中小企业融资毕业论文【外文翻译】

中小企业融资毕业论文【外文翻译】
中小企业融资毕业论文【外文翻译】

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu,Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

徐文燕中国中小企业融资现状及对策分析-毕业论文

形 势 与 政 策 论 文 论文题目:中国中小企业融资障碍及对策分析班级:2019秋季会计专科1班 作者: 徐文燕

2020年形式与政策论文 ——中国中小企业融资障碍及对策分析 作者:徐文燕 无论发达国家还是发展家,中小企业都是发展和稳定的重要支柱。中小企业是我国国民经济的重要组成部分。改革开放以来,我国中小企业实现总产值和利税分别占全国的60%和40%,中小企业还提供了大约75%的城镇就业机会。我国经济增长离不开中小企业的发展,同时,中小企业的融资难成为其进一步发展的“瓶颈”。然而,由于我国银行金融机构针对中小企业融资存在着观念陈旧、专门机构缺失、融资品种单一、金融营销动力不足、过度夸大风险等,再加上我国中小企业自身存在企业信用过低等先天不足,使得中小企业相对于国有大型企业在信贷融资上更加困难。 一、中小企业融资现状 (一)中小企业融资状况有所改善。 1998年中央正式提出要“增加向中小企业贷款”。2000年国务院发布《关于鼓励和促进中小企业发展的若干政策意见》后,中小企业信用担保体系进入制度和体系建设阶段,特别是我国制定的《中小企业促进法》,以法律的形式为广大中小企业的发展及融资提供了有力的保护和支持,中小企业融资状况得到了一定程度的缓解。截至2003年6月末,中小企业贷款余额6.1万亿元,占全部企业贷款余额的51.7%,同比提高了0.7个百分点。中小企业新增贷款6 558亿元,占全部企业新增贷款的56.8%,比同期大型企业新增贷款占比高出28.2个百分点。 (二)中小企业融资方式呈现多元化趋势,但银行信贷仍然是主要渠道随着我国中小企业不断发展壮大,其融资需求日益增大,与此相适应,我国中小企业融资方式逐渐呈现多样化趋势。目前,全国有100多个城市建立了中小企业信用担保机构,在国家政策和有关部门的扶植下,信用担保贷款将成为中小企业一种有效的融资方式;起源于美国的风险投资,以资金与公司股权相交换方式尤其适合于含量

中小企业融资外文翻译

本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 原文: Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.360docs.net/doc/3f13429969.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from

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吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title(Times New Roman ,三号) 学生学号:08810219 学生姓名:袁庚文 专业班级:信息与计算科学0802 指导教师:赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期:2012.2.27~2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献(学术期刊网上的),译成中文,与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前,同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为:上边距:3.5厘米,下边距:2.5厘米,左边距:3.5厘米,右边距:2厘米,页眉:2.5厘米,页脚:2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”,每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字,字体:宋体,字号:小四,行距:多倍行距1.3,间距:前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意:各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1.第一级标题(如:第1章绪论)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:三号,1.5倍行距,段后11磅,段前为11磅。 2.第二级标题(如:1.2 摘要与关键词)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:四号,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 3.第三级标题(如:1.2.1 摘要)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:小四,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格(半角)。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

中小企业融资现状及对策的调查报告

南昌广播电视大学开放教育专科社会调查报告 题目:关于中小企业融资现状及对策的调查 报告 作者: 院系: 南昌广播电视大学 专业: 工商管理专科 年级: 学号: 指导教师: 答辩日期: 关于中小企业融资现状及对策的调查报告 调查时间:2015年7月—8月 调查地点:江西省县域 调查人: 调查内容:江西省的县域中小企业融资现状及对策 本社会调查报告旨在为江西省县域中小企业融资困难寻求合适的解决途径。县域中小企业在经济和社会领域发挥着重要作用,江西省县域中小企业的发展状态对整个江西省的经济发展起着非常重要的作用,而融资困难仍然是制约县域中

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毕业论文中小企业融资

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毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文(设计)外文翻译 题目:中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名:任民学号: 200880444228 指导教师:冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文: 中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要:本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动,运用西方融资理论,从非制度性因素方面,如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化,分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因,并得出结论,股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后,针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词:股权融资,非制度性因素,融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资,根据中国证券报的数据显示,1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元,其中股票融资的比例是72.5%,,在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6%和72.3%,另一方面,债券融资的比例分别是17.8%,24.9%和25.1%。在这三年,股票融资的比例,在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例,当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上,于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示,从1970年到1985年,美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7%,比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现,大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为,上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资:第一个是股票基金,第二个是可转换债券,三是短期债务,最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为,上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如,优序融资理论认为,当企业需要资金时,他们首先应该转向内部资金(折旧和留存收益),然后再进行债权融资,最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中,笔者认为,这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好,并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论,尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

中小企业融资现状分析

中小企业融资现状分析 中小企业融资现状分析 论文格式论文范文毕业论文 我国中小企业作为国民经济发展的一支重要力量,处于较为突出的位置。在金融危机带来的重要影响下,我国的中小企业也受到了极大的挑战。一方面,一批中小企业因自身缺乏自主创新能力和核心信息技术,无法应对突如其来的风险,最终一点点没落下去甚至消亡。而另一批中小企业凭借着自身的知识产权和突出的管理能力,转危为安,化危险为力量,不断发展壮大。在此情况下,我国中小企业要实现自身的健康发展,必须以良好的外界条件为支撑,积累原始资本,抓住机遇,充分利用与政府和银行的关系,不断创新发展,从而很好地解决中小企业融资困难的问题。 二、国内外研究现状分析及评价 国外研究现状 由于中小企业融资问题受到国内外研究学者的广泛重视,所以关于此方面的研究十分深入。国外学者们从不同的理论视角进行了大量的专题研究,并形成了相关理论。国外对于中小企业融资方面的研究主要形成以下有关理论: 1.信贷供给理论BaitensPerger认为,在贷款合同中应该不仅有利率规定,还应包制定非价格条件,来推动信贷发展;Stights和Weiss通过建立信贷市场信息不对称的理论模型,促进信贷供给关系。 关系型借贷理论中小企业的信贷信息不公开透明,导致西方国家的融资渠道更多地通过关系信贷的方式进行。以下的研究分析均是基

于关系型信贷理论。Geenbaum和Thakor认为,银行可以作为监督企业的一个重要途径。Nakamura强调,银行在信贷关系的信息生产方面是存在突出地位的。Bergerh和Udell则认为,关系型信贷方式是通过信息的传递和交流,来最低限度地降低银行与企业的信息不对称程度,提高企业的信贷可得性和信用值,增强银行的放贷意愿。 3.银行结构理论Banergee等通过提出长期互动和共同监督两种假说,将中小金融机构定位为中小企业的可信长期合作伙伴,相较于组织结构复杂的大型银行来说,中小银行更容易解决信息不对称问题,更利于获取客户的软信息和发放关系型贷款。且相对而言,中小银行的贷款利率较低,更加吸引中小企业进行贷款。 国内研究现状 相较于国外的研究成果,我国的发展较为缓慢且落后。但是自改革开放以来,经济的高速发展也带动了中小企业的发展,而中小企业的融资问题也成为了国内学者研究的一个重点,得到广泛的关注。其研究主要集中在以下两个方面: 1.对于中小企业融资困境的原因分析北京大学中国经济研究中心主任林毅夫认为中小企业经营管理过程中的透明度低,信息不对称是导致融资难的根本原因;贾淑军则认为是信用能力,低中小企业家的声誉边际价值较低导致的融资能力不高;王智洁、陈莹则提出我国中小企业融资难的问题是由自身原因和外部原因两方面导致的,其中外部原因包括金融环境、金融法律法规及商业银行经营原则。而巴曙松重点归纳了中小企业自身因素的主要原因: 一是因中小企业负债率高、经济效益低的特点,一般银行不愿意进行受理;二是中小企业没有坚实的担保做后盾;三是中小企业的制度

中小企业融资问题与对策外文资料翻译

淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院: 专业: 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:Facts for You (用外文写) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织,市场经济体制的逐步完善,金融市场的快速发展,投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言,应要根据自身发展需求,认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险,确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题,需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略,以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策,是企业根据其价值创造目标需要,利用一定时机与渠道,采取经济有效的融资工具,为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构,而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权(融资方式)、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值(融资成本)、何时出售些债务和股权(融资时机)等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样,常见的以下几种: 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲,可分为:预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说,主要是各种代款,例如:信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样,主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)中英文对照翻译 院(系部)电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

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