外文文献
译文：
互联网货币基金对商业银行经营的影响
巴塞尔
本文运用了商业银行经营管理理论和资本资产定价模型，分析了互联网货币基金的金融产品属性、特点和优势，并分别就互联网货币基金的第三方支付功能和代销基金功能影响商业银行的经营情况和效果进行了定性分析。在此基础上，本文对互联网货币基金影响银行绩效又进行了定量研究。上述研究表明：互联网货币基金不仅对商业银行同类型的理财产品造成了冲击，还对商业银行的支付业务、存款业务、中间业务产生了替代效应，进而影响到银行的经营绩效。
1互联网货币基金概述
1.1 互联网货币基金的概念
互联网货币基金是第三方支付与货币市场基金在互联网平台融合的产物，兼备第三方支付平台的流动性、货币市场基金的收益性以及互联网金融产品的便利性。虽然说单纯的货币市场基金并非互联网金融的产物；但是其在与互联网技术、第三方支付平台融合后，改变了原有金融产品在流动性、安全性和收益率三者的平衡点，颠覆了传统金融产品格局。
值得注意的是，简单的互联网代销货币基金模式可以为基金销售提供便利，但是并不能改变货币市场基金作为一款基金产品在流动性方面的限制，只是在其对接第三方支付平台实现了 T+0 赎回后，其产品属性才得到了本质的提升。互联网货币基金之所以能超越其他基金产品，进而在金融产品属性上产生质的飞越，离不开第三方支付平台的高速发展、迅速普及。第三方支付是通过互联网在客户、第三方支付公司和银行之间建立链接，帮助客户快速实现货币支付、资金结算等功能，同时也起到了信用担保和技术保障等作用。来自艾瑞咨询的数据显示，2013 年度，我国第三方互联网支付市场交易规模达 53729.8 亿元，同比增速达 46.8% ；同时，在其内部结构占比中，互联网金融元年爆发的基金申购市场也一跃成为仅次于网络购物和航空客票的第三大细分市场，占比为 10.5%。据此测算，2013年通过第三方互联网支付申购货币基金的规模约为5641.63 亿元。
1.2 互联网货币基金的现状
在本文中，我们将讨论通过互联网销售，货币市场基金的联合第三方支付平台，互联网尤其是货币基金。虽然是新概念诞生后出现的宝物的平衡，但这种新的金融产品已经取得了让人惊诧，高速的发展。为了平衡宝等。因为它引入了2 013年6月13日，业务发展迅速。截至2014年2月的月底，余额宝规模已达到502.76十亿人民币，1.926十亿元左右的平均每天增加;用户达到82547700的8 2547700 households.Increased平均每天增长更为迅速，2014年，2014年1月1日至2014年2月28日，平均每天新增用户664800，日均新的金额为5.119十亿人民币，分别在2013的2.1倍和4.6倍，而作为大多数用户来说，最大的基金产品的平均增幅。这是因为在一个高速发展的时期互联网货币型基金，每季度都有新产品，很难在数量和规模的综合统计，所以在这里我们主要分析天平宝，百度百赚，微信金融网易，现金与苏宁变革宝宝五大互联网货币基金产品。五个主要的货币基金，互联网是在2013年第一季度末到2014年，推出的时间不长。与资金对接是顶级大牌基金公司特别设计的产品。到2014年第一季度末，超过五个主要的互联网货币型基金总规模（净值）为772.661十亿人民币，升至527. 349十亿人民币，增长了214.97％，每个季度保持高的超过了100％高速增长（见图表1）。虽然上述五个主要的互联网货币资金对接仅有7只货币市场基金，但大小比例高达所有货币市场基金的53％。
表1显示了预期收益的平均上网货币资金超过5％，但第一种情况后，已经降低：在2013年底达到了高，平均预期年收益率6.81％，比同类理财产品高得多。这主要是由于货币基金的资产配置比例，网上银行协议存款非常高，但在赛季结束后，在检查点的商业银行年底，协议存款利率会增加很多（据调查，在利率的一些关键点，一些银行甚至在7％以上）的报价;在检查点，因为Internet 货币资金规模，处于一个更好的位置与商业银行进行谈判，一些缺乏小型和中型银行的资金必须给提供高利率。
1.3互联网货币型基金的特点
银行理财产品是指各种载体的融资过程。同时依托货币资金在互联网上的互联网工具，具有第三方支付的功能，但其本质仍是一种金融产品。从投资者的角度来看，理财产品的未来收益是其最重要的一个属性，并根据资本资产定价模型（资本资产PRICINGMODEL，CAPM），理财产品的预期收益率不是孤立的，而是与
它的预期风险。因为有金融产品和优质长期保费和规模因素的影响，一般长的投资期限，风险，高门槛，高收益产品的估值风险溢价。我们试图更广阔的视野，因此，考虑到金融产品和投资，风险收益的基础上，门槛和投资目标相关的时间限制，将互联网货币基金作为短期理财产品，以及具有相似功能的活期存款和短期流动性，金融产品的风险和收益，购房门槛比较一般的居民，总结其特点。与第三方支付工具的对接，流动性强的金融产品流动性是指无损失现金的能力。银行活期存款无疑是最强的三个流动性;而理财产品通常投资期限已同意（大部分的金融产品投资期限为3-6个月，甚至超短期理财产品期限为3-7天），在这段时间购买基金后不能被调出。高流动性的互联网货币型基金是其重要特征之一。互联网货币基金本质上是金融产品的货币市场基金的开放对接，并打开一个货币市场基金可以随时申购和赎回，但通常是赎回操作后，需要T（T）+ 2，+ 1或金钱返回银行账户。通过第三方平台或垫资基金公司网上垫资货币型基金，可以实现对赎回款项当天给客户张某T + 0.That是说，上没有利息损失的前提下，实现了客户资金转移该基金，即实时支付宝账户，而这又是用来随时转移到银行刷卡消费或网上赎回，使其接近银行流动性的活期存款，并高于多数instruments.Balance宝为例，该产品是通过客户赎回垫资基金公司实现资本的功能可以在同一天到账T + 0。
2商业银行业务的互联网货币型基金的影响货币资金的银行互联网上的影响力反映在第三方支付和对应于银行支付货币资金，资产和负债的佣金两大功能，以及中间业务的影响，等等。
2.1商业银行经营管理的传导分析的互联网第三方支付功能的货币基金
传统的薪酬是指资金的转移。支付功能是银行业的基础，也是现代经济活动普遍的基本需求的个人和企业不可缺少的一部分。金融业，尤其是在竞争日益激烈的今天，支付业务为商业银行带来的不仅是丰富的中间业务收入，也可以吸引客户，提高客户粘性，提高金融服务的整体水平。其结果是，银行的重要性是不言而喻的。
付款与帐户紧密结合，帐户是工资和归属感的起点。在传统的支付业务，从银行账户到另一个银行账户的钱。这种支付行为只会导致不同的银行账户之间的资金转移。而第三方支付的时候到来，在以下两种模式影响银行的支付业务：一
个是在考虑到第三方支付平台的平衡形式的钱（以下简称“托管账户”），银行账户支付账户纳入第三方支付业务的一部分。在这种情况下，使用托管账户支付客户端，使部分支付到资金的第三方账户之间流动，从而取代银行账户之间的流动，以减少银行的薪酬JieSuanLiang;它是在银行账户的情况下平衡形式的资本，大部分通过第三方平台清算银行间支付业务，让很多那需要在银行支付结算系统的差异沉降进行资金，可通过第三方支付公司在整个中部开设不同的银行账户中，只有跨行支付少量是由中央银行的支付清算系统来完成，从而减少支付JieSuan Liang央行支付结算系统。具体看，根据16家上市银行的数据，在2010年至2 013年期间，银行手续费收入占比逐年上升的趋势，主营业务收入中的比重，到2013年，比重达到19.52％，上平均。由此可见。手续费收入是商业银行盈利的重要来源，特别是在利率丝光加速的背景下，目前，越来越成为银行调整业务结构，推动非利息收入的发展的重要途径。货币资金支付结算业务的互联网第三方支付功能已形成银行业的竞争，降低银行结算和银行卡业务的需求，以及相应的结算清算手续费收入，银行卡手续费形成的影响，间接地增加银行手续费收入增长的难度。
2.2货币基金货币基金沽货的商业银行经营管理的影响，互联网分析传导的佣金为基础的功能
货币资金早在美国还有另一种产品的存款，其销售本身是一定要绕过某些居民存款，因此，不将绕过因互联网货币基金银行存款。但是，确实是一个货币基金“净”，大大加速了这一进程。
文献出处：Bansal P. The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks Business [J]. St rategic management journal, 2014，26(3): 197-218.
原文：
The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks Business
Basel
This papaer use the capital asset pricing model to research the influence of the commercia l bank management theory ,analyzes the Internet financial product properties, characteristics an d advantages of monetary fund, and the third party payment of Internet currency fund respective ly and consignment fund functions affect the operating condition and effect of commercial ban k has carried on the qualitative analysis. On this basis, this article on the Internet affect bank mon etary fund performance and conducted a quantitative research. The study shows that Internet m oney funds of commercial Banks not only the impact on the same type of products, also pay busi ness of commercial Banks, savings business, intermediate business has a substitution effect, whic
h affect the operating performance of the bank.
1 Internet money funds overview
1.1 The concept of Internet currency funds
Currency fund is Internet third-party payment and the money market fund in the product of Internet platform integration, with the third party payment platform, liquidity and profitability of money market funds and the convenience of the Internet financial products. Although purely mo netary market fund is not the product of the Internet financial;But the fusion with the Internet te chnology, the third-party payment platform, changed the original financial products in the balanc e of liquidity, security, and yields, overturns the traditional pattern of financial products.
It is worth noting that the simple model of the Internet on a commission basis of monetary f und can provide convenience for fund sales, but does not change as money market fund fund pro ducts in liquidity constraints, only in the third-party payment platform to achieve docking after T + 0 to redeem its product attribute to the nature of ascension. Internet money funds can go beyo nd other fund products, which produced in the financial product attributes over, to do with the hi gh development of the third-party payment platform, the rapid spread. Third-party payment is th rough the Internet in the customer, creates a link between the third party payment companies an
d Banks, help customers to quickly implement monetary payment, fund settlement, and other fu nctions, but also th
e credit guarantee and technical support, etc., according to data from iresearc h consulting for the year 2013, our country third party Internet payment market size o
f 5.37298 tr illion yuan, year-on-year growth of 46.8%.At the same time, in its internal structure of outbreak o f the first year of the Internet financial funds Explain the market has become second only to the n etwork shoppin
g and the third largest airline ticket market segment, 10.5%.Accordingly, in 2013 t hroug
h a third party Internet payment subscription monetary fund size is about 564.163 billion y uan.
1.2 The status quo of Internet currency funds
In this paper, we discuss the Internet especially monetary fund through Internet sales, joint t hird-party payment platform of money market funds. Although it is in the balance of the treasur e to appear after the birth of the new concept, but this kind of new financial products has mad e a surprised people, high-speed development. In order to balance the treasure, for example. Sin ce it was introduced the June 13, 2013, business development rapidly. As of the end of Februar y 2014, balance treasure scale has reached 502.76 billion yuan, average daily increase of 1.926 bil lion yuan; Users reached 82.5477 million, the average daily increase of 82.5477 million household s.Increased more rapidly in 2014, on January 1, 2014 to February 28, 2014, the average daily ne w subscribers 664800, average daily new amount is 5.119 billion yuan, respectively, in 2013 the a verage increase of 2.1 times and 4.6 times, and as most users, the largest fund products. It is beca use of internet money funds in a high-speed development period, each quarter has new produc ts, hard to comprehensive statistics of the number and size, so here we mainly analysis the balan ce Po, baidu hundred earn, micro letter financial netease, cash and suning change treasure treasu re the five major Internet monetary fund products. Five main monetary fund, the Internet is at th e end of 2013 to 2014 in the first quarter, launch time is not long. And docking of funds are the to p big fund company specially designed products. By the end of the first quarter of 2014, more tha n five main Internet money funds total scale (net) is 772.661 billion yuan, rose to 527.349 billio n yuan, a 214.97% increase, and each quarter to keep more than 100% of high-speed growth (se e chart 1).Although the above five main Internet monetary fund docking only 7 only money mark et funds, but the size proportion is as high as 53% of all money market funds.
Table 1 shows that the average Internet monetary fund expected return is over 5%, but has
been lowered after the first situation: at the end of 2013 reached a high, average expected annua l return of 6.81%, much higher than similar financial products. This is mainly due to the Internet b ank agreement deposit in monetary fund asset allocation proportion is very high, but in the end o f the season, at the end of the commercial Banks of the inspection point, agreement deposit inter est rates will increase a lot of (according to the survey, some Banks in some key point of interest r ates offer even in more than 7%);In the inspection point, because Internet monetary fund scale, i n be in a better position to negotiate with the commercial Banks, some of the lack of funds of sm all and medium-sized Banks have to give offer high interest rates.
1.3 the characteristics of Internet currency funds
Financial products refers to the financing process of all kinds of carrier. Money funds while r elying on the Internet Internet tools and has function of third-party payment, but its essence is sti ll a financial product. From the perspective of investors, the financial product in the future earnin gs is one of its most important attributes, and according to the capital asset pricing model (capita l asset pricingmodel, CAPM), the expected rate of return of financial products are not isolated, bu t is related to its expected risk. Because there are a risk premium in the valuation of the financia l products and premium term premiums and scale factors, generally long investment horizon, ris k, high threshold, high product yield. We attempts to a broader perspective, therefore, in conside ration of the yield of financial products and its investment, risk, the time limit of correlation base d on threshold and investment target, will the Internet money funds as a short-term financial pro ducts, and for the general residents with similar function demand deposits and short-term liquidi ty, financial product in the Risks and benefits, purchase threshold comparison, summarized its ch aracteristics. Docking with the third-party payment tools, with high liquidity financial products liq uidity refers to its cash ability without loss. Bank demand deposits is undoubtedly the liquidity o f the strongest of the three; And wealth management products usually have agreed in the invest ment period (most of the financial product investment deadline for 3-6 months, even the super s hort-term financial product deadline is 3-7 days), in this period of time after purchase funds cann ot be transferred out. The Internet money funds of high liquidity is one of its important features. I nternet monetary fund is essentially docking with the open of money market funds of financial pr oducts, and open a money market fund can be ready to explain buy and redemptive, but commo nly after redemptive operation need T T + 2, + 1 or money to return to the bank account. Interne
t mat endowment money funds through a third party platform or mat endowment fund compan y, can realize the customer on the day of redemption money to zhang T + 0.That is to say, on the p remise of no interest loss, realized the customer transfer funds for redemption of the fund, namel y real-time to pay treasure account, which in turn is used to transfer to the bank card consumptio n or online at any time, to make it close to the bank liquidity demand deposits, and higher tha n most of the instruments.Balance treasure, for example, the product is through client redemptio ns mat endowment fund company to realize the function of capital can be on the same day to zh ang T + 0.
2 The influence of the Internet money funds of commercial Banks business
Monetary fund's influence on bank Internet were reflected in the third-party
payment and commission two big functions corresponding to a bank to pay money funds, assets and liabilities, and the impact of intermediary business, etc.
2.1 monetary fund of Internet third-party payment function of conduction analysis of commerc ial bank management
Traditionally pay refers to the transfer of money. Payment function is the foundation of the b anking industry, is also an indispensable part of the individuals and enterprises in modern econo mic activities widespread basic needs. The financial industry, especially in an increasingly competi tive today, payment business for commercial Banks not only bring rich intermediate business inco me, also can attract customers, and improving customer stickiness, improve the overall level of fi nancial services. As a result, the bank's importance is self-evident.
Payment is closely combined with the account, account is the starting point of pay and belon ging. In the traditional payment business, money from a bank account to another bank account. T his payment behavior will only cause funds transfer between different bank accounts. And when t he coming of the third party payment, it in the following two modes affect the bank's payment b usiness: one is the money in the form of balance in account of the third-party payment platfor m (hereinafter referred to as the "escrow account"), part of the bank account of payment accoun t into the third party payment business. In this case, the client using escrow account to pay, mak e partial payments into the flow of funds between the third party account, thus replacing the flo w between bank accounts, to reduce the bank's pay JieSuanLiang; it is in the capital in the form o f balance in the bank account of cases, most of the liquidation inter bank payment business throu
gh the third party platform, make a lot of that need to be done in the bank payment and settleme nt system differential settlement of funds, can through the third party payment companies in diff erent bank accounts opened in the middle of the complete, only a small amount of interbank pay ment is done by the central bank's payment and settlement system, thereby reducing the payme nt JieSuanLiang central bank payment and settlement system. Specific look, according to the dat a of 16 listed Banks, during the period of 2010 to 2013, the banking fee income accounted for th e proportion of main business income of the trend of rising year by year, to 2013, the proportio n reached 19.52% on average. This shows. Fee income is an important source of commercial ban k profitability, especially in the current under the background of the acceleration of mercerizatio n of interest rate, more become Banks adjust the business structure, an important way of promot ing the development of non-interest income. The Internet third-party payment function of monet ary fund payment and settlement business has formed the competition of banking industry and r educe the banking settlement and bank card business demand, and the corresponding settlemen t clearing fee income and the bank card fees to form the impact, indirectly increased the difficult y of banking fee income growth.
2.2 monetary fund money funds to sell goods on a commission basis function of the Internet im pact conduction analysis of commercial bank management
Monetary fund as early as in the United States there is a deposit of alternative product, its s ales itself is sure to bypass certain residents deposits, therefore, does not will bypass all bank dep osits due to Internet currency funds. But, is indeed a monetary fund "net" greatly accelerated this process.
文献出处：Bansal P. The Influence of Internet Currency fund to Commercial Banks Business [J]. St rategic management journal, 2014，26(3): 197-218.
交通信号智能控制系统外文文献及翻译
Agent controlled traffic lights Author：Danko A. Roozemond，Jan L.H. Rogier Provenance：Delft University of Technology Introduction The quality of (urban) traffic control systems is determined by the match between the control schema and the actual traffic patterns. If traffic patterns change, what they usually do, the effectiveness is determined by the way in which the system adapts to these changes. When this ability to adapt becomes an integral part of the traffic control unit it can react better to changes in traffic conditions. Adjusting a traffic control unit is a costly and timely affair if it involves human attention. The hypothesis is that it might offer additional benefit using self-evaluating and self-adjusting traffic control systems. There is already a market for an urban traffic control system that is able to react if the environment changes;the so called adaptive systems. "Real" adaptive systems will need pro-active calculated traffic information and cycle plans- based on these calculated traffic conditions- to be updated frequently. Our research of the usability of agent technology within traffic control can be split into two parts. First there is a theoretical part integrating agent technology and traffic control. The final stage of this research focuses on practical issues like implementation and performance. Here we present the concepts of agent technology applied to dynamic traffic control. Currently we are designing a layered model of an agent based urban traffic control system. We will elaborate on that in the last chapters. Adaptive urban traffic control Adaptive signal control systems must have a capability to optimise the traffic flow by adjusting the traffic signals based on current traffic. All used traffic signal control methods are based on feed-back algorithms using traffic demand data -varying from years to a couple of minutes - in the past. Current adaptive systems often operate on the basis of adaptive green phases and flexible co-ordination in (sub)networks based on measured traffic conditions (e.g., UTOPIA-spot,SCOOT). These methods are still not optimal where traffic demand changes rapidly within a short time interval. The basic premise is that existing signal plan generation tools make rational decisions about signal plans under varying conditions; but almost none of the current available tools behave pro-actively or have meta-rules that may change behaviour of the controller incorporated into the system. The next logical step for traffic control is the inclusion of these meta-rules and pro active and goal-oriented behaviour. The key aspects of improved control, for which contributions from artificial intelligence and artificial intelligent agents can be expected, include the capability of dealing with conflicting objectives; the capability of making pro-active decisions on the basis of temporal analysis; the ability of managing, learning, self adjusting and responding to non-recurrent and unexpected events (Ambrosino et al.., 1994).
国际营销英文文献
International private enterprises external constraints and the Government Service Innovation Abstract: In the opening to the outside world situation growing, private enterprises can not be separated from the internationalization of the rational power of the Government. This paper analyzes the internationalization of private enterprises of the external constraints, a private enterprise internationalization of innovation need to government services. Keywords: private enterprises of the external factors of international service innovation With the world economy, increasing globalization, China has become the world's fourth-largest economy, including private enterprises in economic development by increasing the role. Private enterprises are faced with not only the competitiveness of domestic firms and foreign multinational companies are faced with challenges. Therefore, expanding the opening up of the situation, the private enterprises to develop and grow, not only to make use of domestic markets and resources, but also going out to implement the strategy and the internationalization of private enterprises, in a broader competitive environment to meet the challenge. Towards world-class enterprise can not be separated from the support of the Government, the Government should be private enterprise to provide a good environment, strengthening innovation services. International private enterprises external constraints At present, the development of private enterprises in China has made great achievements, but our small and medium-sized private enterprises still dominated the majority of private enterprises through the first start of the primitive accumulation period, being the second business, the implementation of international strategy, international operations, enterprises must create a certain degree of accumulation and the capacity and conditions. However, the internationalization of private enterprises of the potential hindering the external environment, so that many companies fall into the plight of the development. (A) financial bottlenecks encountered At present, private enterprises, especially those in the survival of small and medium-sized financial institutions from the public it is difficult to obtain adequate financing for development. These enterprises can apply for loans to small, low visibility due to take the way of external financing is very difficult. Most of them only through self-financing and non-formal channels of access to capital financing. High-risk and cost of financing and financial situation of the shortage of channels for private enterprises has seriously hampered the pace of foreign trade, and even lead to business in the international competition of mortality. Small and medium-sized private
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零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
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参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley 学术图书的全文。网址：onlinelibrary.wiley./其中被SCI 收录的核心期刊近200种。期刊具体学科划分为：Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science（计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law（法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics（数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。 2. ICPSRICPSR全称为Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research，即美国校际社会科学数据共享联盟。成立于1962年，位于美国密西根大学安娜堡分校(University of Michigan- Ann Arbor, 1817-)，储存超过17000种调查研究资料，如军队官兵总名册，遗嘱、遗嘱查验与税收纪录，是现在世界上最大的社会科学数据中心，拥有600多个成员机构，包括大学和各种研究中心。网址：https://www.360docs.net/doc/3f7721188.html,/icpsrweb/landing.jsp其中400多个成员机构在美国，我国的国家人口发展研究战略课题组，大学，大学，科技大学，浸会大学也是成员之一。 3. IEEE 电气电子工程师学会IEEE（Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学
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1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别光电信息系 专业测控技术与仪器 班级 B090102 姓名马丽娜 学号 36 外文出处 Spriger Link 附件 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2013年3月
Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent street light control system 【abstract 】 A street light automatic control system design, combined with the control, electric lamp switch control function; And street lamp fault detection and fault street lamp according to the function of the number. Use on STC 89C51 as the core Control unit; Using DS1302 clock chip to control the point open to turn off the lights when street lamps; By a photosensor complete collection of ambient light and street light fault detection, so as to realize the number of optically controlled open to turn off the lights and fault street lamp display. This system Can through the RS - 232 communication port with the street light control room of the upper machine communication. 【key words】STC 89C51; Clock chip DS1302; photosensor Introduction For the most part at present domestic cities and regions of the street lamp Lighting adopts electric control, time control and single point of electrons Control, maintenance management and manual inspections and the masses The traditional way, because of the lack of scientific and effective monitoring Means, large area lighting during the day, night not large area Light phenomenon occurs frequently, often can't find and in a timely manner Processing, not only caused power resources, human resources Cost, improve the operating costs of the system and to citizens Life bring inconvenience. Intelligent road lighting system can according to different area Domain of different functional requirements, at different times and different every day Natural light or under different traffic flow conditions, the press According to a specific setting, realize dynamic wisdom of road lighting Can management, namely the TPO management (TIME/PLACE, TIME Location/OCCASION occasions). Intelligent road lighting Control system, through the comprehensive consideration and analysis and road Ming is closely related to the intensity of illumination time, road, environment and hand it in Scene control methods of factors such as flow rate, in the
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
数据库外文参考文献及翻译.
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/3f7721188.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。