中国海洋大学跨文化交际期末重点整理.doc

Culture is a large and inclusive）包罗万象的）concept. When defined narrowly, it could refer to artsfmusic, painting, and exhibition）, and could also refer to the custom, civilization, and achievements of a particular time of people. When defined broadly, it can be an all?encompassing（广义的）concept, referring to what a society does and thinks, or referring to the collective programming of the mind. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values and norms, which affects the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Enculturation（文4土适应）is the socialization process you go through to adapt to the socie- tv./Acculturation（文化耳渗）refers to an individuaT s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.Integration takes place when indi-viduals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrityf 完整）.Ma 氓inalization（HE斥）refer to maintaining one' s original culture and not participating in the new cul-ture.

Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called assimilation./Wang Bing, a Chinese student, just be-gan his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Wang Bing is in honeymoon stage of culture shock. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. It reflects communication is transactional. Definitions of communication from many Asian coun-tries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.

The process of communication has ten components: source, encoding （编码）（is the process of putting an idea into a symbol）, message, channel, noise （refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes）, receiver, docodini （解正3）（refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning）, receiver response, feedback, and context.

Communication takes place within a setting or situa-tion called context./lntracultural communication is the communication between people within the same culture while intercultural communication has an-other meaning which is the synonym of crosscultural communication.

Cross（lnter）cultural communication refers to com-munication between people whose cultural percep-tions and symbol systems（符号系统）are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

It includes:

Interpersonal communication is a form of communi-cation that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.人际lntra （lnter）《ultural com is the least cross（inter）cultural " end of the continuum. In- tra（lnter）cultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture.文内

International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.国际

Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds. Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.

Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from dif-ferent races which pertain to （属于）different physical characteristics.

The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed international communication. （Racism is any policy, practice, belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.）

Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant cul-ture within a country.

2+The Sense of Family stronger/Weaker kinship collective/individual RelationamongFamily Members

tight, dependentcherish intimacy/loose, indepen- dentappreciate privacy

American parents VS Chinese parents

1)American parents allow their daughters or sons to go out with their boy or girlfriends as long as they come home at the certain curfew(宵禁).Chinese parents usually don't approve of having relationship in middle or high school.

2)American parents support and encourage their children at all times while Chinese parents think that criticism is the best love in the world.

3)American parents only look at their children's good side. Chinese parents seem to only see their children's bad side.

^equality and competition therefore/hierarchy

and/an individualist culture where/hierarchical

one/personal property that/be punished or/ beaten when/make almost all decisions for their children that 3 +on social communicationwhich/namedSocial In-teraction Customs.Broadly/regardinggreetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting,andcompliments and responses.

refers to social communication which/ named Social Interaction Customs. Broadly,

+main about Etiquette (includes hospitality and gift-giving,and/associated with tact, whereas with modesty.) Interpersonal relationships

salutation:formalritual (last name+title 头衔)com- plex/casual (name) simple

+Business Etiquette Norms:Appointment soekina _ Greetinq behavior Gift QivinQ strategies

+Appointment seeking: telephone and then followed up one/act as an intermediary, make

Chinese business partners will reach an agreement on the table by drinking and chatting.

Sometimes Chinese social contact is related to liquor; which is also an important point in Chinese traditional culture, especially in the northern part of China. While in the west, liquor is also an essential part in daily life. Most westerners go to the bar to drink with friend and chat with each other. But in the west liquor is used to maintain friendship between friends. It is more like the tea in China, it is just a lifestyle and habit.

4Christian Islam Buddhism American education offers a rich field of choices for the international student. From abroad, and even from within the U.S.A., there is such an array of institutions, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm the student. To simplify the choices, a student must carefully study how each program and location can fulfill the student's goals. In order to make informed decisions, a student will need to know how the U.S. education system is organized. 5+ but is the system of criterion/value is the essential element of ethnic culture, known as/historical background and philosophical foundation.

+two main reasons development of history; way of thinking.

Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair; just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. Similarities 谚语

Chinese Cultural Values/beliefs： benevolence■仁righteousness.义courtesy-4L wisdom?智trustworthy?信Western ICapitalist-资本家democracy and liberty 政治上主张资本主义的民主和自由02 free market economy-经济上主张口由市场经济03The dominance of western culture and its increased penetra- tion(渗透)other culture-文化上强调西方文化的主导地位+Your time is limited,

so/important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.

They/Customer uppermost, law supreme, and effi-ciency first./No permanent friends, only permanent interests.

Summery: C Unity, modesty, intra-group harmony/A Privacy, freedom and equality

The core American value is materialism

+A First conviction (坚信/Second, is the conviction

/Third is the belief that,/fourth is freedom of con-science and freedom of religion ? the twin freedoms /most striking is that everyone can participate.

+C traditional values is very rich and com-

plex:lConfucianism-benevolence-ffi ZTaoism-harmony between nature and humanity?道3Buddhism-born equal and have the right to live?佛+Significance of Chinese Values 1 many domestic heroes who 2its

long-term national unity and stability, partly 3the social interactions by

+Chinese and Americans possess different values about success-nepotism/connection plays/their own efforts and ability and

Determinant!决定因素）--The different world view, historical perspective, politics, religious belief, manners in life, national system, education of the family and the school, influence of traditional ideas, condition of the economical development make the differences.

+ln China , social relationships is hierarchy +Tendency intermingled, mixed and +Belief is the state of mind

+Political beliefs: China-one-party autocra- cy/Britain-France-Germany-multi-party system/ America-Canada-two-party system

6 Most Popular Working Sphere in China 1 civil service 2 public institutions electronic commerce 4 financial investment 5 real estate development6 computer sofeware engineering? educational trainings mechanical manufacture9 construction industrylO import and export trade

American Work Values : l n You Are What You Do."/efficiency/ their achievements. A/ awe of the self-made person who /there is equality of oppor-tunity that /Success is probably the highest value / plenty of competition/the diversity of American culture./Hopping is so

+ reciprocal!相互的）loyalties exist/ constant mobili-ty/, many workaholics—people

Factors Influencing Career Values: lFamily influence

2Unistu:C watching tv, going to cinema,playing computer games, going to a concert, going shopping A golf and tennis football and basketball.

Shopping is a form of considering options.

More and more Chinese now go abroad for travelling and shopping.

Americans desire for more choices, which is one of the main reasons more and more of them live in urban and suburban areas rather than small towns or rural areas. "You have more choices living in a city”. The Origin of Different Consumption Views

While in China, it has always been a form of self-sufficiency. Therefore, Chinese people from the very young has been instilled such a concept 一to save up. To sum it up in one word that is "depos- it."America is an emerging industrial country, without traditional agricultural period （while China is a large agricultural country）, which is definitely not on the minds of nature, and therefore they do not have the concept of depositing money. Naturally, they do not have deposits. The problem is that they dare to actively advance. They have the kind of cour- age.China, as a feudal society with closed natural economy, has developed for thousands of years. Its self-sufficient producing style forces most Chinese to spend all their life on farming. Once someone lost his ability of self-development, even lost his land, his family cannot survive.

Recreation : Americans desire for more choices, which is one of the main reasons more and more of them live in urban and suburban areas rather than small towns or rural areas. "You have more choices living in

a city”.

7 The Olympic Games lthe world's foremost sports competition 2to promote peace and unity within the international community 3breaking down cultural barriers and bringing people together4learning about other cultures Western sports focuse on muscles while Chinese sports focus on figure（身材）.

英horse racing, golf, lawn tennis and rowing. 美American football and baseball 中table-tennis diving gymnastics weightlifting

Heathcare： the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through ser-vices offered by the health professionals（保健医生）. The way and goals of healthcare： C taiji Breathing technique/A Going to the gym running

+include visceral meridians （五经）

The main difference between Chinese and western sports:Cregimen and the doctrine of the mean /A competition and power

China: Confucianism advocates the doctrine of the mean（中庸）,harmony）和谐unity （团结）and comity （礼让）which restricts the development of Chinese sports . As a result of the influence of agri-cultural society, people are used to a relatively stable way of life and not in favor of competition and adventure.West: competition is encouraged. They like

thrilling sports more, such as wrestling（摔

跤）,fencing

（击剑）,cycle racing （赛车）,rugby （橄榄球）and bungee jumping （极蹦）.All these reflect the people to the pursuit of stimulation and limit. But even in modern China, the number that select extreme sports people is not much.

Porridge;tea;soup/sweet corn;fish

Spring Festival 春节Watching Spring Festival Gala Waiting for the First Bell Ringing of Chinese New Year; setting firecrackers Offerring Red Envelops/Lucky Money

Lantern Festival-Lantern Riddles Fireworks Dumplings Tomb-sweeping Day-preparing for the spring plough-ing Praying to ancestors

Dragon Boat Festival-Eating zongzi.realgar wine. Dragon boat racing.

Christmas Day 圣诞节gift from Santa Claus playing games with each other dinner together Easter Day 复活节Easter egg hunts candy Halloween 圣节playing 'trick-or-treat1 carve lanterns with 4 scary1 faces out of pumpkins Thanksgiving Day 感恩节for family gatherings and big meals with a turkey

April Fools ' Day or All Fools' Day

9. Sichuan cuisine spicy and pungent flavor Wild veg-etables and animals/Canton the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside China./Shandong magnificent and antique seafood/Huaiyang its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste

Chinese people prefer round tables in the ban- quets./People have their own plates and eat their own food.Western people value individualism. Cheongsam/Chinese tunic suits/tuxedo/evening gown/Lipstick

Summery: Due to the globalization nowadays the dressing styles between Chinese and foreigners are becoming more and more similar, especially in business occasions./But there are still differences in formal attire （4L月艮）between Chinese and other countries. The 56 ethnic groups in China all have their own traditional costumes.

In modern society, making-up is very normal. And people make up to be more self-confident and feel better. Chinese Light making up in order to look more en-ergetic and to be more polite.

Westerners Heavier making up in order to be unique and more attractive.

llinclude physical infrastructure（M础建设），such /utilities, and social infrastructure shuch Endowment Medical Unemployment Work-related injury Maternity insurance Housing fund 12consists of verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.tspontaneously reflects the sub-consciousness.

Besides, nonverbal behavior can be open to many interpretations.

Body language is part of Nonverbal communication which include more （proxemics:.

Eye Contact Gestures手

美Set up team->choose your running mate->deliver speech->debate->raise money/glib

tongue,extroadinary stamina, unending flow of greenbacks

英国go through trial and tribulations->for a majority in the House of Commons

中excellent at what you do->start at primary lev- el->one step at a time,through all kinds of rapids and shoals, through decades of selections and tests->the top of the governing party