科技文体翻译(第二版)

科技文体翻译(第二版)
科技文体翻译(第二版)

常用文体翻译

科技翻译

Internet最初的中译名多达十几种,分为音译和意译两种。其中意译名主要在“国际”、“全球”、“电脑”、“计算机”、“资讯”、“交互”、“互联”、“网路”……这些词语的范围内加以选取和组配,多则9个汉字,少则3个汉字,但无论如何选配均有其不足之处。因为Internet是指由美国国防部ARPA 网演变而来的采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网,是多种互联网中的一种。因此Internet为专指性专有名词,而internet为泛指性普通名词,泛指各种互联的计算机网络。所以将Internet翻译为上述泛指性译名是不妥的。音译主要有“英特网”和“因特网”两种。“英特网”本可继续采用,但按照新华社的外国人名、地名音译标准in为“因”,ing为“英”;此外,不采用“英特网”的另一个主要原因是为了避免与英特尔公司的“英特网”相混淆。全国科学技术名词审定委员会经过长期的审议于1997年7 月发布了推荐名“因特网”。(吴同,1998)

科技文体的范畴

科技英语(English for science and technology)现在已经成为一种独立的文体。其具体内容包括:“一、科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案;二、各类科技情报和文字资料;三、科技实用手册;

四、有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语;五、有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词;

六、科技发明、发现的报道;七、科学幻想小说等。”

科技英语的特点

◆任何作品均有其特定的文体,原文文体不同,翻译方法也随之而异。科技英语亦不例外。因此,要做好该类文体的翻译实践,就必须了解科技英语的特点。试比较下面两个例子的文体特点:

◆例1

"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job."

"A wonderful job."

"Are you going to take it?"

"I don't think so."

"Why not?'

"I don't want to."

“听说有个很好的工作要你去干。”

“挺好的工作”。

“打算干吗?”

“不。”

“为什么不干?”

“不想干”。

---摘自《刀锋》(The Razor's Edge )

She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. (from Jennie Gerhardt)

那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格,一张坦率开诚的面容,一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛,里边隐藏着无穷的心事,只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。

---摘自《珍妮姑娘》(Jennie Gerhardt),傅东华译.

上面51个词的片断,就运用了10个形容词,占五分之一。and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress 是非常优美生动的文学语言,译文保持了这一风格。

腹有诗书气自华

MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.

[蒙特利尔电]在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒,引起轰动。上半场领先四分,首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用,约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队,创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。

The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2. The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.

从上面的这段科技文章,不难看出其文体与前面的文艺小说迥然不同。总体而言,科技文体严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化。那么,科技英语的语言特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。本章主要从语法和句法方面就科技英语的特点及其翻译时应注意的问题予以介绍。

多名词化结构(Nominalization)

汉语使用动词较多,而英语中的名词使用率较高。再加上科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实而非某一行为,所以使用的名词结构就更多了。

Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.

[参考译文] 阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。

[分析] 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方面强调displacement 这一事实。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.

[参考译文] 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。

[分析] 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。

Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.

[参考译文] 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图像。

[分析] 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而译文的谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。

广泛使用被动态

在英语中,相对比较正式的文体中被动语态的使用率要比普通文体高。科技活动是相当严肃的事情,所以用于描述和记录科技活动的科技文章在语气上就比较正式。再加上为了体现科学研究的客观性,就更离不开被动语态。研究发现,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。在英译汉的时候,为表现科技文章的上述特点,在翻译时最好也是翻译成无主语结构或被动意义的句子。具体翻译技巧参见第四单元句子翻译中关于被动句的翻译。试看以下的几个例子:

Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.

[参考译文]应当注意机器的工作温度。

而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.

[参考译文]你应当注意机器的工作温度。

此外,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部分。这也是广泛使用被动态的另一个原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语:

Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads.

腹有诗书气自华

[参考译文]电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

这一段短文中各句的主语分别为:

Electrical energy

Such a device

Its ability to store electrical energy

It (Capacitance )

它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。4个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。

多用一般现在时

一般现在时可以较好地表现文章内容的无时间性,用一般现在时来描述和记录科技文章中的科学定义、定理、公式,可以给人以精确无误的不受时间限制的印象,以排除受制于时间牵连的误解,使文章内容显得更客观准确。在翻译成汉语时也应该突出这种“无时间性”的特征。试看下列两个例子:There are a number of methods of joining metal articles together, depending on the type of the metal and the strength of the joint which is required. Soldering gives a satisfactory joint for light articles of steel, copper or brass, but the strength of a soldered joint is rather less than a joint which is brazed, riveted or welded. These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints.

[参考译文]把金属连接在一起的方法很多,因金属的类型和所需接缝的强度不同而异。软钎焊焊接薄钢件、薄铜件和薄黄铜件,其接缝合乎要求,但其强度比硬钎焊铆接或焊接接缝要低得多。这三种连接金属的方法通常用于高强度的永久性焊接。

The elimination of the errors of these types is a major problem in the design of physical experiments. A few possible lines of attack on this problem are indicated below, but the devising of experiments to investigate a particular point, to the exclusion of disturbing factors, is the most exacting of experimental physicist.

[参考译文]消除这几种误差,是设计物理学实验的重要问题。下面叙述了解决这个问题的几种可行办法,不过,要排除各个干扰因素设计出一个实验方案来,去对特定的问题加以研究,却是实验物理学家一项最艰巨的任务。

上述两例英语原文所有的时态都是一般现在时态,其目的就是为了体现“无时间性”,汉语译文也较好地体现了科学事实不受时间限制的特点。

大量非限定动词

英语中的非限定性动词有现在分词、过去分词和不定式三种。科技文章行文简练,结构紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。刘宓庆在《文体与翻译》中认为,由于该类结构多出现在长句中,因此在翻译时,应该化长为短,分层处理。

后置修饰语频繁

大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的后置定语结构有以下五种:

1. 介词短语

The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.

[参考译文]由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。

A call for paper is now being issued.

[参考译文]征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。

2. 形容词及形容词短语。

In this country the only fuel available is coal.

[参考译文]该国唯一可用的燃料是煤。

In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.

[参考译文]热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。

腹有诗书气自华

3. 副词

The air outside pressed the side in.

[参考译文]外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。

The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.

[参考译文]向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。

4. 过去分词。

The results obtained must be checked.

[参考译文]结果必须加以校核。

The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.

[参考译文]产生的热量等于消耗了的电能。

5. 定语从句

During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.

[参考译文]在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。

The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.

[参考译文]分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。

Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention. (定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)

[参考译文]我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生着。

To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. [参考译文]制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为该铀的所有原子都会裂变。

6 多长句

相对而言,英语中的长句要比汉语多。由于科技领域中的概念相对复杂,在论述时为使之意义完整,逻辑严密,科技英语中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词。而汉语的句子相对于英语而言要短,所以英语中的长句在翻译成汉语时,在保证准确传达原文的意思和逻辑的前提下,往往将其拆分成几个短句。作为英语文体中的一种,科技英语中长句的翻译技巧可以参照本书第四单元句子翻译中关于长句的翻译方法。试看以下例子:

The area rule concept, the supercritical airfoil, and the engine installation configurations that provide favorable interference which are presently being applied to military aircraft and fuel efficient transport aircraft were evolved through wind tunnel experiments.

[参考译文]面积率概念、超临界翼型、可提供有利干扰的动力装置布局等,都是通过风洞实验发展起来的。后者现正应用于军用飞机及低油耗运输机上。

上述例子的原句是一个多达几十个单词的复合句,在译成汉语时均被拆分为两个句子。

科技英语作为英语文体中的一种,也具有普通英语的一些普遍特点,因此,普通英语的一些翻译技巧和策略也适用于科技英语的翻译。另一方面,掌握了科技英语的上述基本特点,可以帮助译者更有效而且准确的将科技文献译成汉语。当然,上述各特点有时候会集中出现在同一句子或意群中,在翻译的时候要灵活应用。

具体的翻译方法有以下几种

1. 译成动词并列式分句

The solar wind grossly distorts the earth’s magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail.

[参考译文]太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化,将它向外牵拉,扯出一条长尾。

腹有诗书气自华

2. 译成复合式分句

Long regarded by elementary particle physicists as a costly nuisance, synchrotron radiation is now recognized as a valuable research tool.

[参考译文]同步加速器辐射长期被基本粒子物理学家当作是一种费钱的废物,现在人们却认识到,它是宝贵的研究工具。

3. 译成包孕式

Using a computer, we composed a series of synthetic songs by shuffling natural syllables into different patterns.

[参考译文]我们用计算机把音节组织成种种不同的结构模式从而合成了一系列曲子。

4. 译成外位句

To signal the presence of a hunting hawk, the chaffinch becomes a ventriloquist, “throwing” its voice so that the hawk can not find it.

[参考译文]为了通知同伴有恶鹰到来,苍头雀变成了口技表演家。它把叫声“抛”得老远,既警告了同伴,又让老鹰找不到它。

5. 译成前置无主句

Using this reasoning, we can estimate the number of the detectable civilization in our galaxy.

[参考译文] 根据这种推理,我们可以估计出银河系中可探测到的文明世界的数目。

6. 译成定语

Bred in the areas around the equator, this protozoan proves very inactive out of the tropical zone.

[参考译文] 这种在赤道周围繁殖原生物,在热带地区以外的地方是极不活跃的。

课内练习

1.试翻译划线部分

Washington –US instruments aboard Russian and US satellites have detected a “hole” in the ozone layer over Antarctica nearly as deep as the record reported in 1993 and as large as the North American continent in surface area.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said preliminary satellite data indicate that the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is about as large as those that occurred during the last two years, covering an area of 24 million square kilometers.

The largest hole ever observed was on September 27, 1992, when it was measured to cover a surface area of 24.4 million square kilometers.

This year’s ozone hole is also nearly as deep as th e record hole measured in October 1993.

Ozone, a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen, collects in a thin layer in the upper atmosphere and absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The term “ozone hole” is used to describe a large area of intense ozone depletion that occurs over Antarctica during late August through early October and typically breaks up in late November.

Scientists have determined that chlorine products from human activities, such as electronics and refrigeration uses, are a primary cause for the formation of the ozone hole.

The latest Antarctic ozone levels were measured by NASA’s Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, also know as TOMS, aboard the Russian Meteor-3 satellite, which has been measuring ozone since its launch in 1991 and has become the primary source of NASA’s ozone data.

参考译文

臭氧是一种由三个氧原子组成的分子,它在上层大气中聚集成一薄层,吸收来自太阳的有害的

腹有诗书气自华

紫外线辐射。“臭氧空洞”一词是用以指南极上空的臭氧大面积锐减的现象,在每年8月底发生,一直持续到10月初,一般说来,到11月底就停止了。

科学家们确认,人类活动所生产的含氯产品,如电子仪器和制冷设备,是造成臭氧空洞的主要原因。

2. 翻译赏析

以下是第三届韩素音青年翻译奖的参赛原文。这是一片优美的科普散文,如果时间允许,大家不妨练练笔,然后再参照其后的翻译提示和参考译文,通过对比来发现自己的不足与长处。

原文:

The Color of the Sky

By Alfred Russel Wallace

If we look at the sky on a perfectly fine summer’s day we shall find that the blue color is the most pure and intense overhead, and when looking high up in a direction opposite the sun. Near the horizon it is always less bright, while in the region immediately around the sun it is more or less yellow. The reason of this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of the lower atmosphere, which is full of the larger dust particles reflecting white light, and this dilutes the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen beyond.

And in the vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back into space by the finer dust, thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches us reflected chiefly from the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere. At sunset and sunrise, however, this last effect is greatly intensified, owing to the great thickness of the strata of air through which the light reaches us. The enormous amount of this dust is well shown by the fact that only then can we look full at the sun, even when the whole sky is free from clouds and there is no apparent mist. But the sun’s rays then reach us after having passed, first, through an enormous thickness of the higher strata of the air, the minute dust of which reflects most of the blue rays away from us, leaving the complementary yellow light to pass on.

Then, the somewhat coarser dust reflects the green rays, leaving a more orange-colored light to pass on; and finally some of the yellow is reflected, leaving almost pure red. But owing to the constant presence of air currents, arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for th ose not infrequent exhibitions of nature’s kaleidoscopic color painting.

With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon, and owing to the favorable angels a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us. Especially when there is a certain amount of cloud is this the case. These, so long as the sun is above the horizon, intercept much of the light and color; but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision, his light shines more directly on the undersides of all clouds and air strata of different densities; a new and more brilliant light flushes the western sky, and a display of gorgeous ever-changing tints occurs which are at once the delight of the beholder and the despair of the artist. And all this unsurpassable glory we owe to – dust!

参考译文:

天空的色彩

艾尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士

晴空万里的夏日,如果我们观察一下天空,且背向太阳极目远望,就会发现头顶上空的蓝色最为纯净浓郁。靠近天边的地方色彩往往比较暗淡,而太阳周围的地方则略呈黄色。这是因为我们向天边望去时目光要穿过一层极厚的低空大气层。低空大气层中所布满的颗粒较大的尘埃会反射白光,这就冲淡了高空大气层中纯净的蓝色。在太阳附近,大量的蓝光被细微的尘埃反射回天空,所以,由低空大气层粗粒尘埃反射到地面的光线便带有浅黄色。

在日出日落时,由于光线到达地面需要穿过厚厚的大气层,这种反射效果大大增强了。只有在这种时候我们才可以直视太阳,即使是万里长空没有一点云彩,没有一丝雾霭。这就充分显示了低空中尘埃的数量之大。但是,太阳的光线在到达地面之前首先要穿过厚度极大的高空大气层,其中

腹有诗书气自华

的细微尘埃把大部分的蓝色光反射掉了,仅让属于互补色的黄色光继续通行。接着,粗粒尘埃又将绿色光反射掉,让偏橙色的光继续通行;最后,部分黄色也被反射掉了,剩下的几乎是纯红色。

不过,由于不断出现气流,把尘埃与水汽广度不均、密度各异地分层排列,加上高低空常有云层,不同程度地吸收并反射阳光,我们这才看到各种奇异的色调斑驳陆离,诸多绚丽的色彩变化万千。任何人只要有幸将西天的景致一览无余,只要有心观看大自然不时展现的那一幅幅瞬息万变的彩画,都会为之赞不绝口,喜不自胜。随着夕阳缓缓西坠,这种景观也不断变幻,尤其是在太阳沉入地平线之后,由于角度更加适宜,五颜六色的光都反射到地面上来。

若有些许云雾,情况更是如此。本来,只要太阳还在地平线以上,云雾便截住了不少阳光和色彩。而今太阳已从我们的视野消失,阳光便会更直接地照射到密度各异的重重云霭与大雾的底部;一片崭新和更加灿烂的阳光染红了西天,呈现出一幅色彩绚丽、变化万千的景观。观赏者固然赏心悦目,丹青手则只好自叹莫如。而我们之所以能领略如此无与伦比的美景,全应归功于尘埃。

解析:

1) 这是一篇优美的科普散文,作者是英国著名博物学家。整篇散文前后意义连贯,层层深入:从人们熟悉的自然现象引出科学道理,由这些科学道理又引出日出日落时的天空景色的缘由,然后通过科学知识的介绍与景物描写的交替发展,自然地过渡到全文的高潮——夕阳西下时天空的色彩。本文的描写部分写得凝重华美,运用了大量的长句,同时也充分体现了英语用以名词来表达行为概念,使文章愈显华丽的特点。仔细分析本文中的长句,体会英语独到的优美,会对英语学习大有裨益。

2) If we look at the sky on a perfectly fine summer’s day we shall find that the blue color is the most pure and intense overhead, and when looking high up in a direction opposite the sun. 晴空万里的夏日,如果我们观察一下天空,且背向太阳极目远望,就会发现头顶上空的蓝色最为纯净浓郁。原句句尾由when引导的现在分词短语实际上是“条件状语”,故汉译时将其移到句首的条件状语之后与之并列。

3) Near the horizon it is always less bright, while in the region immediately around the sun it is more or less yellow. 靠近天边的地方,色彩往往比较暗淡,而太阳周围的地方则略呈黄色。该句汉译时将代词it译成了“色彩”,与全文内容吻合;将副词always译成了“往往”而不是“总是”,以免给人一种“一成不变”的感觉。

4) The reason of this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of the lower atmosphere, which is full of the larger dust particles reflecting white light, and this dilutes the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen beyond. 这是因为我们向天边望去时目光要穿过一层极厚的低空大气层。低空大气层中布满的颗粒较大的尘埃会反射白光,这就冲淡了高空大气层中纯净的蓝色。该句汉译时增译了“我们向天边望去时”,是重复前面一句的内容;将we look through译成“目光要穿过”,we改译成“目光”。原句末尾and this dilut es the pure blue…中this指前面由that引导的表语从句,不指前面的非限定性定语从句。

5) And in the vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back into space by the finer dust, thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches us reflected chiefly from the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere. 在太阳附近,大量的蓝光被细微的尘埃反射回天空,所以,由低空大气层粗粒尘埃反射到地面的光线便带有浅黄色。原句中thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which 结构直译为“因而使照射到地面的光线呈浅黄色”,其中that为指示代词,指代the light,后面的reflected部分是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰that。

6) At sunset and sunrise, however, this last effect is greatly intensified, owing to the great thickness of the strata of air through which the light reaches us.在日出日落时,由于光线到达地面需要穿过厚厚的大气层,这种反射效果大大增强了。注意该句汉译时将句尾的原因状语移至主句前面,使之更符合汉语表达习惯。

7) The enormous amount of this dust is well shown by the fact that only then can we look full at the sun, even when the whole sky is free from clouds and there is no apparent mist.只有在这种时候我们才可以直视太阳,即使是万里长空没有一点云彩,没有一丝雾霭。这就充分显示了低空中尘埃的数量之大。该句汉译时采用了拆句译法,将同为语从句that only then can we look full at the sun译成独立句,并采用变序译法,将同位语从句和让步状语从句移至主句前面。其中的短语look full at the sun意为“直视太阳”。

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8) But the sun’s rays then reach us after having passed, first, through an enormous thickness of the higher strata of the air, the minute dust of which reflects most of the blue rays away from us, leaving the complementary yellow light to pass on. 但是,太阳的光线在到达地面之前首先要穿过厚度极大的高空大气层,其中的细微尘埃把大部分的蓝色光反射掉了,仅让属于互补色淡黄色光继续通行。该句汉译时将谓语部分译成时间状语“在到达地面之前”,而将动名词短语having passed译成谓语“要穿过”。第一个逗号后面由which引导的非限定性定语从句改译成了并列分句。

9) But owing to the constant presence of air currents, … we see p roduced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature’s kaleidoscopic color painting. 不过,是由于……,我们这才看到各种奇异的色调斑驳陆离,诸多绚丽的色彩千变万化。任何人只要有幸将西天的景致一览无余,只要有心观看大自然不时展现的那一幅幅瞬息万变的彩画,都会为之赞不绝口,喜不自胜。此句汉译时采用了拆句译法,将which引导的定语从句译成独立句,由who引导的定语从句则译成了条件状语从句。

10) With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon, and owing to the favorable angles a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us. 随着夕阳缓缓西坠,这种景观也不断变幻;尤其是在太阳沉入地平线之后,由于角度更加适宜,五颜六色的光都反射到地面上来。原句是个并列句,第一个分句的主句是the display changes its character, 第二个分句的主句是a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us,汉译时基本上采用了与原句相同的语序。

11) Especially when there is a certain amount of cloud is this the case. 若有些许云雾,情况更是如此。该句是倒装句,正常语序应为:This is the case e specially when…

12) These, so long as the sun is above the horizon, … which are at once the delight of the beholder and the despair of the artist. 本来,只要太阳还在地平线以上,云雾便截住了不少阳光和色彩。而今太阳已从我们的视野消失,阳光便会更直接地照射到密度各异的重重云霭与大雾的底部;一片崭新和更加灿烂的阳光染红了西天,呈现出一幅色彩绚丽、变化万千的景观。观赏者固然赏心悦目,丹青手则只好自叹莫如。此句汉译时用了拆句译法,将原句拆成三个独立句。句尾的定语从句中the despair of the artist 指画家望着美丽的天空,自叹能力有限,不能绘出所见美景的心情。傅雷在其《高老头》重译本序中写道:“艺术的境界无穷,个人的才力有限:心长力绌,惟有投笔兴叹而已。”这里的despair 正是傅雷笔下的“投笔兴叹”之意。

3. 比较与分析:特别注意划线部分的比较,请指出译者在翻译时采用了怎样的策略,你对此有何看法。

原文:

Fiber-optic lines will form most of the backbone of the information highway, just as they do for the phone system today. Fiber-optic cable is made of long, think strands of glass rather than wire, and it transmits information in the form of digitized pulses of laser light rather than the radio waves used by coaxial cable. Because light pulses have shorter wavelengths than radio waves, engineers can cram much more data into fiber-optic lines than into other kinds of cables and wires.

A single fiber, for example, can handle a mind-boggling 5,000 video signals or more than 500,000 voice conversations simultaneously. This huge capacity allows it to transmit all signals digitally. So noise or static easily can be filtered out. Finally, because glass is an inherently more efficient medium for transmitting information than other materials, a fiber-optic line can transmit a signal thousands of miles without much “signal loss”. Fiber-optic cable, simply put, is the method of choice for transmitting massive quantities of information over long distances.

Another key is “digital compression” – a variety of methods for reducing the amount of digital code (streams of ones and zeros) needed to represent a piece of information – whether it is a document, a still picture, a movie or a sound. Digital compression is most critical for transmitting video, because digitized video consumes enormous amounts of space. Just four seconds of a digitized film, for example, would completely fill a 100-megabyte hard drive. A feature film of typical length, if uncompressed, would occupy

腹有诗书气自华

more than 350 ordinary compact discs.

Compression techniques achieve their gins by recording only the changes from one frame to the next. The background image in a movie scene, for example, typically does not change much from one frame to another. In a digital compression scheme, the background would be recorded only once; after that, only the actors’ movements would be captured.

One result is more choices –hundreds of channels coming through your cable TV line instead of dozens. Digital compression also makes it easier to piggyback data onto media that were not designed with data in mind: in particular, phone lines.

译文:

光纤电缆构成了今日电话系统的主干线,同样,它也将构成未来信息公路的主干线。光纤电缆的制造材料是细长的玻璃丝而不是金属导线,它的信息传输方式是激光数字脉冲而不是同轴电缆使用的无线电波。由于光脉冲的波长比无线电波的波长短,因而工程师可以输入光纤电缆的信息量之大令其它类型的电缆和导线望尘莫及。例如,一根光纤电缆可同时处理五千个电视信号或50多万次电话通话,简直令人惊奇。这种巨大的能力使它可以实现全部信号传输数字化,从而轻而易举地滤掉噪音或静电干扰。最后要指出的是,玻璃作为媒介,它本身的传输效率便高于其它材料,因而一条光纤电缆可将一个信号传输数千英里而几乎没有“信号流失”。简而言之,光纤电缆是远距离传输大量信息的最佳方式。

另一关键技术是“数字压缩”技术——及减少数码(一连串的1和0)数量的各种方法,这种数码用来表示某种信息,如一份文件、一张静止图片、一部电影或一种声音。数字压缩技术对影像传送来说至关重要,因为数字化影像会占据大量的存储空间。例如,仅仅四秒钟的数字化影片,便要占据一百兆的硬盘存储空间。一部普通长度的故事片,如果未经压缩,要占350多张普通光盘。

数据压缩技术只记录一个画面与下一个画面之间的变化,从而实现其功能。例如,电影场景的背景图像在一个画面转为另一个画面时通常是不变的,在数字压缩系统中,背景图象只被记录一次,此后便只记录演员的动作。

数据压缩技术使可供选择的有线电视频道从几十个增加到几百个,数字压缩技术还能使数据更容易通过本不是用于传送数据的媒体线传送——特别是电话线。

兰亭序

永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。群贤毕至,少长咸集。此地有崇山峻岭,茂林修竹;又有清流激湍,映带左右,引以为流觞曲水,列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛,一觞一咏,亦足以畅叙幽情。是日也,天朗气清,惠风和畅,仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听

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之娱,信可乐也。

夫人之相与,俯仰一世,或取诸怀抱,晤言一室之内;或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外。虽取舍万殊,静躁不同,当其欣于所遇,暂得于己,快然自足,不知老之将至。及其所之既倦,情随事迁,感慨系之矣。向之所欣,俯仰之间,已为陈迹,犹不能不以之兴怀。况修短随化,终期于尽。古人云:“死生亦大矣。”岂不痛哉!每览昔人兴感之由,若合一契,未尝不临文嗟悼,不能喻之于怀。固知一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作。后之视今,亦犹今之视昔。悲夫!故列叙时人,录其所述,虽世殊事异,所以兴怀,其致一也。后之览者,亦将有感于斯文。

腹有诗书气自华

文体与翻译

英翻汉 Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as ―prickly 有时候,在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见,体察别人的需要,虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误,敢于承担自己的责任,这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置,而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系,所以八面玲珑,到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误,他们首先想到自己,拒不承认自己有错,或情绪低落或大发雷霆,成为有刺的人,难以相处。 The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure. 、历史的道路,不全是平坦的,有时走到艰难险阻的境界,这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河,有时流到很宽阔的境界,平原无际,一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界,两岸丛山叠岭,绝壁横断,江河流于其间,回环曲折,极其险峻。民族生命的过程,其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方,有时是坦荡平原,有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人,走到平坦的地方,固是高兴地向前走,走到崎岖的境界,愈是奇趣横生,觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界,愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。中华民族现在所逢的史路,是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上,实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致,使我们经过这段道路的人,感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味,没有雄健的精神是不能够感觉到的。 We are glad to note from your letter of March 9 that, as exporters of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, you are desirous of entering into direct bushiness relations with us. This happens to coincide with our desire.At present, we are interested in Printed Shirting and shall be pleased to receive from you by airmail catalogues, samples and all necessary information regarding these goods so as to acquaint us with the quality and workmanship of your supplies.Meanwhile please quote us your

科技文体的翻译技巧

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题。 二、文体与翻译 文体学与翻译之间关系怎么样呢?下面我们来探讨一下。 第一常规和变异的问题。“常规”和“变异”是文体学中的两个术语。“常规”即指“口语或书面语中人们所公认的标准形式”,“变异”是指“不符合公认的标准的语法和语义规范的话语的统称”。通俗一点说,人们在使用语言进行交际时,总要遵循一定的规范,而这就是常规;但人们在使用语言时也不会总是遵循某种语言规范而一成不变,相反,人们为了最恰当地表现自己的思想和感情,总是在使用语言时有所选择和变化,甚至使用偏离语言常规的话语或表现形式,这就是变异。请见下面例子: the man (gatekeeper) went into drink his can of tea, the girls went on down the lane that was deep in soft dusk. gudrun was as if numbed in her mind by the sense of indomitable soft weight of the man, bearing down into the living body of the horse: the strong, indomitable thighs of the blond man clenching the palpitating body of the mare into pure control; a sort white magnetic domination from the loins and thighs and calves,

科技文体汉译英

科技文体的汉译英 2学时 一、教学目的及要求 通过本单元课程的学习,了解科技文体的范畴、特征;掌握科技文体常用翻译技巧二、教学重点及难点 重点:科技文体的范畴、特征 难点:科技文体常用翻译技巧 三、教学手段 多媒体 四、教学方法 采取提问、讨论、启发、自学、合作、典型分析等方法。 五、教学内容与教学设计 科技文体的范畴 ?科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语,其中包括: 1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案; 2. 各类科技情报和文字资料; 3. 科技实用手册(Operative Means,包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作规程; 4. 有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语; 5. 有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词,等等。 1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案; 2. 各类科技情报和文字资料; ?这两项科技英语,在文体学上统称为科学散文。(scientific prose) 科技英语文体总貌 ?着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency);避免行文晦涩,作者避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。?科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness),因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格,忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段,以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。 科技文体的一般特征 ?(1) 无人称(Impersonal) ?(2) 语气正式(Formal in Mode of Speech)

科技英语的文体特征及翻译规律

毕业论文 题目:科技英语的文体特征及翻译规律Title:The Stylistic Features of English for Science and Technology(EST) and the Principles of its Translation 2009 年3月10日

Acknowledgements Many people have made invaluable contributions, both directly and indirectly to my research. First and foremost, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help in working out my problems during the difficult course of the dissertation. At the same time, I am also grateful to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years. I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement. Last but not least, I would like to express my warmest gratitude to Cai Dingzhong and Liu Zhidan, my supervisors, for their instructive suggestions and valuable comments on the writing of this thesis. They have walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without their consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

文体与翻译

英翻汉 一.Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with sk ill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. Th ey mark themselves as ―prickly 有时候,在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见,体察别人的需要,虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误,敢于承担自己的责任,这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置,而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系,所以八面玲珑,到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误,他们首先想到自己,拒不承认自己有错,或情绪低落或大发雷霆,成为有刺的人,难以相处。 2.The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure. 2.、历史的道路,不全是平坦的,有时走到艰难险阻的境界,这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河,有时流到很宽阔的境界,平原无际,一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界,两岸丛山叠岭,绝壁横断,江河流于其间,回环曲折,极其险峻。民族生命的过程,其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方,有时是坦荡平原,有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人,走到平坦的地方,固是高兴地向前走,走到崎岖的境界,愈是奇趣横生,觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界,愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。 中华民族现在所逢的史路,是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上,实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致,使我们经过这段道路的人,感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味,没有雄健的精神是不能够感觉到的。

文体与翻译

一,阅读原文,说出文章的题材及风格,并进行翻译。 中国の四川大地震で、がれきの下から36日ぶりに豚が助け出された。雨水で命をつないだらしく、150キロの巨体は50キロにしぼんでいたという。生き抜かんとする本能に打たれつつ、なんだ、目方の3分の2が消えても命は残るのかと、わが脂身に視線を落とす。 豚には申し訳ないが、ハムカツなどを食べ続けたツケが、職場の健康診断で回ってきた。初の腹囲測定である。係の女性が巻き尺を回したところで腹を引っ込めたが、むなしく「メタボ予備軍」と判定された さる病院の看護師さんが、腹回りの正しい測り方を明かしてくれた。大半の男性は、巻き尺が回ると反射的に腹をすぼめるそうだ。「はい結構です」の声で男たちは呼吸を再開し、腹がぼよんと戻る。そこにすかさず、緩めると見せた巻き尺をあてるのだという いやはや、1秒の時間差攻撃。当然、あとの「正しい腹」が記録される。思えば健診での格好つけは無益である。肥満でも肝機能でも、この体、あるがままを抜き差しならぬ数値で残し、明日への反省材料としたい。 大阪大などの研究チームが最近、おなかの脂肪にある細胞を肝臓や心臓の治療にいかす動物実験に成功したという。節制して生き永らえれば、ぜい肉が命を救う時代が来るかもしれない。 奇跡の豚も脂肪の蓄えがあってこそだろう。ハムカツ何枚分か、体重は早くも20キロ戻したそうだ。幸せそうに草をはむ姿を見て、ただ蓄えることを期待された身がうらやましくもある。「生き証人」として博物館で余生を送ると聞けば、なおさらだ。 参考译文: 中国的四川大地震中,人们从瓦砾下救出一只被埋36天的猪。据说它靠雨水才得以生存,原本150公斤的肥硕身体也一下子减到了50公斤。我不禁被这种求生的本能所感动,不经意间将视线落到了自己这身肥肉上,我要是失去了3分之2的体重还能活下去吗? 这么说也许对不住咱们老猪了。平时猪排一类的东西从没断过,单位检查身体时就找上来了。那是我头一次测腹围。当测量的女护士将卷尺绕在我肚子上时,我便刻意吸气收腹。可还是被划为超重者。 曾有位医院的护士向我透露过测量腹围的正确方法。大多数男性在卷尺绕过肚皮时,会条件反射地收腹。当护士说“行了”他们才开始呼吸,肚子也弹了回来。可这些逃不过护士的眼睛----肚子放松后量出来的才是真正的腹围。 争取的就是这短短1秒的时间差。当然,记录的也是放松后的正确值。想来,体检时耍酷没什么好处。肥胖也好,肝功能受损也好,用客观的数据记录自己真实的身体状况,以资改善才是硬道理。 据说大阪大学的研究组最近成功地进行了将腹部脂肪细胞用于肝脏、心脏等治疗的动物实验。我们节制饮食多活几年的话,兴许能看到肥肉也能救命的时代的到来。 话说回来,奇迹生还的猪不也正是因为储备了脂肪才获救的吗?据说它的体重迅速反弹了相当于N片火腿的20公斤,吃已经成为人们对它的唯一期待。并且,它还将作为活着的见证在博物馆渡过余生。看着那啃着青草一脸幸福的表情,真是羡煞人也。 评析:文章体裁为议论文,用词辛辣幽默,用典丰富,节奏跳跃。在确定了文章的风格题材这些文体上的特点后,应注意在用词、造句等方面,更能体现幽默讽刺型议论文的文体特点。同时,翻译要有整体感,非得有借原文的思想来写作的态度不可。翻译后,还要进行全面的,反复的修改。

科技英语文章翻译

科技英语文章翻译 任何作品均有特定的文体,原文的文体不同,翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。 "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don't think so." "Why not?' "I don't want to." “听说有个很好的工作要你去干。” “挺好的工作。” “打算干吗?” “不。” “为什么不干?” “不想干。” 这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点,省去主语“你”、“我”;将英语的一个句子I don't think so。干脆译成一个字“不”,显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格,一张坦率开诚的面容,一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛,里边隐藏着无穷的心事,只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言,译文保持了一风格。

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