(完整版)机械电子专业英语翻译
Quality Control Fundamentals质量控制基本原理
Quality质量
Quality has become one of the most important consumer decision factors in the selection among competing products and services. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consumer is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, a bank or financial institution, or a military defense program. Consequently, understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness. There is a substantial return on investment from improved quality and from successfully employing quality as an integral part of overall business strategy.
质量是消费者在激烈的产品和服务竞争中进行选择的一个重要因素.不管这个消费者是个人、产业组织、零售店或防务工程,这个想象是普遍存在的.因此,关注并提升质量是取得成功、发展并强化竞争力的关键因素.投资质量的提升并把质量作为经营策略的主要部分将会得到极大地回报.
We may define quality in many ways. Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting point, we will give a more precise and useful definition.
我们对质量有很多种定义.许多人在观念上把质量理解为产品或服务拥有一个或更多满意的性能.尽管这种概念性理解是有效地,我们将给出更精确、有效地定义.
Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.
质量-特性或性能中包含几种明确定义的技术的美学的,因此主观考虑；满足设计（顾客）需求.
Quality control------detecting poor quality (nonconformance) in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate i t.
质量控制-检测在工业产品中检测不合格的质量（不合格品）并采取纠正措施去避免.
The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.
传统的质量定义是产品或服务必须满足使用者的需求.因此,质量就是适用度
There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.
适用度一般有两个方面:设计质量和一致性的质量。
Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or levels of quality that are intentionally determined by design. All goods and services are produced in various
grades or levels of quality. These variations in grades or levels of quality are intentional, and, consequently, the appropriate technical term is quality of design.
设计意图的质量指的是设计中故意设计的各种等级或质量等级。所有的商品和服务都是在不同的等级或质量等级中产生的。这些变化的等级或质量水平是故意的，因此，适当的技术术语称之为设计质量。
Quality of conformance refers to how well the product conforms to specifications required by design.
产品质量的一致性是指如何符合规范设计的要求。
Quality of conformance is influenced by a number of factors, including
the choice of manufacturing processes, the training and supervision of the workforce, the types of process controls, tests, and inspection activities that
are employed, the extent to which these procedures are followed, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality.
一致性质量受到很多因素的影响,包括生产流程的选择、员工的培训
和监督，所采用的过程控制,测试,和检查活动的类型,这些程序被遵循的
程度 ,激励员工来实现质量。
Unfortunately, this definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design. This is in part due to the lack
of formal education most designers and engineers receive in quality
engineering methodology. This also leads to much less focus on the customer
and more of a “conformance-to-specifications” approach to quality, regardless
of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually
“fit-foruse” by the customer. Also, there is still a widespread belief that quality
is a problem that can be dealt with solely in manufacturing, or that the only
way quality can be improved is by “gold-plating” the product.
不幸的是,相对于设计，这个定义更多的关于质量的一致性。这部分
是由于大多数设计师和工程师缺乏质量工程方法的正规教育。这也导致更
少地关注客户和更多关注质量与规格一致,无论产品，即使生产标准，实
际上是“适合使用”的客户。同时,普遍仍认为,在生产制造中质量问题完
全可以解决,或者唯一的可以提高质的方式是给产品“镀金”。
We prefer a modern definition of quality:Quality is inversely
proportional to variability. Note that this definition implies that if variability in
the important characteristics of a product decreases, the quality of the product increases. As an example of the operational effectiveness of this definition, a
few years ago, one of the automobile companies in the United States
performed a comparative study of a transmission that was manufactured in a domestic plant and by a Japanese supplier.
我们倾向于质量的现代定义:质量与变化成反比。请注意,这个定义意味
着如果产品的重要特征的变化减少,产品的质量就会提高。举一个这个定义
的操作效益的例子,几年前, 美国的一个汽车公司进行了一个在国内工厂制
造过程的传输和由日本供应商制造过程的传输的比较研究。
An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a
striking difference between the two sources of production, with the
Japanese-produced transmission having much lower costs, as shown in Fig.
5.1. As part of the study to discover the cause of this difference in cost and performance, the company selected random samples of transmissions from
each plant, disassembled them, and measured several critical quality characteristics.
保修索赔和维修费用的分析表明，两者的生产有着显着的区别，如图
5.1所示，日本制造的运输成本很低。这项研究的一部分是发现成本和表
现中这种差异的原因，公司从每个工厂随机选择抽样，拆卸样本，并测量
了几个关键的质量特性。
Figure 5.2 is generally representative of the results of this study. Note that
the distribution of the critical characteristics for the transmissions
manufactured in the United States takes up about 75% of the width of the specifications, implying that very few nonconforming units would be
produced. In fact, the plant was producing at a quality level that was quite
good, based on the generally accepted view of quality within the company. However, the Japanese plant produced transmissions for which the same
critical characteristics take up only about 25% of the specification band. As a result, there is considerably less variability in the critical quality
characteristics of the Japanese-built transmissions in comparison to those built
in the United States.
图5.2通常是这项研究的结果的代表。注意的是美国生产传输的临界
特征的分布占宽度规格的75%左右,这意味着不相容的产品很少。事实上,
根据公司内部的质量标准，工厂生产的质量水平很好,然而,日本工厂的
生产传输的相同的临界特征规范只占用约25%的规格带。因此,日本建立
的生产传输中的关键质量特征的变化要比美国的少很多。
There are two obvious questions here: Why did the Japanese do this? How did they do this? The answer to the “why” question is obvious from examination of Fig.
5.1. Reduced variability has directly translated into lower costs。Furthermore, the Japanese-built transmissions shifted gears more smoothly, ran more quietly, and were generally perceived by the customer as superior to those built domestically. Fewer repairs and warranty claims means less rework and the reduction of wasted time, effort, and money. Thus, quality truly is inversely proportional to variability.
How did the Japanese do this? The answer lies in the systematic and effective use of the methods described in this text.
这里有两个明显的问题:为什么日本人这样做呢?他们是如何做到这一点呢? 再看图5.1，“为什么”的问题的答案是显而易见的。减少的变化直接转化为低成本。此外,日本造的变速齿轮更顺畅,更安静，客户通常认为日本的变速齿轮要比国内的好。更少的维修和保修索赔意味着很少的返工,节约时间 ,精力,和金钱。因此,质量真的是与变化成反比。日本人是怎么做的呢?答案就在于系统和有效地使用本文中描述的方法。
Dimensions of Quality质量维度
The quality of a product can be described and evaluated in several ways. It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality.Garvin provides an excellent discussion of eight components or dimensions of quality. We summarize his key points concerning these dimensions of quality as follows: 一个产品的质量可以用几种方法来描述和评价。区分这些不同维度的质量往往是很重要的。加文对于质量的八种要素做了一个很好的讨论。我们总结了他的关键点，这些尺寸的质量如下：
Performance –product does intended job
表现—产品满足特定功能
Reliability—product is available
可靠性----产品是可用的
Durability—product lasts for a reasonable time
持久性---产品能使用一个合理的时间
Serviceability—product is easy to repair/service
维护性---产品维修维护方便
Aesthetics—product has acceptable/appealing appearance
美观---产品具有可接受或吸引人的外观
Features—product has capabilities beyond basic performance
功能性---产品具有超越基本功能的功能
Perceived Quality—product & company have good reputation; measured by customer loyalty
感知质量—产品和公司在消费者中具有良好的声誉。
Conformance to Standards—product made consistent with designer intent (and consistent with industry & national standards)
标准一致---制造的产品符合设计师的意图（并符合行业和国家标准）。
Quality Improvement质量的提升
Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products. Excessive variability in process performance often results in waste. For example, consider the wasted money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs represented in Figure 5.1. Therefore, an alternate and frequently very useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.
质量改进是减少过程和产品中的变化。过程性能的过度变化往往导致浪费。例如，图5.1所反映的维修中浪费的金钱，时间和精力。因此，一个替代的，通常是非常有用的定义是，质量改进是减少浪费。
Implementing quality improvement: management must
实施质量改进：管理
Evaluate dimensions of quality as they pertain to their business objectives (assuming the objectives are defined);
评估质量维度与他们的业务目标（假设定义了目标）；
Think strategically about quality;战略性地考虑质量；
Recognize critical role of suppliers in quality management strategies;认识到供应商在质量管理战略中的重要作用；
Recognize that everyone in the organization is responsible for quality;认识到组
织中的每个人都对质量富有责任；
Recognize that statistical quality control techniques communicate both problems & solution;
认识到统计质量控制技术，沟通问题和解决方案；
Implement effective quality improvement programs tailored to their business;针对他们的业务实施有效的质量改进方案；
Total quality management;全面质量管理；
Quality improvement benefits—business growth; enhanced competition; cost reduction; reduced product liability; improved productivity.
质量改进的效益----业务增长；增强竞争；降低成本；减少产品债务；提高生产率。
Quality Engineering Terminology质量工程术语
Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the user or consumer thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called quality characteristics.
Quality characteristics –- Physical; Sensory;Time Orientation; can be attributes or variable.
每个产品都有许多描述用户或消费者心目中的质量的要素。这些参数通常被称为质量特性。
品质特性–身体；感官；时间方向；可以是属性或变量。
Quality engineering—the set of operational, managerial and engineering activities used to ensure that quality characteristics of a product are at nominal or the required levels.质量工程---一套确保产品的质量特性是在名义或所需的水平操
作，管理和工程活动。
Statistical methods—applied to measurements for product’s quality characteristics, they are usually the result of the engineering design process for the product.
统计方法---用于测量产品的质量特性,通常是产品的工程设计过程的结果。
Quality measurement---compare measured value to nominal or target value for characteristic; values bounded by allowable limits, namely, upper specification limit (USL) and low specification limit (LSL) (determined by design engineer); values outside limits are considered to be nonconforming, hence, product is defective.
质量测量——将质量的测量值与真值相比较，特征值被范围所限制，即规范上限(USL)和规范下极限(LSL)(由设计工程师决定);特征值外部限制被认为是不一致的,因此,产品是有缺陷的。
Concurrent engineering ---multi-disciplinary, team-based approach to design
(early in design process).并行工程---多学科，以团队为基础的设计方法（多在早期的设计过程）。
History of Quality Methodology质量方法学史
Quality always has been an integral part of virtually all products and services. However, our awareness of its importance and the introduction of formal methods for quality control and improvement have been an evolutionary development. Table 5.1 presents a timeline of some the important milestones in this evolutionary process.
质量几乎一直是所有产品和服务的一个组成部分。然而，我们意识到它的重要性，并介绍了正式的质量控制和改进的方法，一直是一个进化的发展。表5.1
给出了一些在这个进化过程中的重要里程碑的时间线。
A Timeline of Quality Methods质量测量方法的时间线
1700—1900Quality was largely determined by the efforts of an individual craftsman. Eli Whitney introduces standardized, interchangeable parts to simplify assembly.
质量在很大程度上取决于个人的努力。伊莱·惠特尼介绍标准化，可互换的零件以简化装配。1875 Frederick W. Taylor introduces principles of
Scientific Management；division of labor &work standards; improved
productivity.
1875年弗雷德里克·W·泰勒介绍了科学管理的原则；劳动分工和劳动标准；提高生产率。
1900–1930 Henry Ford—the assembly line—further refinement of work methods to improve productivity and quality; Ford developed mistake-proof assembly concepts, self-checking, and in-process inspection.
亨利福特的装配线进一步细化工作方法以提高生产率和质量；福特开发的防误装配的概念，自我检查和中间验收，
1924 Walter. A. Shewhart introduces the control chart concept in a Bell Laboratories technical memorandum.
沃尔特在贝尔实验室的技术备忘录介绍了控制图的概念。
1928 Acceptance sampling methodology is developed and refined by H. F. Dodge and H. G. Roming at Bell Labs.
H. F.道奇和H. G.漫游在贝尔实验室开发和总结了验收抽样方法。
1940 The U.S. War Department publishes a guide for using control charts to analyze process data.美国战争部出版了一份使用控制图来分析处理数据指南。
1946 ASQC formed to promote use of quality improvement methods for products & service.
建立美国质量控制协会以促进使用产品与服务质量改进方法。
1946–1949 Deming is invited to japan by the Economic and Scientific Services Section of the U.S. War Department to help occupation forces in rebuilding Japanese industry. He was invited to give statistical quality control seminars to Japanese industry.
戴明被美国国防部的经济和科学服务部邀请到日本帮助占领军重建日本工业。他被邀请给日本工业的统计质量控制开研讨会。
1951 Dr.A. V. Feigenbaum publishes the first edition of his book, Total
Quality Control. G.E.P.Box & Wilson published work on designed experiments & process optimization methods.
在1951年，费根鲍姆博士出版了他的第一本书---全面质量控制。威尔
逊发明了工作流程优化设计和在线实验的方法。
1960s Courses in statistical quality control become widespread in industrial engineering academic programs. Zero defects (ZD) programs are introduced in certain U.S.industries.
在20世纪60年代的统计质量控制的广泛的课程成为工业工程学术课
程。零缺陷（ZD）计划被美国工业产业引进。
1989 Motorola’s six-sigma initiative began.
摩托罗拉开始倡议六西格玛。
1990s ISO 9000 certification activities increase in U.S. industry; applicants for the Baldrige award grow steadily; many states sponsor quality awards based on the Baldrige criteria.
上世纪90年代，在美国工业行业，ISO 9000认证活动增加；对波多里奇奖的申请稳步增长；许多国家赞助基于波多里奇标准的质量奖。
1995 Many undergraduate engineering programs require formal courses in statistical techniques, focusing on basic methods for process characterization and improvement.
许多本科工程项目需要专注于过程特性和改进的基本方法
统计技术的正式课程。
1997 Motorola’s six-sigma approach spreads to other industries.
1997年，摩托罗拉的六西格玛方法扩展到其他行业。
1998 The American Societies for Quality Control becomes the American Society for quality, attempting to indicate the broader aspects of the quality improvement field.
1998年，美国质量控制协会成为美国质量学会，其试图表明更广泛的质量
改善领域。
Statistical Methods统计方法
Statistical process control (SPC):use control charts to reduce variability & maintain measure of process quality within acceptable limits, namely, upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL).
统计过程控制（SPC）：使用控制图来减少变化及维持质量测量在可接受的范围内，即控制上限（UCL）和控制下限（LCL）。
Statistically designed experiment: used to discover key variables that influence quality characteristics of interest; systematically vary process controllable input factors to determine their effects on output product parameters.
统计学设计的实验：用于发现影响质量特性的关键变量，系统变化的过程可控的输入因素，以确定其对输出产品参数的影响。
Process modeling:captures the relationship between input and output variable of process; statistical such as regression or time-series analyses, also, neural network techniques, used to determine the nature &magnitude of adjustments required to bring process back into control.
过程建模：捕捉过程中的输入和输出变量之间的关系；统计，如回归或时间序列分析，神经网络技术，用于确定控制过程中所需调整的性质和幅度。
Acceptance sampling: inspection & classification of sampled units, selected at random, from larger batch of product (lot) for the purpose of determining disposition of lot; decision may be to accept, reject, or rework lot; emphasizes conformance to requirements approach to quality control.
验收抽样: 从大批产品(很多)检查和分类抽样单位,随机选择以确定处置方式, 决定可能是接受,拒绝,或返工;强调符合要求的质量控制方法。
Manufacturing Process Characteristics制造工艺特点
Random variations----caused by variability among operators, Raw materials, machine vibrations, and environmental changes; usually uncontrollable; regarded as process noise; no particular pattern or trend.
随机变化--由操作者，原材料，机器振动，和环境改变中的变化造成;通常无法控制的;被视为过程噪声;没有特定的模式或趋势。
Assignable variations--- exception from normal operating conditions, e.g, operator mistakes; defective raw materials; tool failures; machine malfunctions, can be traced to specific causes.
可分配的变化---从正常工作条件下，例如，操作者错误的异常;有缺陷的原料;工具失效;机器故障，都可以追溯到具体原因。
Machining processes are capable of tolerances of +_0.002 in (+_0.05), e.g, sand castings generally have tolerances of 10 to 20 times those used for machined parts.
加工过程能够在（+_0.05）公差允许+-0.002，比如沙铸件的公差通常是用于加工零件的公差的10至20倍。
Total Quality Management (TQM)全面质量管理
Total quality management (TQM) is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on an organization wide basis. TQM began in the early 1980s, with the philosophies of Deming and Juran as the focal point. It evolved into a broader spectrum of concepts and ideas, involving participative organizations and work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement, integration of the quality system with business goals, and many other activities to focus all elements of the organization around the quality improvement goal. Typically, organizations that have implemented a TQM approach to quality improvement have quality councils or
high-level teams that deal with strategic quality initiatives, workforce-level teams that focus on routine production or business activities, and cross-functional teams that address specific quality improvement issues.
全面质量管理（TQM）在组织基础中是一种实现和管理质量改进活动的战略。全面质量管理始于上世纪80年代初，随着戴明和朱兰的理念为焦点。它演变成一个涉及参与组织和工作文化，关注客户，供应商的质量改进，质量体系与业务目标的整合，以及许多其他的围绕质量改进目标的组织的所有元素的活动的概念。通常情况下，已经实施了全面质量管理方法以提升质量的组织具有处理质量的战略举措的质量委员会或者高层团队，聚焦日常生产、经营活动的劳动力水平的队伍，解决具体的质量改进问题的跨职能团队。
机械专业词汇
Manufacturing process 制造工艺
Serviceability 维护性
Conformance to standards 标准一致
Quality engineering 质量工程
Measured value 测量值
Nominal value 真值
Multi-disciplinary 多学科的
Concurrent engineering 并行工程
Standardized parts 标准件
Six-sigma 六西格玛
LSL 下限
USL 上限
ISO9000 质量保证体系9000
Process modeling 过程建模
Process control 过程控制
TQM全面质量管理
Sand casting 沙铸件
Acceptance sampling 进料抽样实验
Assignable variation 系统变差
Critical dimension 临界大小
科技特殊句式
1.动名词做主语
Understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness.
2.非谓语动词做定语
Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.
3. 复杂长句
This also leads to much less focus on the customer and more of a “conformance-to-specifications” approach to quality, regardless of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually “fit-for use” by the customer.
4. 名词短语
There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.
5.复杂长句
Organizations that have implemented a TQM approach to quality improvement have quality councils or high-level teams that deal with strategic quality initiatives, workforce-level teams that focus on routine production or business activities, and cross-functional teams that address specific quality improvement issues.
典型句式
1.定义句式
Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or levels of quality that are intentionally determined by design.
Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work
2.满足标准
The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them.
All structural steel, plate and sheet meet the requirements of certain specifications.
3.比例关系
Quality is inversely proportional to variability.
Al Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun.
4.图表所占比例
The Japanese plant produced transmissions for which the same critical characteristics take up only about 25% of the specification band.
Girl students accounted for 47.3 percent of total primary school enrollment.
Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.
5.研究表明
An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a striking difference between the two sources of production.
A study indicated that the successful language learners are same at many aspects.
6.结论
Therefore, an alternate and frequently very useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.
It can be concluded that baud rate is very important to the telephone engineer.
7.举例
For example, consider the wasted money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs represented in Figure 5.1.
For example, consultants and freelancers interviewed for this article set targets from$ 50 to$ 300 per hour.
8.相关性
This definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design.
The density of a soil is directly associated to its bearing capability.
9.图表引用
Figure 5.2 is generally representative of the results of this study.
Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.
10.It---that语句
It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality.
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
(完整版)机电专业英语
一．单词翻译(英译汉，汉译英共20分） compound pulley 组合滑轮 screw 螺丝 worm gear 涡轮 clearance fit 间隙配合 transition fit 过渡配合 interference fit 过盈配合 ground teeth 精密齿 gear reductions 齿轮减速比aluminum 铝 brass 黄铜 bronze 青铜 cast iron 铸铁 carbon 碳钢 alloy steel 合金钢 hardened steel 硬化钢 stainless steel 不锈钢 plastic materials 塑料材料 gear teeth 齿轮 straight-toothed 直齿轮 rack and pinion 齿条和齿轮 straight bevel gears 直齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gears 弧齿锥齿轮friction 摩擦 lubrication 润滑 lubricant 润滑剂 full fluid film lubrication 全液态薄膜润滑 boundary lubrication 边界润滑elastrohydrodynamic lubrication 流体弹性动力润滑 proton 质子 neutron 中子 parallel circuit 并联电路 series circuit 串联电路 electron 电子 inductor 电感 capacitor 电容 conductor 导体 semiconductor 半导体 metal-oxide-semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体 integrated circuit 集成电路integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片 dopant 掺杂剂 mask 掩膜 doping 掺杂 photoresist 感光胶 etch 蚀刻法 dielectric 非传导性（电介质）rung 梯级 branch 分支 instructions 指令 power rails 母线 quantity 数量 parameter 参数 ladder diagram 梯形逻辑图 ON-delay timer 通电延时定时器OFF-delay timer 断电延时定时器retentive timer 保持定时器proximity timer 接近开关electromechanical control 机电控制mobile robots 可移动机器人manipulator robots 操作机器人 self reconfigurable robots 自变形（重装）机器人 Analog-to-Digital Converter A/D模数转换器 Digital-to-Analog Converter D/A模数转换器 ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)专用采集电路 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 Z-transform Z变换 valve 阀 pump 泵 motor 发动机 cavitation 气穴 hydraulic 液压的 equilibrium position 平衡位置vibration(oscillation) 振动transducer 饱和电抗器,传感器，变频器 reservoir 油箱 pump with electric motor 电力马达泵unloader and safety relief valve 减荷
第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
电子信息类专业英语翻译
1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word 因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。 3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency． 渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素 4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound. 声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。 5.The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band． 该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。 6.At present, the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures, if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled． 目前, 大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善, 以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性, 就必须辅以筛选和检验, 以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足 7.Bandwidth of transistor amplifiers vary from about 250 MHz in the L band to 1000 MHz in the X band． 晶体管放大器的带宽在L波段约为250 MHz, 在X波段为1000 MHz。 8.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit’s output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op-amp’s output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output. 差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连, 目的是使运放的输出以0 V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低 9.Because of the very high open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp, the output is driven into positive saturation (close to +V) when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage, and driven into negative saturation (close to-V) when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage. 由于运放的开环电压增益很高, 当取样电压略高于参考电压时, 输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时, 输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。 10.If the signal source were direct connected instead of capacitor coupled, there would be a low resistance path from the base to the negative supply line, and this would affect the circuit bias conditions. 如果信号源和电路不是用电容耦合而是直接相连，从基极到负电源线就会一个低阻通路，并且这将影响到电路偏置状态 11.The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)“tail”to give it a high input impedance and a high degree of common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB). 差动放大极有一个高阻抗的“尾巴”（恒流源）以提供高输入阻抗和对共模信号的深度抑制，同时，它还具有一个高阻抗和集电极或漏极负载以提供高的信号电压增益（典型的数据是100dB). 12.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 13.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0, 1, 2, …, 9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36
英文翻译 机械自动化类
Mechatronics Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent. Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following: (1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology. (3) System Technology System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.
科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
(完整版)《机电工程专业英语》A卷.doc
四川理工学院成人高等教育 《机电工程专业英语》试卷（ A 卷） 年级三年级 专业机电一体化 ZK931101 层次专科 号 题号一二三四五六七八总分评阅(统分)人 学 题分20 30 20 30 得 分 注意事项： 线 名 1.满分 100 分。要求卷面整洁、字迹工整、无错别字。 姓 订 生 2.考生必须将“学生姓名”和“学号”完整、准确、清楚地填写在试卷规定的地方，否则视为 学 装 此 废卷。 过 3.考生必须在签到表上签到，否则若出现遗漏，后果自负。 要 得分 评阅教师 级 不 一、选择题： 班 题 业 专 答 选择括号中提供的单词或短语，并以正确的形式填空。 （每空 2 分，共 20 分） ( send out, focus on, deny, prove, make sure, equip with, shock, accomplish, vary from, call ) （ 1） A week ago he received a notice stating his application was . （ 2） Effective teaching is the learning needs of each student in the class. （ 3） His mother when she heard about the accident. ) （ 4） He a number of e-mail messages to his friends. 班 （ 5） Position measurement in NC machines 属 can through direct or indirect methods. 直 ( （ 6） The actual programming commands needed will 点 also builder to builder. 学 （ 7） This method to be very successful. 教 （8） that the instructions for the use of this high pre are strictly observed. （9） The majority of NC/CNCmachine tools automatic too such as magazines on machining center and turrets on turning centers. （10） The movements are detected and counted by a feedback device a transducer. 得分 评阅教师 二、名词解释： 写出下列英文缩写的全称 ,并翻译成中文。 （每题 3 分，共 30 分） （ 1） PLC （ 2） CIM （ 3） AGV （ 4） FMS （ 5） ROM （ 6） CPU （ 7） CNC （ 8） CAD （ 9） GUI （ 10） JIT 得分 评阅教师 三、汉译英： 将下列术语翻译成英文。 （每题 2 分，共 20 分） （ 1） 在线编程 （ 2） 装配有（某设备） （ 3） 钻床 （ 4） 齿轮加工 （ 5） 穿孔纸带 （ 6） 切削中心 （ 7） 加工中心 （ 8） 光电开关 （ 9） 显示面板 （ 10） 超声波加工 得分 评阅教师 四、英译汉
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
机械工程专业英语
机械工程专业英语 课程负责人： 课程中文名称:专业英语 课程英文名称：English for Mechanical Engineering 课程类别：选修 课程学分数：2 课程学时数：32 授课对象：机械电子工程专业本科生 本课程的前导课程：公共英语，机械专业的相关课程 考核方式：平时成绩+期末考试 使用教材：《机械工程专业英语教程》施平主编（第3版）电子工业大学出版社 教学要求及目的： 了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培养学生具有比较熟练的专业文献阅读理解能力、翻译能力和英文学术论文的写作能力。 教学方式： 课堂讲授、讨论与自学相结合。以教师讲授为主，引导学生积极阅读指定参考文献，完成课外作业，参与课堂讨论。有意识地积累与自己研究方向相关的词汇与文献资料，掌握专业英语学习方法。 具体教学目标： ●掌握机械工程专业方面的专业名词、专业术语 rolling contact bearing, 滚动接触轴承journal bearing, 径向轴承resonance 共振 upright drilling machine 立式钻床radial ['re?d??l]drill 摇臂钻床shaper 牛头钻床 ●掌握习惯表达方式 machine design, kinematics [,k?n?'m?t?ks] 运动学，动力学dynamic 动态 slider-crank mechanism ['mek(?)n?z(?)m] 滑动曲柄机构, assembly drawing 装配图detailed [d?'teld]drawing 明细图engineering drawing 工程图 degree-of-freedom (DOF) 自由度 a four-bar mechanism 四连杆机构vibration mechanism 振动机构 CAD Computer - Aided Design, CAM computer-aided manufacturing CAE Computer Aided Engineering ●掌握基本的专业文献阅读能力与翻译能力 ●掌握基本的写作能力 ●培养基本的专业文献资料检索能力 ●了解机械工程方面的国内外动向, 并熟悉与机械工程专业相关的其他学科与
机械工程专业英语翻译
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料 里面产生相应的内力。有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应 时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的 重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重 复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大 小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料 里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是 受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度 L 和改变量△L 已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应 力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6 的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为 ue。从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载 时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材 料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正 比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。这定律服从于大部 分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材 料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。材料的弹性范围即是适用于胡克定律的范围，已经表明, 应力/应变==常数常数被赋予符号 E，被称为弹性模量或杨氏模量。因此 E =应力/应变杨氏模量 E 一般认为在拉伸和压缩 里是一样的，大多数工程材料有一个高的数值。典型的，钢的 E = 200 * 109 N / m2,所以它将被观察到,Eq.应变通常是非常小的。在最常见的工程应用中应变很少会超过 0、1%。对任何材料，杨氏模量的实用价值,通常是提供了一个标准的材料测试标本。 4、工程机械概述正如我们环顾四周，我们看到世界的“东西”：机器全，设备，工具;事情，我们已经设计，建造和使用;木材，金属，陶瓷制成的东西， 和塑料。我们从经验知道，有些事情是比别人做得更好，他们去年更长，成本 更低，更安静，看起来更好，或者更容易使用。理想的情况，但是，每个这样 的项目已按设计一些“功能要求，”由设计者认为，也就是说，它的设计，以 回答这个问题，“究竟是什么职能应是执行？在工程世界”，频繁的主要功能 是如此的支持，由于一些装载重量，惯性，压力式，从我们家中的光束，飞机
浅议英语翻译能力的培养-文档资料
浅议英语翻译能力的培养 高等学校很注重培养英语专业学生的翻译能力。要具备一定的翻译能力，学生必须具有深厚的语言功底?p广博的文化知识?p熟练的翻译技巧?p正确的翻译观念和严谨的翻译态度。因此，要培养和提高英语专业学生的翻译能力，教师应该从以下几个方面入手。 一?p掌握好汉语和英语的基础知识 翻译是一个语言转换的过程。从根本上讲，这个过程要解决两个问题：一是如何深刻地理解原文；二是如何用译文确切地表达原文的意思。因此，译者要较好地掌握英语和汉语两种语言，具备较强的语言理解能力和表达能力，这是做好翻译的前提条件。 从语言学角度讲，英语和汉语之间最大的区别莫过于形合和意合的区别。英语是重形合的语言，即英语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠连接词来完成。汉语是重意合的语言，即汉语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠语义或句子之间的逻辑关系来完成。例如“他今天没来，母亲住院了”（Hedidnotcometodaybecausehis mother was hospitalized），在这个例子中，汉语原文在表达因果关系时，没有使用任何表示因果关系的词汇，但是读者一看就能理解。然而，在翻译成英语的时候，必须加上连接词because，否则就会出现语法错误。二?p积累广博的文化知识 翻译材料涉及面极广，学生要具备渊博的知识。具体来说，文学性的翻译需要学生具备广博的文化知识，科技翻译需要学生具备相关的专业知识。另外，学生还要掌握大量的习语和俚语，这样在翻译时才不会被句子的字面意义所迷惑。如“I decidedto sit at his feet”这句话的字面意思是“我决定坐在他的脚上”，但实际上，“sit at his feet”是一个习语，表示“拜他为师”。 三?p培养严谨的翻译态度 英语和汉语的句子结构复杂，词汇意义也复杂多变，在翻译中出现错误是难以避免的，但是教师应该让学生尽量避免错误，避免粗枝大叶，望文生义。此外，学生在翻译时还应多关注细节，如单词的拼写?p标点符号?p小词等。例如，“中国政府”应该翻译成Chinese government还是the Chinese government这
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
机电专业翻译 中英文
1.结论与讨论 应用泡沫金属子弹撞击加载的方式研究了泡沫铝夹芯梁和单层梁的抗冲击性能，分 别讨论了子弹冲量、面板厚度和芯层厚度对夹芯梁抗冲击性能的影响。得到了梁后面板 中心点的最终挠度与加载冲量的关系，并将实验结果与理论预测相比较，结论如下：（1）泡沫金属子弹撞击加载下，夹芯梁的变形主要集中在子弹作用的中心区域。前 面板主要表现为子弹作用区域的压缩变形，其失效模式分为压入失效和侵彻失效；芯层 的变形根据破坏程度的不同可分为加载中心区域的压缩变形和接近固支端的无压缩变形；后面板的变形为非弹性大变形，中心点挠度最大，与板不同的是未观察到明显的花 瓣形变形。 （2）参数研究结果表明，泡沫铝夹芯梁后面板中心点的最终挠度随着加载冲量的增 大而增大，且呈指数函数变化。研究范围内，最终挠度随着面板厚度的增加线性减少， 但也出现了面板厚度较大的夹芯梁的最终挠度大于面板厚度较小的夹芯梁的情况，这可 能是由于脱胶或泡沫材料的不均匀性造成的。芯层厚度与夹芯梁抗冲击性能密切相关， 增加芯层厚度能显著地提高夹芯梁的抗冲击能力。 （3）实验结果与理论预测比较后发现，冲量较大时吻合较好，实验挠度处于理论预 测的内、外屈服轨迹内；冲量较小时却存在一定的差异，这可能是泡沫材料的不均匀性 及理论预测中过高估计了弯曲和拉伸共同作用阶段的影响产生的。 （4）通过一定范围的冲量研究表明，与等质量的单层梁相比，泡沫铝夹芯梁具有较高的抗冲击能力和明显的结构优势。 Conclusion and discussion The way of using foam metallic projectiles impact load studies the shock resistance of sandwich beams with core of aluminuim foam and单层梁,and respectively discusses the effects of projectile impulse, face sheets thickness and the thickness of core on the shock resistance of sandwich beams. The relationship between the final deflection of the central point of梁后面板and加载冲量is attained. The result of the experiment is compared with the theoretical prediction. The conclusions are: （1）In the situation of foam metallic projectiles impact load, the deformation of sandwich beams mainly located in the central area where the projectiles are working. The front face sheet mainly shows the compression deformation of the area where the projectiles are working,and its failure modes can be divided into: indenting failure and pitting failure. According to the different damage degree of the芯层deformation, it can be divided into 加载中心区域的压缩变形and接近固支端的无压缩变形. The back face sheet shows large inelastic deformation and its deflection of the central point is the biggest. Obvious 花瓣形deformation isn’t observed, which is different from the sheet. （2）The result of parameter study shows that the central point deflection of sandwich beams with core of aluminuim foam back face sheet increases with the increase in 加载冲量and it changes in exponential function. Within the study field,the final deflection decreases线性地with the increase in the thickness of the face sheets, but it also appears the situation that the final deflection of 面板厚度较大的夹芯梁is larger than面板厚度较小的夹芯梁. This is probably due to 脱胶或泡沫材料的不均匀性. The thickness of 芯层and the shock resistance of夹芯梁is closely related. Increasing the thickness of 芯层can notably improve the shock resistance of 夹芯梁. （3）After the comparison of the result of the experiment and theoretical prediction, we find