句子成分结构讲义

1. 按照结构划分，句子种类可分为简单句、并列句和复杂句。

?简单句（Simple Sentence）：

由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。如：

①You cannot make a crab walk straight.

②Japanese people are experiencing and suffering from phantom quakes as well as other symptoms of “earthquake sickness.”

?并列句（Compound Sentence）：

由and，but，so，or，for等并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句，构成并列句。

如：

①Take care of your field, and your field will take care of you.

②China has been slow to adopt auto recall procedures similar to those in the West, but new regulations are in the works.

③A fifth-grader in YuShu wants to become an architect and designer, so she can build fine houses in her hometown.

④Some people pay too much attention to making money, for they believe money makes the mare go.

⑤Don’t make yourself a mouse, or the cat will eat you.

?复合句（Complex Sentence）：

一个主句和一个（或多个）由从属连词引导的从句，构成复合句。根据从句在主句中所起的作用，从句可以分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句（包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）。

①What is done by night appears by day. (主语从句)

②Duty is what one expects from others. (表语从句)

③A straw shows which way the wind blows. (宾语从句)

④To be angry with a weak man is a proof that you are not very strong yourself. (同位语从句)

⑤One must drink as one brews. (状语从句)

⑥The landscape belongs to the man who looks at it. (定语从句)

?并列复合句（Compound Complex Sentence）：

并列句中又内含从句的句子。如：

It started with an earthquake that led to a tsunami and one of the worst nuclear power disasters in history happened.

2. 按照功能划分，句子种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

?陈述句（Declarative Sentence或Statement）：]

用来陈述事实。如：

①All men are poets at heart.

②Might is right.

?疑问句（Interrogative Sentence或Question）：

用来提出问题。如：

①Is might right?

Yes, it is. [一般疑问句（General Question或Yes-No Question）]

②What is right?

Might is right. [特殊疑问句（Special Question或Wh- Question）]

③Is might right or wrong?

Might is right.（选择疑问句）

④. Might isn’t right, is it?

Yes, it is. [反意疑问句或附加疑问句（Tag Question）]

?祈使句（Imperative Sentence或Command）：

用来发出命令或请求。如：

①Have an aim in life, or your energies will all be wasted.

②Don’t part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.

?感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence或Exclamation）：

用来表示惊叹或感叹。如：

①What a fine day it is today!

②How fine it is today!

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。

1. 主语（Subject）：

表示句子主要说明的人或事物，通常由名词（名词短语或名词性从句）、代词、动名词、不定式和数词等担任。如：

①A bad workman always blames his tools.

②It rains cats and dogs.

③Two in distress makes sorrow less.

④Keeping is harder than winning.

⑤The poor are rich when they are satisfied.

⑥To know how to wait is the great secret of success.

⑦What makes life dreary is the want of motive.

2. 谓语（Predicate）：

说明主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词词组担任。如：

①A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

②Who makes everything right must rise early.

③The fame of great men ought to be judged always by the means they used to acquire it.

3. 表语（Predicative）：

位于连系动词be等之后，说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态。通常由名词、代词、形容词等充当。如：

①Thought is the seed of action.

②Telling your troubles is swelling your troubles.

③The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.

④Happiness is not something you experience; it is something you remember.

⑤A disease known is half cured.

⑥True friendship is like sound health；the value of it is seldom known until it is lost.

⑦A change of work is as good as a rest.

⑧All men cannot be first.

⑨When the cat is away, the mice will play.

⑩Mountains look beautiful from a distance.

3. 宾语（Object）：

跟在及物动词之后，表示动作行为的对象（动宾）；或跟在介词之后，表示介词所联系的对象（介宾）。通常由名词、代词、数词等担任。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

?直接宾语（Direct Object或Od）：

可单独接在动词后面，往往指物。如：

①Money can buy the devil himself.

②Love me, love my dog.

?间接宾语（Indirect Object或Oi）：

通常不能单独接在动词后面，而须与直接宾语一起使用，往往指人。如：

①Poverty shows us what we are.

②Our best friends are those who tell us our faults and help us to mend them.

4. 定语（Attribute）：

修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、分词、动词不定式、介词短语等来充当。如：

①Your father’s honor to you but a second-hand honor.

② A ready way to lose friends is to lend him money.

③A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion.

④A burnt child dreads the fire.

⑤A friend without faults will never be found.

5. 状语（Adverbial）：

修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等，通常由副词、分词、介词短语等担任。如：

①Adversity successfully overcome is the highest glory.

②Diseases come on horseback, but go away on foot.

③Eat to please yourself, but dress to please others.

④Man alone is born crying, lives complaining, and dies disappointed.

7. 补语（或补足语）（Complement）：

说明主语或宾语，故可分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，通常由形容词，名词、分词、动词不定式等充当。

?主语补语（简称主补）（Subject Complement或Cs）：

补充说明主语特征。表语就是位于连系动词之后的主语补语。

The actress is thirty-five years old, but she appears a lot younger.

?宾语补语（简称宾补）（Object Complement或Co）：

位于宾语之后，补充说明宾语特征。如：

①Make your enemy your friend.

②You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make it drink.

③We find life exciting and most exciting when it is lived for others.

④Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards.

⑤A true friend will never let you down.

⑥Industry keeps the body healthy, the mind clear, the heart whole, the purse full.

⑦We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.

在英语里，有下列五种基本句型：

1.主语+ 谓语（S V），如：

Everything has its seed.

注意：There be句型是该句型的变异形式，即There + V + S。

2.主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（S V O），如：

The great fish eat up the small.

3.主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语（S V Oi Od），如：

The Bill of Rights gives us freedom of speech.

4.主语+ 谓语+ 主补（S V Cs），如：

You look very fetching in that hat with the purple dress.

5.主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补（S V O Co），如：

Love makes the world go around. .