专业英语课后习题答案

专业英语课后习题答案
专业英语课后习题答案

专业英语课后习题答案

Chapter1

I. 1.Application software

2. -128 127

3. system software

4. hardware system software system

5.microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, supercomputers

II. 1. false 2. false 3. false 4. true 5.true

III. (1) b (2) c (3)a (4) d

IV. (1)编码技术(2)应用软件(3) 浮点数据(4)分时(5)存储容量

VIII.1.By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols

通过应用多种编码技术,一组二进制数字不但可以表示二进制数据,而且还可以表示其它的离散符号

2.System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.

系统软件不仅包括技术人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序,而且还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他程序使用的管理程序。

3.Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.

数据是数字和其他的二进制代码信息,通过处理这些数据得到所需要的计算结果。

4.Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a c omputer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.

计算机能将若干字符连成串,用一些字符代替其他字符或另行处理字符串,而不是用算术方法或逻辑方法处理字符。

5.Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.

软件应用,像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、绘图程序及桌面印刷等进入商业市场,使更多的人去使用计算机。

Chapter2

I. 1. the I/O subsystem

2. Read Only Memory(ROM)

3. SRAM

4. I/O interface

5. interrupts

II. 1. false 2. true 3. false 4. false 5.false

III. 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. b

IV. 1.系统总线 2.虚拟存储器 3.计算机体系结构 4. 指令集 5.直接存储器读取

VIII.

1.By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit

causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.

通过维护内部和外部控制信号的正确顺序,控制单元促使CPU和计算机的其他部件根据正确的处理指令完成操作。

2.In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a

hard disk and are moved back only when needed.

在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中,很少使用的程序被从RAM移到硬盘中,仅当需要时才被移回来。

3.A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an

extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.

用于弥补操作速度的不匹配的一项技术是在CPU和内存之间采用非常快的小容量高速缓冲存储器,它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。

4.The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and

consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.

外部设备的数据传输速率通常比CPU的数据传输率更慢,相应的,需要一种同步机制。5.In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where

the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored.

在一些计算机中,中断向量是一个地址,它指向存储器中存储I/O 服务程序其实地址的单元。

Chatper3

I. 1. pipelines 2. the overlapping of computation 3. the length of the vector

4. RISC CISC

5. instruction stream data stream

II. 1. false 2. false 3. true 4. true 5. false

III. MISD, SIMD, MIMD, SISD

IV. 1.并行处理 2.流水线处理3.向量处理4.标量处理器5.向下兼容

VIII. 1.The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughout, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.

并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量,所谓吞吐量是在制定规定的时间间隔内所完成的指令。

2.流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处理几个不同的运算。

3.为了获得所需要的高性能,有必要采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理与并行处理等新技术的革新过程。

4. 总的来说,指令集中的指令书越多,CPU中的传播延迟越大。

5.尽管CISC处理器更为复杂,但这并不一定导致开发成本的增加。

Chapter4

I. 1. its syntax, its semantics 2. pseudocode 3. running time 4. maximum 5. list

II. a. false b. false c. true d. false e. false

III. 1.First, divide the original problem into a number of subproblems.

Next, solve the subproblems.

2. dynamic programming

The greedy strategy

3. a binary tree can be empty, whereas a tree cannot.

Each node in a binary tre has exactly two subtrees. Each node in a tree can have any number of subtrees.

The subtrees of each node in a binary tree are ordered. The subtree in a tree are unordered. IV. 1.并行算法 2.穷举查找 3.动态规划(动态程序设计)4.双链表 5.二维数组

VIII 1.简而言之,算法描述所采用的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不够详细也会使交流产生问题。

2. 另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真”时,循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。

3.在众多算法中,影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入,也包括相同长度的不同输入。

4.因此,动态程序设计是一种从下而上的方法,这种方法通常先解决最小的子问题,并保存其解,再利用这些解对较大问题求解,一步一步地进行直至得到原问题的解。

5.从这种概念性的一维的方式到机器内存中的实际安排的转换是非常直接的。这些数据可以保存在由程序员想象的相同顺序的24个相邻的内存单元中。

Chapter5

I.1. user documentation, operator documentation, programmer documentation

2. program

3. machine language

4. 4GLs

5. Natural languages

II. 1. false 2. false 3. false 4. true 5. true

III1. the first step: problem definition

The second step: program design

The third step: program coding

The fourth step: program testing

The fifth step: program documentation and maintenance

2. machine language、assembly language、high-level language、very-high-level language、natural language

3. High-level language programs are compiled, assembly language programs are assembled.

High-level languages are platform-independent, the same high-level source code can be compiled to run on different microprocessor and operating systems. Each assembly language is specific to one microprocessor and assembly language programs usually run on only one platform. IV. 1.派生类 2.继承 3.标记语言 4. 超链接5.Java虚拟机

VIII. 1.与程序设计相关的每一个人-用户、操作员和程序员都需要文档。

2.而是,用高级语言或者汇编语言编写的程序被转换成机器语言,然后由计算机执行。

3.相应的程序建立了精确的过程,或者执行序列,并且程序员必须按照正确的执行序列来解决问题。

4.4Gls可能并不能完全替换掉第三代语言是因为她们通常集中解决专门的任务并因此可供的选择很少。

5. 继承是一种方法,通过它,类的对象可以访问以前精确定义过的类中的成员变量和函数,而不用重新声明那些定义。

Chapter6

I. 1. shell 2. memory management 3. process control block 4. blocked 5. prevention, detection, avoidance

II. 1. false 2. true 3. false 4. false 5. true

III. 1.operating system, utility software, language translators.

2. the operating systems as a user/computer interface

The operating systems as resource manager

3.Deadlock is the blocking of a set of processes that either compete for system resources or communicate with each other.

There are three general approaches to dealing with deadlock: prevention, detection and avoidance.

4. process management

Mutual exclusion

Deadlock

Memory management

Uniprocessor scheduling

Multiprocessor and real-time schelduling

I/O management

File management

IV. 1.图形用户界面 2. 进程控制块3. 互斥 4. 信号量 5. 并发进程

VIII.1.安装实用软件大都包括用于执行动作的程序,这些动作对于计算机的安装非常重要但是没有包括在操作系统之中。

2.现代的外壳程序是通过图形用户界面(GUI)来完成这一工作的,在图形界面中要操作的诸如文件和程序等对象是在计算机屏幕上以图形化的图标方式表示的。

3. 分时系统的基本技术是要有多个用户通过终端同时使用这一系统,操作系统在一个短暂的时间片内定时交替执行每一个用户程序。

4.实时的进程或任务是指那种运行时要与一些处理或函数或者计算机系统以外的一系列事件相联系,并且它必须满足一个或多个时间界限来与外部环境有效地和正确地交互的进程或任务。

5.它提供了与Windows 9x类似的用户界面,是一个多任务、多进程的操作系统,它在系统内提供了对大型计算机网络的支持-这就是说,Windows NT是一个多用户系统。

Chapter7

I.1. word processing 2. scrolling 3.application software 4.spreadsheet 5.Groupware

II. 1. true 2. true 3. false 4. false 5. false

III. 1.macro 2. cell 3.Function 4.workflow software 5.integrated software

IV. Basic productivity software

Business and specialty software

Entertainment software

Education/reference software

VIII. 1.应用软件是设计用来帮助你们解决专用于商业或执行专门商业任务的软件。

2. 虽然应用软件包在特定命令和功能的使用上不同,绝大多数应用软件有一些共同的特征。

3.许多应用软件程序允许你从一个文件中复制一项然后粘贴到另一个文件或应用程序中,或者复制一项然后把它放置在同一文档的另一个位置。

4.用户在打印之前可以在屏幕上以所见即所得的方式完成这些操作。

5.值得一提的是来自于生产商的文字处理程序(实际上绝大多数的应用程序)具有默认设置。

Chapter8

1. a. field, data item

b. record key, storage address

c. accurate, consistent, up to date.

d. record key or identifier

2. (a) false (b) true (c) true

3. (1) e (2)f (3)h (4) g (5)a (6) b (7) c (8) d (9)j (10) i (11) k

(12) m (13) n (14) l

4. (1) c (2) c

5. a. data redundancy b. Lack of integrity c. Lack of program independence

6. a. serial b. sequential c. random d. indexed

Chapter8

I. 1. data dictionary 2. database 3. DBA 4. instance

5. data independence, logical data independence, logical data independence

II. 1. true 2. false 3. true 4. false 5. true

III. database management

Data model

Data independence

Data dictionary

Data-manipulation language(DML)

IV.(1). view level (2). logical level (3). physical level

VIII. 1. 由于文件和程序是由不同的程序员创建的,因此不同的文件可能采用不同的格式,不同的程序也可能是采用不同的计算机语言来编写。

2.接下来看一看数据库系统为了解决上述问题而提出的概念和算法。

3.尽管在逻辑层使用了比较简单的结构,但由于数据库的规模巨大,所以仍存在一定程度

的复杂性。

4.在回过头来看一下customer记录类型的定义,注意,我们只是定义了customer类型而没

有定义任何变量。

5.确保原子性和持久性的属性是数据库本身的任务,更确切一些,是事务管理部件的任

务。

Chapter9

I. 1. software engineering 2. abstraction 3. prototyping 4. software life cycle 5. requirement

II. 1. true 2. true 3. false 4.false 5.false

III. (5) software engineering

(1) system architecture

(4) CASE

(3) unit testing

(2) software process

IV. (1) requirements analysis and definition

(2) system design

(3) program design

(4) writing the program

(5) unit testing

(6) integration testing

(7) system testing

(8) system delivery

(9) maintenance

V. 1. 正如生产商寻求方法一保证他们所生产的产品的质量一样,软件工程师也必须设法保证他们的产品在质量上和效用上是可接受的。

2.抽象是问题在某种一般层次上的描述,抽象使得我们将注意力集中于问题的关键方面而不至于陷于细节的泥潭之中。

3. 这些方法的重要性在于它们汇集了我们的设计经验,使我们能够通过复用已有的成果和学到的知识充分地利用过去开发的项目。

4.验收测试完成之后,验收过的系统就要被安装在实际的运行环境中,通过安装测试来确保系统仍然按照期望的那样正常运行。

5.软件开发既是一个创造性的过程又是一个按部就班的过程,经常涉及到多个不同的人生产不同类型的产品。

Chapter10

I. 1. encapsulation 2. behavior 3. polymorphism 4.whole-part 5.supertype

II. 1. False 2.False 3.True 4.False 5.True

III. (3) class

(1) object

(2) encapsulation

(4) multiplicity

(5) polymorphism

IV. (1) association

(2) multiplicity

V. 1. 封装是这样一种途径,通过它方法围绕着对象形成了一个保护性的边界,把它从其他的对象的事情隔离开来

2. 这种贯穿于开发过程的一致性是传统的过程式开发与OO开发过程的根本区别。

3.领域知识使开发人员以系统所使用的方式理解系统的使用环境,并且以用户将要理解方式描述需求。

4. 系统设计被认为是最终成为程序设计的高级抽象。

5. 实施者通常有必要对层次结构加以精炼,并且随着需求的变化和成雪进行适当的调整。

Chapter 11

I.1. network, communication channels 2.TCP UDP 3. Client/Server, Peer-to-Peer systems 4. LAN, MAN, WAN 5. bit rate, baud rate

II. 1.false 2. true 3. false 4.false 5. true

III. (1) simplex (3) application layer (2) full-duplex

IV. (1) star (2) bus (3) ring (4) hierarchical

V.1.拥有数百个办公室的组织向更广的区域扩展,并且期望只需按一下某一个按钮,就能够了解位于遥远地区的机构当前运作的情况。

2. 单台计算机为机构中所有的计算机需求服务这一概念很快被大量分散但又互联的计算机

来共同完成的模式所代替。

3.技术的进步建立可以传输更多更快信号的通信链路成为可能,从而提供了对这些扩展的通信能力的使用的新业务也出现了。

4. 不存在被普遍接受的所有计算机网络都是用的分类法,但是有两个标准很重要:传输技术和规模。

5. ISO的目标是推动标准化及其相关活动的发展,以促进国际间的贸易和服务往来。

Chapter 13

I. 1. opening 2. IP addressed 3. electronic 4. ASCII 5.HTTP

II. 1.true 2.true 3.true 4.true 5. false

III. (1)hub

(2)switch

(3) router

IV. (1)The Internet is a network of networks. It lets individuals on one network share the information with users on another network that may be thousands miles away.

(2) The Internet has many uses. For instance, you can use it to send e-mail messages, or to download files, or to view video clips, or to listen to music.

(3) Four important services provided by the Internet: the mail service, telnet, FTP, and the general client/server facility.

(4) The essence of DNS is the invention of a hierarchical, domain-based naming scheme and a distributed database system for implementing this naming scheme. It is primarily used for mapping host names and email destinations to IP addresses but can also be used for other purposes.

(5) Hub , repeater , bridge, switch, router

VIII. 1.设计ARPmet的目的是,即使网络中的某一具体部分遭到破坏,信息仍能传递到任一个残存的目标点。

2. 为了把一个名字映射为一个IP地址,应用程序调用一种名叫解析器的库程序,将名字作为参数进行传递。

3. 在因特网中,通过在源机器和目的机器的第25号端口之间建立TCP连接来传递电子邮件

4. 企业内部网把网络技术当作一个工具利用人们或者工作组间的通信来提高企业雇员的数据共享能力和总体知识库。

5.一个组织机构的企业内部网典型地包括Internet接入但还有防火墙以从使外部不能直接访问到其计算机。

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction 3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart 4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

专业英语课后习题答案

Lesson2 Exercises 1. Put the following into Chinese. (1)Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. 流过电路里电阻的电流,与加在电阻两端的电压成正比,与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律。 (2)Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region. 不过,许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。 (3)It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. 应该注意:一个理想电压源(独立或受控)可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值,而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。 (4)A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected. 一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。另一类关系由于网络结构,即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。 (5)The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass. 金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。 (6)Magnetic line of force will,whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials. 磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。 (7)Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained. 事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。 2. Translate the following into English. (1)电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。 The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. (2)理想独立电源是一个有源元件,它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. (3)受控电源是一个有源元件,它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. (4)叠加定理为:线性电路中,任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时,在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. (5)计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classfied as analog and digital.(6)新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times. (7)超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.

数学专业英语课后答案

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1. user
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6. information [Ex 4] instructions
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Chapter One Functions of Financial Markets 一.Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.China’s banking industry is now supervised by the PBC and CBRC. In addition, the MOF is in charge of financial accounting and taxation part of banking regulation and management. 目前中国银行业主要由中国人民银行和银监会进行监管。此外,财政部负责银行业监管的财务会计及税收方面。 2.Currently Chinese fund management companies are engaged in the following business: securities investment fund, entrusted asset management, investment consultancy, management of national social security funds, enterprise pension funds and QDII businesses. 目前中国的基金管理公司主要从事以下业务:证券投资基金业务、受托资产管理业务、投资咨询业务、社保基金管理业务、企业年金管理业务和合格境内机构投资者业务等。 3.China's economy had 10% growth rate in the years before the world financial crisis of 2008. That economic expansion resulted from big trade surpluses and full investment. Now China is seeking to move away from that growth model. The country is working to balance exports with demand at home. 在2008年世界经济危机之前的那些年,中国经济增长速度曾达到10%。这一经济增长源于巨额贸易盈余和大量投资。中国现在正在寻求改变这一增长模式。中国正致力于平衡出口和国内需求。 二.Translate the following sentences into English 1.中国商业银行监管的程序是市场准入监管、市场运营监管和市场退出监管。 Regulatory procedures of China’s commercial banks are market access regulation, market operation regulation and market exit regulation. 2.国务院关于推进资本市场改革开放和稳定发展的若干意见。 Some opinions of the State Council on promoting the reform, opening and steady growth of the capital market 3.只有建立合理的股权结构,才能保证公司取得好的经营业绩。 Only establishing reasonable ownership structure can guarantee perfect corporate performance. 4.该公司股票暴跌,被伦敦交易所摘牌。 The company’s stock nosedived and it was delisted from the London exchange.

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1.two-terminal element 二端口元件 2.associated reference direction 关联参考方向 3.Ohm’s Law 欧姆定律 4.electric field 电场 5.displacement current 转移电流 6.short circuit 短路 7.magnetic field 磁场 8.conduction current 传导电流 1.capacitance 2.capacitor 3.resistance 4.resistor 5.Inductance 6.Inductor We can make two important observations here.在此,我们可以得到两条重要的结论:第一,如果电流是常数,理想电感器的端电压为0,这样电感器在恒量或直流中可以当作短路;第二,在电感器中电流不能瞬时变化,也就是说,在0时间内电流不能以有限量改变。 2 1.能量转换energy conversion 2.正极positive terminal 3串联电路series circuit 4.电路化简方法circuit simplification technique 5.电路分析方法circuit analysis technique 6.阻性电路resistive circuit 7.戴维南和诺顿等效电路Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuit 8.节点电压法node-voltage method 9.网孔电流法mesh-current method 10.参考节点reference node We can use those approaches for all circuits,对于所有的电路都可以使用这些方法,但是当电路结构更复杂、引入更多元件的时候,这种直接求解的方法很快就变得麻烦了。此时,可以使用两种常规的分析方法。 3 1. amplify current 放大电流 2. electronic component 电子元器件 3. complex circuit 复杂电路 4. vacuum tube 真空管 5. hand-held calculator便携式计算机 6. integrated circuit chip集成电路芯片 7. semiconductor material 半导体材料 8. microprocessor 微处理器 Bardeen和Brattain认为问题在于液体,所以他们用本质是锗锈的氧化锗来代替液体。Gibney准备了一块特殊的锗片,锗片的一面上有一层绿色的氧化层。12月12日Brattain开始插入接触点。

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