ―the courage‖ to reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.

In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A lot more horse trading is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And without the Administration‘s goal of a ―bullet-proof agreement‖ that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.

THE HARD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Sperling, Commerce Secretary William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky all advised Clinton that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, ―we‘re not there yet,‖ according to senior officials. Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although Clinton can signal U.S. approval for China‘s entry into the WTO himself, he needs Congress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove over-whelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss) declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into the WTO. And Senators Jesse A. Helms (R-N.C.) and Emest F. Hollings (D-S. C.) promised to introduce a bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.

The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection for the U. S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Administration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on ―cultural‖ restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing. BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any eventual agreement, but what they‘ve heard so far isn‘t encouraging. Republicans, including Lott, say that ―the time just isn‘t right‖ for the deal. Translation: We‘re determined to make it look as if Clinton has capitulated to the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to America‘s enemies. Beijing‘s fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, won‘t help, either.

Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be become clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together won‘t be easy. And Republicans—with a wink—say that they‘ll eventually embrace China‘s entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate America. Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make this

much dear to both its GOP allies and the Whit House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling

1. The main idea of this passage is

[A]. The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

[B]. On China‘s entry into WTO.

[C]. Clinton was right.

[D]. Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill.

2. What does the sentence ―Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, Detroit‖ convey?

[A]. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.

[B]. The three places overdid criticism.

[C]. They wanted more protection.

[D]. They are in trouble.

3. What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward China‘s entry into the WTO?

[A]. Contradictory. [B].Appreciative.

[C]. Disapproving. [D]. Detestful.

4. Who plays the leading part in the deal in America?

[A]. White House . [B]. Republicans.

[C]. The Democratic Party. [D]. Businessmen.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that

[A]. America will make concessions.

[B]. America will hold out for a better WTO

[C]. Clinton has the right to signal U. S. approval for China‘s entry.

[D]. Democratic party approve China‘s entry into the WTO.

答案祥解

1. C. 总统是对的。这篇文章摘自Business Weekly. 文章是从商人的角度来看待中国加入WTO，他们希望从谈判中获得更多的利益，而克林顿的同意不同意的目的和他们相符——争取更多利益。这篇就是从四方利益最终趋向一致―同意中国加入世贸‖来证明―总统结论正确‖的中心思想。

第一段指出Clinton由打发朱总理回国，不同意中国入世到一百八十度大转弯，在电话中愤怒的朱总理表示再次努力协商。内阁和白宫官员意见分歧，商人对失去机会火冒三丈。

第二段点出克林顿故意拖延以谋取更多的利益的决定是正确的——文章的主旨句。商人院外活动集团成员要以―政府完美无缺的协议的目标来说服共和党赞成/接受。以免整个过程以党争而告终。

第三，四段是商业方面的高级官员的代表纷纷却说Clinton―当中国作出许多优惠让步时，美国不在那里。‖（意：美国吃亏了现在不要再吃亏了。）克林顿有权签署赞成中国加入世贸组织，可他需要国会批准北京永久性最惠国作为扩大贸易协定的组成部分。再说对国会的干预的诱惑力相当大：就在朱踏上美国本土时，参议院多数派领袖Trent Lott宣布他对中国是该不该入世持怀疑态度，而参议院Tesse A Helms… 承诺提出一项要求国会批准任何交易的提案。

第五段讲了朱总理的强硬立场。第六段又是共和党的反对声，使民主党内站在北京以便的批评家也无能为力。

最后一段指出：尽管困难重重，这一历史事件太重要了，不能因党争而冒失失去机会的危险。

A. 民主党和共和党的矛盾。两党之争见上文译注，最终还是一致。

B. 论中国加入世贸组织。文章不是论中国加入而是论美国环绕中国入世贸的种种。 D. 商人院外活动集团成员控制国会。这在第五段中提到商人院外活动集团成员阻挠美国国会事先接受最终协议，但不是主题思想。

2. A. 朱总理拒绝了他们的要求。见难句译注9。

B. 这三个地方批评过头。

C. 他们要求更多的保护。

D. 他们陷入困境。

3. A. 矛盾。共和党一开始就反对。什么对中国该不该加入世贸组织持怀疑态度。第六段说得更露骨，时间不对。意思是他们想把整个事件看起来好象克林顿屈从于中国，忽视了―中国违反人权，宗教权，劳动权，偷窃核武器技术，把导弹组成部件买给美国的敌人‖等事实。最后一段共和党一下子又所他们最终将会接受中国加入世贸组织以表示对整体美国的好感。不管是商人院外活动集团的作用，还是明确指出重开谈判的重要性。这一历史事件太重要绝不能因党争而失去机会。共和党纵然心中不愿，也不得不接受现实。心情是矛盾的。

B. 赞赏。

C. 不赞成。

D. 厌恶。

4. D. 商界。第一段中就点出：商界领袖对失去这次机会火冒三丈。第二段中提到商界院外活动成员要以实实在在的协议来说服共和党国会，免得以党争告终。第三段明确指出：许多商界院外人士一方面对协议未签定表示失望，另方面又同意，还会更好的条件。各种和商界直接关系的高级官员对克林顿劝说。

第五段：纺织，金融股票，汽车以至电影等都是商界的要求。朱总理拒绝的就是商界要求。第六段提及商界院外活动的成员制止国会事先接受最终协定。

最后一段又是商界使共和党联盟和白宫懂得此事的重要性。

5. A. 美国将会作出让步，见上面注释。商人是绝对不会放弃中国市场的。

B. 美国会故意拖延以求取得更好的条件。这一点恐怕不会，见上文注释。朱总理的强硬立场，商人的见解。

C. 克林顿有签署批准中国入世之权。

D. 民主党赞成中国加入世贸，这两项都是事实。

Passage Two (Europe‘s Gypsie s, Are They a Nation?)

The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent‘s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union‘s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.

Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.

However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of ―self-rallying‖. It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in

his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.

At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.

The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world‘s best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.

So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora‘s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. ―The EU‘s whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them,‖ says a nervous Eurocrat.

But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe‘s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on . Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews.

―Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,‖ says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.

One big snag is that Europe‘s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely he terogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Ri ghts Center in Budapest, Gypsies‘ shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from ―being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.‖

And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.

That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU‘s agenda in Central Europe, they are making ground.

1. The Best Title of this passage is

[A]. Gypsies Want to Form a Nation. [B]. Are They a Nation.

[C]. EU Is Afraid of Their Growth. [C]. They Are a Tribe

2. Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?

[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.

[B]. They are scattered everywhere in the world.

[C]. Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.

[D]. They probably came from the International Romany Union.

3. What does the International Romany lobby for?

[A]. It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.

[B]. It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.

[C]. It lobbies for the right as a nation.

[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.

4. Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?

[A]. It may open a Pandora‘s Box.

[B]. Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.

[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.

[D]. Gyspsies‘ demand may highlight the difference in the EU.

5. The big problem lies in the fact that

[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.

[B]. Their leaders prove corrupt.

[C]. Their potential unity stems from ―being regarded as sub-human‖.

[D]. They are a bit more pragmatic.

答案祥解

1. B. 他们是一个民族/国家吗？整篇文章环境这一点而写，文章一开始就提出中欧入欧盟的国家会给大陆吉普塞人一个机会，承认他们是一个民族——国家，虽然没有界定的领土（作为国家，应有领土）。吉普塞人的领袖人物也指出其人数超过欧盟中许多现在有的和将来要入盟的国家。他们至少要在欧盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和犹太人不同，他们没有可回归的祖居地。他们的语言属印欧语系。英国人认为他们来自埃及及移民。最可能的是七世纪时一些流浪的手工业工人和艺人从印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一种思想——以吉普塞文化为基础的无疆土的吉普塞民族应有个说话的地方—越来越为人接受。国际吉普塞人联盟声称代表30多个国家的吉普塞人，做了几件事：展开自我联合，提出语言标准和书面形式，在联合国进行游说活动时挥动吉普塞国旗，在布鲁塞尔设立办事处，六月在捷克首都布拉格召开会议。第四段集中讲到会上选出了联盟主席。一群选出吉普塞的政治家——国会议员，市长，地方政务委员再次在布拉格开会，会议由欧洲安全合作条约组织召集，来讨论如何动员更多的吉普塞人参政。第五段涉及联盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立国会，但如何实际操作还未落实。后面主要是外界对吉普塞的态度。第六段描述欧盟委员会在吉普塞作为最大的大陆少数民族，历史上遭到残酷的迫害，应赢得特别承认。19世纪他们横遭奴役，希特勒企图把它们和犹太人一起消灭。第八段讲了欧洲会议中有人提出吉普塞在欧洲机构中应有一席之地，还提议一个常务委员负责吉普塞事务。还有行动筹建建立一所吉普塞大学。后面两段讲的是困难，第九段点出。最后一段指出，现在说他们有人有钱可以组成（国家）为时还早，

可是吉普塞是欧盟中日程表上的一个问题，他们日益接近解决。从内部，外部情况分析都说明吉普塞是一个组成国家的民族。全文都是环绕它是不是，该不该承认为民族/国家而写，所以B项他们是不是民族是最佳标题。

A. 吉普塞要想组成一个国家（民族）。这只是文章涉及到的部分内容，中欧国家想加入欧盟一事可能产生的结果。 C. 欧盟害怕它们成长。 D. 他们是一个部落。

2. A. 最可能是在7世纪从印度流浪到西方。见第1题第二注释。

B. 他们分散在世界各地。

C. 可能他们源于中欧。

D. 他们可能来自国际吉普塞人联盟。

3. D. 它们在这些国际组织，如欧盟，联合国中进行活动游说要取得一席之地。见第1题第一段，三段注释。

A. 它们游说活动欧盟和联合国接受他们的要求。太抽象。

B. 它们活动游说在国际机构取得职位。

C. 他们游说作为民族的权利。

4. C. 它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族会提出同样的要求。见难句译注11。

A. 它可能会打开潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。

B. 鼓励可能会导致某些意想不到的结果。 D. 吉普塞的要求会加深欧盟分歧。B,D两项不够明确。

5. A. 吉普塞人属于不同的，而且常常是对抗的民族的部落，还没有共同的语言和宗教信仰。

B. 他们领袖很腐败。

C. 他们潜在的团结来自被人看作是低于人类（次等人）。

D. 他们有点太讲究实效，B,C, D 三项不是主要问题。主要问题是A. 项。

Passage Three (Method of Scientific Inquiry)

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in

the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of ―facts‖ and ―theories‖ or ―facts‖ and ―ideas‖—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.

[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.

2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is

[A]. the similarity between the two periods.

[B]. that it was an act of God.

[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.

[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.

3. The difference between ―fact‖ and ―theory‖

[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.

[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.

[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.

[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.

4. According to the author, mathematics is

[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.

[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.

5. The statement ―Theories are facts‖ may be called.

[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.

[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.

[D]. a pun.

答案祥解

1. D. 科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题，为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千

年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新，旧方法关系还是其它（见难句译注1，2）。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四，五段涉及事实和理论的关系。

A. 数学的哲学，文内没有提。

B. 近来科学的发展。

C. 事实的验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。

2. B. 是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4，第一段最后一句话。

A. 两个阶段的相似性。. 两者都试图应用归纳法。 D. 由于演绎法的衰落。

3. A. 后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。

B. 前者简单。

C. 是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。

D. 帮助我们了解演绎法，三项都不对。

4. C. 是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。

A. 归纳法科学。

B. 需要简单证实。 D. 基于事实和理论。

5. B. 是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。

A. 比喻。 C. 对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。 D. 双关语。

Passage Four (It Is Bush)

On the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president: Governor George W. Bush of Texas.

Vice President Al Gore, his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U. S. Supreme Court decision late Tuesday, planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes, advisers said.

They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential running mate, would first make brief comments. The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building, to the west of the White House.

The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr. Gore‘s unprecedented fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down.

―The vice president has directed the recount committee to suspend activities,‖ William Daley, the Gore campaign chairman, said in a written statement.

Mr. Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife, Tipper, and with top advisers

including Mr. Daley.

He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.

Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida, and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to become the 43d U. S. president.

The news of Mr. Gore‘s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U. S. presidential election in more than a century, one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country. It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267—the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.

Mr. Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation‘s highest court.

The 5-to –4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion, as Mr. Gore had sought, this could not be done by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors.

James Baker 3rd, the former secretary of state who represented Mr. Bush in the Florida dispute, issued a short sta tement after the U. S. high court ruling, saying that the governor was ―very pleased and gratified.‖

Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the country‘s deep, aching and varied divisions. He then was expected to meet with congressional leaders, including Democrats. Dick Cheney, Mr. Bush‘s ruing mate, was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.

When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White House, after John Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century.

Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters, defend his hive-week battle as an effort to ensure, as a matter of principle, that every vote be counted, and call for the nation to join behind the new president. He was described by an aide as ―resolved and resigned.‖

While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made clear that it saw no such leeway.

The U.S. high court sent back ―for revision‖ to the Florida court its order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was over.

In its unsigned main opinion, the court declared, ―The recoun t process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter.‖

That decision, by a court fractured along philosophical lines, left one liberal justice charging that the high court‘s proceedings bore a political taint.

Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent:‖ Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year‘s presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly c lear. It is the nation‘s confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the law.‖

But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the physical, legal and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were pressed and sorely tested in ways unseen in more than a century, the system finally produced a result, and one most Americans appeared to be willing at

lease provisionally to support.

The Bush team welcomed the news with an outward show of restraint and aplomb. The governor‘s hopes had risen and fallen so many times since Election night, and the legal warriors of each side suffered through so many dramatic reversals, that there was little energy left for celebration.

1. The main idea of this passage is

[A]. Bush‘s victory in presidentia l election bore a political taint.

[B]. The process of the American presidential election.

[C]. The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the presidential election.

[D]. Gore is distressed.

2. What does the sentence ―as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next step‖ mean

[A]. Bush hopes Gore to join his administration.

[B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.

[C]. Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him.

[D]. Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him.

3. Why couldn‘t Mr. Gore win the presidential election after he outpolled Mr. Bush in the popular vote? Because

[A]. the American president is decided by the supreme court‘s decision.

[B]. people can‘t directly elect their president.

[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.

[D]. the people of each state support Mr. Bush.

4. What was the result of the 5—4 decision of the supreme court?

[A]. It was in fact for the vote recount.

[B]. It had nothing to do with the presidential election.

[C]. It decided the fate of the winner.

[D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.

5. What did the ―turbulent election of 1876‖ imply?

[A]. The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as that.

[B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential elections (2000 and 1876).

[C]. It was compared to presidential election of 2000.

[D]. It was given an example.

答案祥解

1. A. 布什在总统选举中获胜沾上了政治污点。整篇文章环绕这一点而写。文章一开始就写戈尔在高等法院裁决下退出竞选，再写布什得胜后的低调行动表示对戈尔的期望。仁厚点出271——276选举团票布什的险胜是和全国最高法院的欺诈性裁决有关，这令戈尔痛心疾首，令布什等感恩戴德。最后集中写了高等法院司法程序沾上了政治污点，以及当选之布什的后果——大多数美国人似乎暂时会支持。这一切说明布什胜胜不武，而戈尔却是虽败尤胜。

B. 美国总统选举过程，文章过程的焦点在布什获胜之因，不单单是过程，故B. 项不对。

C. 高等法院在总统选举中起着重要的作用。其作用是欺诈性裁决，偏袒布什获胜，是政治污点，反映了布什的手段。

D. 戈尔很难受，这是事实，但不是中心思想。

2. B. 布什希望戈尔（能退一步）承认失败，并支持他，而戈尔确实是也这样做了。所以他的助手称戈尔为―resolved and resigned.‖ 坚决而又顺从天命的人。至少在他的演讲中号召人们追随新总统。

A. 布什希望戈尔参与他的政府。 C. 布什希望戈尔祝贺他。 D. 布什希望戈尔继续和他斗下去。

3. C. 美国的总统由选举团提名选举产生。见难句译注5和6。

A. 美国总统由高等法院裁决。

B. 人民不能直接选举总统。这只是第一步的原因，主要原因在

C.

D. 各州人民支持布什。

4. D. 其结果实质上就是反对重新计票。这在第十二段阐述得很清楚：高等法院5比4之裁决实质上就是重新计票在12月12日州选举总统选举团的最后一天之前是不能进行的，而戈尔曾认为弗罗里达州可以法律和宪法的形式重新计票。总统选举团一产生。总统由选举团提名选举产生，那么重新计票与否对总统选举实际上是毫无作用，所以说5比4裁决12月12日之前……实质上就是反对重新计票。

A. 其结果实际上是支持重新计票。不对。

B. 其结果和总统选举毫无关系，不对，关系很大，见D项注释。

C. 其结果决定胜者的命运。

5. B. 它隐射2000年的总统选举和1876年的总统选举两者之间有着很大的相似之处。见难句译注6，海因斯认为输了，正准备放弃，谁知涉嫌欺骗行为，对有争议的州进行重新计票。结果是海因斯以一票之差险胜。重新计票以及险胜都和2000年总统选举相似，其它方面，如以为输而没有输，重新计票州多而且起到作用等……，都和2000年选举不同，所以只能选B项，A项完全一样是错误的。

A. 两者选举总统过程一个样。 C. 把1876年总统选举比作2000年的总统选举。

D. 作为例子给出。这里没有说明。

Passage Five (Women‘s Positions in the 17th Century)

Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women‘s voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman‘s subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women‘s physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewish ness, and natural inferiority to men.

Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558—1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women. Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James‘ consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women‘s lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women‘s mature and role.

Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every

Christian‘s immediate relationship with God and p rimary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul‘s epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife‘s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very dif ferent politics, promoting women‘s spiritual equality: ―There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ.‖ Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead.

There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power: as managers of estates in their husbands‘ absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles—as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.

1. What is the best title for this passage?

[A]. Women‘s Position in the 17th Century.

[B]. Women‘s Subjection to Patriarchy.

[C]. Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.

[D]. Women‘s objection in the 17th Century.

2. What did the Queen Elizabeth do for the women in culture?

[A]. She set an impressive female example to follow.

[B]. She dominated the culture.

[C]. She did little.

[D]. She allowed women to translate something.

3. Which of the following is Not mention as a reason to enable women to original texts?

[A].Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.

[B]. Queen Anne‘s political activities.

[C]. Most women had a good education.

[D]. Queen Elizabeth‘s political activities.

4. What did the religion so for the women?

[A]. It did nothing.

[B]. It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.

[C]. It supported women.

[D]. It appealed to the God.

答案祥解

1. A. 17世纪英国妇女地位。见上面文章大意。

B. 妇女服从于家族制。 D. 17世纪妇女的反抗，都是A.内容中的一部分，不能作为最佳标题。

C. 17世纪英国社会形式，只能作为背景出现。

2. C. 她没有做什么。英女皇伊丽莎白在位时期间在文化上并没有妇女做过什么。这在第二段讲得很清楚。―伊丽莎白统治时期（1558——1603），文化领域为强有里女皇所控制，她本人确实树立了令人难忘的妇女形象，可是她并没有为其它妇女能够创作一些东西。‖见前面列出之原因和下一道题的A. B. C.

3. D. 伊丽莎白女皇的政治活动。这文内没有提及。

A. 妇女亲情网对家长制进行抗衡。

B. 安娜女皇的政治活动。

C. 大多数妇女都受过良好教育。这三项在第二段中都提到。―首先，妇女亲情关系，如母亲，女儿，他们的亲戚网，好友；安娜女皇单独的宫殿，她那对立的化装舞会和政治活动都和族长制予以抗衡。‖

4. B. 除了某些文本外，它也要求妇女服从。第一段，见上述内容。第三段集中论述这一点。―也许，最重要的是基督教固有潜在激进性。它坚持主张每个基督徒和上帝的直接关系，坚持人首先责任是服从她或他的良知。在圣?保罗使徒书以及在别的圣经中有许多对家长制，妻子对丈夫的服从支持。可是有些文本镌刻着一种完全不同的政治观点，鼓吹妇女精神平等：‖人没有犹太和希腊之分，没有束缚或自由之分，没有男女之分，因为在耶酥基督面前，你们都是一样。―

A. 它什么也没有做。不对。 C. 它支持妇女。也不对，只有某些版本支持。 D. 它求助于上帝。它借上帝之名压制妇女。第一段：―因此，妇女首先服从父亲，然后服从丈夫，体现了（象征）英国人民服从他们的君主，所有基督徒服从上帝。‖

Passage Six (The Present Is the Most Important)

Shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous. If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy tale and the Arabian Nights‘ Entertainments. If we respected only what is inevitable and has a right to be , music and poetry would resound along the streets. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things have any permanent and absolute existence, --that petty fears and petty pleasure are but the shadow of reality. This is always exhilarating and sublime. By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which still is built on purely illusory foundation. Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live worthily, but who think that they are wiser by experience, that is, by failure. I have read in a Hindoo book, that ―there was a king‘s son, who, being expelled in infancy from his native city, was brought up by a forester, and, growing up to maturity in that state, imagined himself to belong to the barbarous race with which be lived. One of his father‘s ministers having discovered him, revealed to him what he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it knows itself to be Brahme.‖ We think that that is which appears to be. If a man should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the place in his description. Look at a meeting-house, or a court-house, or a jail, or a shop. Or a dwelling-house, and say what that thing really is before a true gaze, and they would all go to pieces in your account of them. Men esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star, before Adam and after the last man. In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all these times and places and occasions are now and here. God himself culminates in the present moment, and will never be more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us. The universe constantly and obediently answers to our conceptions; whether we travel fast or slow, the track is laid for us. Let us spend our lives in conceiving then. The poet or the artist never yet had as fair and noble a design but some of his posterity at least

could accomplish it.

1. The writer‘s attitu de toward the arts is one of

[A]. admiration. [B]. indifference. [C]. suspicion. [D]. repulsion

2. The author believes that a child.

[A]. should practice what the Hindoos preach.

[B]. frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.

[C]. hardly ever knows his true origin.

[D]. is incapable of appreciating the arts.

3. The author is primarily concerned with urging the reader to

[A]. look to the future for enlightenment. [B]. appraise the present for its true value.

[C]. honor the wisdom of the past ages. [D]. spend more time in leisure activities.

4. The passage is primarily concerned with problem of

[A]. history and economics. [B]. society and population.

[C]. biology and physics. [D]. theology and philosophy.

答案祥解

1. A. 钦佩。本文第三句―如果我们只尊重必然的东西，尊重有权威为必然的东西，那么音乐和诗歌会重新在街上唱诵。‖本文最后一句―虽然诗人或艺术从来没有如此美好和崇高的设想，但他们有些后代至少会达到这一步的。‖还有难句译注1。这些都说明作者对艺术视为崇高和美好，不是被蒙蔽的东西。

B. 漠不关心。

C. 怀疑的。

D. 排斥。多不对。

2. B. 孩子们常常比成人更好地棉队各种问题。本文第七句―孩子们游戏生活（整天只知道玩儿），却比难以很好的生活的成人们更清楚的分辨出显示生活的真正规律和种种关系。‖A. 孩子应当实践印度布道宣传的东西。C. 几乎对其真实出身一无所知。这是讲王子的事情，不是一般孩子。D. 难以欣赏艺术。并未提及。

3. B. 珍视目前的真正价值。这在文章倒数第五句―永恒中，确实有真实和崇高的东西存在。但是所有这一切时间，地点，机遇都是在此时此地。上帝本身在现时达到了顶峰。在今后流逝的岁月中，它绝不会更加神圣崇高。我们只有长期不断地灌输和浸润在周围现实之中，才能理解什么是崇高和神圣的东西。不论我们的步伐快还是慢，路线已为我铺定。那就让我们的生命在体会感受中度过。‖作者强调现实才是人们应该抓住的。

A. 指望未来给予启迪。C. 尊重过去的智慧。D. 在悠闲的活动中花更多的时间。

4. D. 神学和哲学。整篇文章都传递了这两个内容，特别是哲学推理论说。

A. 历史和经济学。

B. 社会和人口。

C. 生物和物理。

Passage Seven (Forecasting of Statistics)

Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day

economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things mattered, would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that ―high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume.‖ We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.

1. Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on

[A]. wealth. [B]. mobility. [C]. population. [D]. census takers.

2. The American Statistical Association

[A]. is converting statistical study from an art to a science.

[B]. has an excellent record in business forecasting.

[C]. is neither hopeful nor pessimistic.

[D]. speaks with mathematical exactitude.

3. The message the author wishes the reader to get is

[A]. statisticians have not advanced since the days of the Roman.

[B]. statistics is not as yet a science.

[C]. statisticians love their machine.

[D].computer is hopeful.

4. The ―greatest story ever told‖ referred to in the passage is the story of

[A]. Christmas. [B]. The Mets.

[C]. Moses. [D]. Roman Census Takers.

1. C. 人口。答案在第六句，―那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单。‖

A. 财富。

B. 流动性。

C. 人口调查员。

2. A. 正把统计研究从文科转变成理科。这是从第六句开始讲的一种观点。―现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向科学（理科）发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统。‖作者虽然没有明说，明眼人一看便知，艺术向科学转变正是美国统计协会在把统计学从文科转向理科。所以A. 对。

B. 在商业预测方面具有杰出的记录。不对。实际上―平均成功率还低于the Mets‖

C. 既没有希望也不乐观。文内没有提及。只提作者他们半喜半忧离开协会。

D. 以数学的精确性来说话。见下道题解释。协会部分人却有此看法―数学精确性。‖

3. B. 统计学（到现在为止）还不是一门科学（理科）。文章最后几句话。―连统计协会的主席也告戒说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着忧―希‖掺半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是

新近才有的信念，相信应用于确切材料上恰当的统计法在经济预测中有它的贡献，只要预测人员和公众不受蒙蔽，误呆板所述概率和趋势当作数学精确无比的预测就行。‖

A. 统计员从罗马时代起就没向前进步过。C. 统计员爱计算机。这两项文内没有提到。D. 计算机前程远大。文内只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学―系统‖，暗示了计算机大有希望。但不是所有人都这样认为的。最重要的计算机的应用并不能改变这个事实：统计学不是立刻，而是文科。所以

B. 对。

4. A. 基督，圣诞节，指基督的诞生。圣经中的一个故事。

B. the Mets. 圣经中率领希伯莱人出埃及的领袖，也作放债的犹太人讲。

C. 摩西。

D. 罗马人口调查员。

Passage Eight (Wakefield Master‘s Realism)

Moreover, insofar as any interpretation of its author can be made from the five or six plays attributed to him, the Wake field Master is uniformly considered to be a man of sharp contemporary observation. He was, formally, perhaps clerically educated, as his Latin and music, his Biblical and patristic lore indicate. He is, still, celebrated mainly for his quick sympathy for the oppressed and forgotten man, his sharp eye for character, a ready ear for colloquial vernacular turns of speech and a humor alternately rude and boisterous, coarse and happy. Hence despite his conscious artistry as manifest in his feeling for intricate metrical and stanza forms, he is looked upon as a kind of medieval Steinbeck, indignantly angry at, uncompromisingly and even brutally realistic in presenting the plight of the agricultural poor.

Thus taking the play and the author together, it is mow fairly conventional to regard the former as a kind of ultimate point in the secularization of the medieval drama. Hence much emphasis on it as depicting realistically humble manners and pastoral life in the bleak hills of the West Riding of Yorkshire on a typically cold bight of December 24th. After what are often regarded as almost ―documentaries‖ given in the three successive monologues of the three shepherds, critics go on to affirm that the realism is then intensified into a burlesque mock-treatment of the Nativity. Finally as a sort of epilogue or after-thought in deference to the Biblical origins of the materials, the play slides back into an atavistic mood of early innocent reverence. Actually, as we shall see, the final scene is not only the culminating scene but perhaps the raison d‘etre of introductory ―realism.‖There is much on the surface of the present play to support the conventional view of its mood of secular realism. All the same, the ―realism‖ of the Wakefield Master is of a paradoxical turn. His wide knowledge of people, as well as books indicates no cloistered contemplative but one in close relation to his times. Still, that life was after all a predominantly religious one, a time which never neglected the belief that man was a rebellious and sinful creature in need of redemption, So deeply (one can hardly say ―naively‖ of so sophisticated a writer) and implicitly religious is the Master that he is less able (or less willing) to present actual history realistically than is the author of the Brome ―Abraham and Isaac‖. His historical sense is even less realistic than that of Chaucer who just a few years before had done for his own time costume romances, such as The Knight‘s Tale, Troilus and Cressida, etc. Moreover Chaucer had the excuse of highly romantic materials for taking liberties with history.

1. Which of the following statements about the Wakefield Master is NOT True?

[A]. He was Chaucer‘s contemporary.

[B]. He is remembered as the author of five or six realistic plays.

[C]. He write like John Steinbeck.

[D]. HE was an accomplished artist.

2. By ―patristic‖, the author means

[A]. realistic. [B]. patriotic

[C]. superstitious. [C]. pertaining to the Christian Fathers.

3. The statemen t about the ―secularization of the medieval drama‖ refers to the

[A]. introduction of mundane matters in religious plays.

[B]. presentation of erudite material.

[C]. use of contemporary introduction of religious themes in the early days.

4. In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to

[A]. justify his comparison with Steinbeck.

[B]. present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph.

[C]. point out the anachronisms in the play.

[D]. discuss the works of Chaucer.

1. C. 他象斯坦贝克一样写。第一段作者说他是一位公认的对当时代具有敏锐洞察力的作家。现在仍然享有盛名。主要在于―他对被压迫和被遗忘的人民的同情，有着对人物性格了解的犀利眼光，对日常方言的曲折转意的―耳朵‖。他的幽默粗放而又喧闹，粗鲁而又愉快。因此，尽管他有意识的艺术效果（性），明显表现在他对复杂韵律和诗节的感受力上，人们仍然尊他为中世纪的斯坦贝克，对贫苦农民悲惨命运的疾首愤怒，给以毫不妥协地甚至野性地真实描述‖。这段话说明，文内两位作家之共同点是在内容观点上。而不是指一样的艺术形式上。韦克菲尔德写的是诗歌形式——韵文，而斯坦贝克是小说和散文剧。所以说他像斯坦贝克那样写就错了。故选C.

A. 他是乔叟同时代人，见最后一句―他的历史观点的现实主义稍逊于乔叟。乔叟在几年前就为其时代写了一本传奇。‖

B. 他是作为五或六本现实之剧本的作者而为人纪念。本文第一句话―只能从他写的五个或六个剧本来说明这位作者。‖ D. 他是一位有成就的艺术家。

2. D. Patristic 义：为关于早期基督教领袖的。第一段中his Biblical and Patristic lore indicate 的意思是―他那有关圣经和早期基督教领袖们的歌谣。‖

A. 现实主义的。

B. 爱国的。

C. 迷信的。

3. A. 在宗教剧中介绍世俗之事。见第二段中的secularization义：世俗化，脱离教会。这一整段都讲了韦剧中对世俗之事的描述：―拿剧本和作者两者一起讲的话，现在习惯于把他的剧本看作中世纪戏剧世俗化的一个顶点。因此，对他世俗化强调常以一个例子来说明，即他现实主义的描述12月24日一个寒冷的夜晚，在约克郡西区荒凉的山里的那种粗陋的习俗和乡村的生活；在常被人认为几乎是‗记录文献‘的三个牧人三段连续的独白之后，批评家们继续认为他的现实主义在此时被强化到以讽刺嘲弄的口吻处理了基督的诞生。最后，作者收场白或事后的补充，对材料的来源圣经表示敬意。剧本又滑回到早期纯洁无邪（天真）的崇敬，一种返祖基调中去。事实上最后一幕不仅是全剧的高潮，也许还是―现实主义‖引言存在的理由。‖这一段清楚表明。批评者认为宗教只是作者的收场白，计划外的添加剂而已。

B. 表现渊博知识材料。

C. 应用当代材料。太笼统。当代也有宗教之事。

D. 介绍早期宗教题材。

4. B. 表达抨击第二段思想的观点。这个问题最难回答，其所以选择B，是因为本人作者并不同意流行的观点。他在讲完―常规看法‖有，用引导来谈―纪实文献‖和―现实主义‖。这说明作者之含义并不是这两个词的本义。这段最后一句话―事实上，最后一幕……‖表明：最后一幕有宗教内容，而―现实主义‖不过处于introductory阶段。第三段点明作者的观点―现在的戏剧表面上有许多支持世俗现实主义模式的观点。韦之‗现实主义‘有一个自相矛盾的特点。他对人和书本的广泛的了解表明：―他不是与世隔绝，而是和时代紧密相连的。再说，那时的生活毕竟是全方位的宗教。那时代绝不会忽视这种信仰——人是叛逆和有罪的生灵，需要赎

罪。大师是那么深沉含蓄的信奉宗教，因而他比布罗姆作者更不可能（更不愿）现实主义地表现真正的历史。他的历史感现实性甚至比乔叟更不现实主义。乔叟早在前几年为他的时代写了‗类似‘骑士的故事‖。―特罗依拉斯和克莱西德‖等传奇。再说，乔叟以高度浪漫的材料为借口对历史事实任意处理。‖所以说，我们可以期望作者在下面一步发挥自己的观点，抨击第二段的看法。

A. 他和斯坦贝克的比较是公平的。C. 指出剧中时代错误。D. 讨论乔叟作品。Passage Nine (The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain)

Though England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade the fact that the world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred and strife as fierce as any in human history. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single creed upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther‘s revolt in the earlier part of the ce ntury. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near their last extremity under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided: and so, in the 1570‘s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a th ousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.

These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic seminaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular clergy, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new Order established by St, Ignatius Loyola same thirty years before. The seculars came first; they achieved a success which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long surmised that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was for from complete; many—Cecil thought even the majority—had conformed out of fear, self-interest or—possibly the commonest reason of all—sheer bewilderment at the rapid changes in doctrine and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing some plausible business in the country, and make by devious may for their first house of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the house holds and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed or from which they received a call.

1. The main idea of this passage is

[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.

[B]. The conversion of religion in Britain.

[C]. The victory of the New religion in Britain.

[D]. England became prosperous.

2. What was Martin Luther‘s religi ons?

[A]. Buddhism. [B]. Protestantism. [C]. Catholicism. [D]. Orthodox.

3. Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?

[A]. Civil and military ways. [B]. Propaganda and attack.

[C]. Persuasion and criticism. [D]. Religious and military ways.

4. What did the second paragraph mainly describe?

[A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain.

[B]. The conversion of English people to Protestantism was far from complete.

[C]. The young in Britain began to convert to Catholicism

[D]. Most families offered hospitality to missionaries.

1. A. 这篇文章的中心思想是―英国宗教斗争以新的方式继续进行。‖

B. 英国宗教的转变。

C. 新教在英国的胜利。

D. 英国变得繁荣。这三项都是文内谈到具体事情，不能作主题思想。

2. B. 新教，基督教。因为罗马教皇推行的是天主教。这在第一段第四句明确点明：―在英国，宗教改革者，或者说基督教，在英国皇权的协助下，此时已取得胜利；而作为整个欧洲来说，罗马教皇已经开始恢复世纪初马丁?路德反叛后所失去的一些地盘。‖马丁?路德是改革者，也就是基督教。

A. 佛教。C. 天主教。D. 东正教

3. D. 宗教和武力。第一段第五句说明：―教皇用两种办法进行恢复，一种就像在部分德国地区进行的那样通过传教士的活动，另一种象在低地国里进行的，通过天主教国家的军事力量。那里荷兰的几个省份在西班牙的军事压力下，常常是被逼迫得几乎走投无路了。

A. civil and military ways文武两手，civil范围太广，特别指民事的，非宗教的，文职的。这里不合适。

B. 宣传和抨击。

C. 劝说和批评。都不对。

4. A. 传教士活动在英国。第二段的开始就讲到，―这些英国青年或者根本没有放弃老的信仰，或者放弃以后又重新归反旧教，应召成为牧师。英国当然没有剩下天主教神学院，他们就出国，开始很容易，后来，有困难甚至有危险，到杜埃或罗马英文学院就读。前者专为培养一般或修道院外的牧师而建。后者是培养耶酥会教士，通称天主耶酥会会士，是约三十年前圣?罗耀拉创建的一种神职。‖在杜埃学习的牧师先回来，他们取得了令人意想不到的成功。下面就是他们（这样指第一类修道士在英国活动情况）。―头脑冷静，信息灵通人士，像西塞尔这种政治家，长期以来，一直猜度，英国人归反基督教新教的过程远远没有完成。许多人——因他们被在那么短的时期内强加到他们身上的信仰形式，飞快变更的教义搞糊涂了。‖

B. 英国人归反基督教的事情远远没有完成。

C. 在英国青年开始归反天主教。两项选择见上文解释。都是传教活动开始的原因。

D. 大多数家庭礼待传教士。这是第二段最后几行谈到这些传教士秘密来到英国后的情况。他们不仅受到老关系家庭欢迎。也受到第一次邀请他们的家庭欢迎。主人还把他们介绍给其它家庭。

Passage Ten (Photography and Art)

The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph‘s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was

instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.

Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.

Photographers‘ disclaimers of any interest in making art te ll us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography‘s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960‘s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.

Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.

1. What is the author mainly concerned with? The author is concerned with

[A]. defining the Modernist attitude toward art.

[B]. explaining how photography emerged as a fine art.

[C]. explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context.

[D]. defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches.

2. Which of the following adjectives best d escribes ―the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism‖ as the author represents it in lines 12—13?

[A]. Objective [B]. Mechanical. [C]. Superficial. [D]. Paradoxical.

3. Why does the author introduce Abstract Expressionist painter?

[A]. He wants to provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern art.

[B]. He wants to set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters.

[C]. He wants to provide a contrast to Pop artist and others.

[D]. He wants to provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art.