欧洲文化2001试卷及答案

二ＯＯ一年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试

欧洲文化入门试卷

I. Multiple Choice (40%)

1. ＿＿believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans

2. ___ is said to have told the king of Syrac use: “give me a place to stand,and I will move the world”. A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid

3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in___.

A. 395

B. 27

C. 1453

D. 476

4. The city of god was written by___, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.

A. Jesus

B. Augustine

C. Thomas Aquinas

D. Martin Luther

5. ____ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist - a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.

A. Michelangelo

B. Raphael

C. Shakespeare

D. da Vinci

6. In ____, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.

A. Don Quixote

B. Hamlet

C. Leviathan

D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

7. The best - known book written by Thomas More is ____, which describes an ideal non - Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.

A. The Praise of the Folly

B. As You Like It

C. Divine Comedy

D. Utopia

8. ______, author of Prince, is regarded as “father of political science” in the West .

A. Machiavelli

B. Dante

C. Bacon

D. Locke

9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, ____ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.

A. Kepler

B. Galileo

C. Newton

D. Copernicus

10. During the ____century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.

A. 18th

B. 15th

C. 16th

D. 17th

11. _____said, “knowledge is power.”

A. Isaac Newton

B. Francis Bacon

C. John Locke

D. Marx

12. In past, ____drew on an immense variety of cultural material-theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.

A. Goethe

B. Defoe

C. Rousseau

D. Byron

13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?

A. Wordsworth

B. Shelley

C. Pushkin

D. Balzac

14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except ______.

A. the power of reason

B. individual freedom

C. spontaneity

D. love of nature

15. “If winter comes, can spring be far be hind?” is the ending l ine of “Ode to the West W ind” by______.

A. Wordsworth

B. Keats

C. Pushkin

D. Shelley

16. The composer of Swan Lake was_____, a genius in symphonic music.

A. Tchaikovsky

B. Chopin

C. Beethoven

D. Mozart

17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19th century intended ____.

A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evils

B. to give full play to the imagination of individuals

C. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraint

D. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific s tudy of “a slice of life”

18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy ?

A. Resurrection

B. War and Peace

C. Crime and punishment

D. Anna Karenina

19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following values except_____.

A. democracy

B. the dignity of the individual

C. the idyllic way of life

D. the brotherhood of man

20. Modernism was characterized by _____

A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions

B. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relations

C. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formless

D. all of the above

II. True – False (20%)

1. Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of Olympic Games.

2. The greatest names in Western philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6th century A. D.

3. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of variety of questions they raised abut the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations.

4. Christianity remained an object of oppression throughout the history of Roman Empire.

5. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.

6. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church, holding that only those especially selected by God will be saved.

7. According to Locke, once a representative is chosen by majority vote, his power is absolute.

8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man which was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689 established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.

9. Descartes believed that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us.

10. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reason.

Ⅲ. Explain the Following Terms. (25%)

1. Pax Romana

2. The Crusades

3. Gothic

4. Reformation

5. Social Darwinism

Ⅳ. Answer the Following Question. (15%)

Why is Renaissance considered the departure from the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity?

2001年（下）欧洲文化入门试卷参考答案

I. 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.D

11.B 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.D

II. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6..F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10. T

III．1．Pax Romana：Before the year 27B.C. Roman was a republic, then it became an empire, 2 centuries later, it reached its greatest extent, during which, the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200years, known as the Pax Romana. (that means God of peace).

2. The Crusades: To express their religious feeling, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to holy places----Jerusalem. But it fell to the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. The result was a series of holy wars called crusades which went about 200

years(1096-1270),and it ended with the victory of then Moslems. 【P.99】【P.96-97】

3.Gothic: one of architecture styles, started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe from mid-12th –15th-, 16th century.

Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome. (The Gothic was an outgrowth out of the Romanesque.)

4. Reformation: 【P.143-144】【P.138-139】

1)The reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It

began with Martin Luthur’s articles.

2)The movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and

replacing it with the authority of the Bible. The reformers denied the church and the priests’

authority in the interpretation

Of the Bible and they believed in direct communication between the individual and God.

3)They took many actions:

A: translating the Bible into their mother tongues;/making the Bible accessible to the common folks;

B: simplifying rituals;/ reforming the church;

C: abolishing heavy taxes and the indulgence(免罪符);

D: abolishing the practice of paying money to replace penance.

E: Liberating national economy and politics from church;

F: Carrying wars in the interests of the peasants and bourgeoisie.

5. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spenser stated things develop from simple to complex forms. He compared the development of societies to that of organisms, and he called the historical civilization as "super-organic evolution".

Darwinism made a great impression on Spenser. In Spenser's idea, natural selection means "survival of the fittest", which became a slogan for those who sought to apply to society the principle. The result was called social Darwinism.

This theory advocated/held free play for all forces of struggle for existence. In the struggle between individuals, the theory justified/found good reasons for serious competition and laissez-faire policy; in the struggle between groups, it was used to justify force. 【P.374】【P.361-362】

Ⅳ.

The 1000 years of period following the fall of Western Roman Empire in the 5th century is called the middle age, which is about 5th -11th century.

During the Medieval times, there was no central government to keep the order, the only organization to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. And it shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”, during which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And science made little progress during the Middle Ages.

Renaissance【P.129】【P.125】: the period between 14th–mid-17th century. Renaissance started from Florence and Venice in Italy, with the flowering of paining, sculpture, and architecture.

It means revival, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. In essence, it was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars attempted to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interest of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.

It created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world, paving way for capitalism.

【P.183】【P.178】

A: 1) The main element of Renaissance was “the greatness of man”.

2) Man shifted interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy.

3)The earliest humanists were scholar in Florence, who dug up “lost texts” ---- the ancient Greek and Roman culture to revive it and develop man’s powers.

B: Such ideas are reflected in the art and literature, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who don’t consider about the death and the other world but the lives and wo rks for the present and future progress of mankind. So it paved the way for the beginning of modernity

英语欧洲文化期末复习

2012-2013欧洲文化入门期末考试内容总结故事梗概：诺亚方舟(P43) 诺亚是一个正直的人，在当时是一个完人。他追随上帝行事。他有三个儿子：闪、含、和雅弗。上帝看见整个世界腐朽了，到处都是暴力。他认为世界充斥着罪恶，因为所有世上的人都过着邪恶的生活。上帝对诺亚说：“人类的可憎我再清楚不过了，他们使这世界充满了仇杀。我有意要毁灭他们，也毁灭掉同他们一起的这个世界。你要为自己造一艘方舟，用丝柏木做船架，覆盖上芦苇，再在里外两面涂上树脂。我要使洪水泛滥全世界，消灭天下所有活着的人，地上万物也要消灭光。但我要与你立约。你到时就带着你的妻子、儿子、儿媳们一起进入方舟。你还要把各种飞禽、走兽、爬虫，每样两只，雌雄各一带上，和你一道登舟，在船上喂养好。此外还要带上各种吃的东西，储存在船上，作为你们和动物的食粮。”诺亚遵照上帝的话，一一办到了。这样，为了躲避洪水，诺亚和他的妻、子及儿媳们都上了方舟。和他一起上船的还有那些动物：洁净的和不洁净的牲畜，每种都是雌雄一对；所有的鸟类和地上的爬虫，也是一对一对的，按上帝的吩咐那样都上了船。第七天结束的时候，洪水降临到大地。那年诺亚是六百岁，二月十七日那天，大深渊的所有泉源一齐喷发起来，天穹洞开，大雨倾盆，不停地下了四十个昼夜。……洪水泛滥了四十天，大水涨起来把方舟托起，高高地升离地面之上。落在地面的水越来越多，淹没了天下所有的高山。水一直涨到浸没高山十五腕尺之深。一切有气息的生物，所有生活在陆地上的东西，全都没有了。上帝清除了世上的生物，人也好，兽也好，爬虫也好，飞鸟也好，全部从地面上消灭干净，惟独诺亚和在方舟上的他一起的妻子儿媳、鸟兽爬虫活了下来。四十天后，诺亚打开了他方舟上的天窗，放出一只乌鸦去看看水退了没有，但乌鸦飞来飞去，到地面上的水都快干涸也没回来。诺亚等了七天，再从舟上放出一只鸽子去看看地上的水是否再退了些。但因为地面全部都是水，鸽子没落脚的地方，就飞回诺亚的方舟那里。诺亚又等了七天，再次从舟上放出那鸽子去。傍晚时分，鸽子回来了，嘴里衔着一片刚啄下的橄榄叶。诺亚就知道地面上的水退得差不多了。但他又多等了七天，然后放那鸽子出去。这回它再也没有回来了。这样，在诺亚六百零一岁那年的正月初一，地上的水终于退了，诺亚打开舱口盖，从方舟上向外探望，地面已经完全干了。二月二十七日，大地全都干了。上帝对诺亚说：“你和你的妻子，你儿子儿媳们都从方舟上出来吧。把你带上方舟去的各种地上生物，鸟兽爬虫都放出来吧，让它们滋生繁衍，遍布全世界吧。”诺亚就同他的妻子、儿子儿媳们从方舟上走出来。各种地上生物：野兽、牲畜、鸟类和爬虫都是雌雄配对的，也都下了船。接着，诺亚为上帝修了一座祭坛。他选了各种各样洁净的鸟兽作为供品，放在祭坛上奉献给上帝。上帝闻到了供品的香味，心里想道：“我再也不会因人类而使大地遭到灾祸了。不论人从小就有多少邪念，我都不会像这次那样杀死一切生灵了。

欧洲文化入门

欧洲文化入门《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核

西方文化概论期末试题

填空题 1.古罗马的最美的主管爱情的女神维纳斯源于希腊爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂。 2.公元前450年颁布的《十二铜表法》是罗马的第一个成文法，它是平民反对贵族斗争取得的成果。 3.罗克起家的克马前三头同盟指靠镇压斯巴达克拉苏、凭借剿灭海盗和胜利结束米特里达提战争的庞培和野心勃勃的没落贵族恺撒。 4.在临终之际，君士坦丁接受了基督教洗礼，成为罗马帝国的第一位基督教皇帝。 5.公元313年，罗马皇帝颁布了《米兰赦令》，标志着基督教在罗马帝国获得了合法地位。 6.公元476年，摇摇欲坠了三个世纪的西罗马帝国终于在日耳曼族的冲击之下彻底瓦解。 7.1054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路撒冷的占领，而它们的结果就是历史上著名的十字军东征。 8.中世纪臭名昭著却又令人谈虎色变的宗教裁判所是基督教不宽容的暴虐态度的“杰作”。 9.阿维农之囚是教会在中世纪所遭受的最沉重的打击和最难堪的耻辱，那段时间教廷几乎沦为法国的一个行政机构。 10.欧洲三十年宗教战争最终以《威斯特伐利亚和约》的签订而结束，这个和约至今仍然在影响着欧洲人的宗教生活。 11.1618—1648的战争结束后，随着人们对教义纷争和宗派冲突的兴趣日益淡薄，宗教宽容开始逐渐成为新的时代特征。

12.麦哲伦船队完成了人类历史上第一次环球旅行，从而证明整个世界，至少是南半球，在海洋上是相通的。 13.古罗马执政官屋大维使罗马进行了由共和国向帝国的转变。 14.公元前2世纪，罗马帝国亚历山大里亚的科学家托勒密在其著作《天文学大成》提出“地心说”理论。 15.地理大发现与文艺复兴和宗教改革被称为西方中世纪文化和近代文化之间的历史分水岭。 16.19世纪末，西方资本主义国家先后完成了第二次工业/产业革命而走向强盛，英国垄断世界市场的霸主时代结束了。 17.16世纪，葡糖帝萄牙建立了强大的贸易帝国，主要包括南大西洋的蔗国和印度洋的香料帝国。 18.重商主义是18世纪在欧洲受欢迎的政治经济体制。它建立在这样的信念上：即一国的国力基于通过贸易顺差所获得的财富。 19.公元18世纪后，势力均衡的国际政治格局使得罗马时代的恺撒帝国在近代西方完全失去了再生的土壤。 20.“看不见的手”是苏格兰经济学家、哲学家亚当斯密在其经济学著作《国富论》提出的。 21.古罗马著名诗人维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》，以文学形式重新塑造了罗马的历史，将罗马的起源与荷马史诗中的特洛伊英雄联系在一起。 22.在西罗马帝国灭亡后的1000年时间里，基督教作为一种唯一的意识形态，对塑造西方文化的基本特征起到了难以估量的重要作用。 23.西欧封建社会的基本经济单元是“小而全”的庄园。

欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. 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Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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