英语语法指南

《指南》第二章（二）

一．基数词：

1.0，4 ，14，40，5，15，55，9，19，90.，11，12，

2.13~19：-teen结尾

3.整十（20~90）-ty结尾

4.整百/千/ 百万/ 十亿：one / a hundred / thousand / million / billion

5.百位数和十位数间用and连接

6.在整千/ 百万/ 十亿之间的数的表达：

7.十/ 打/ 百/ 千/ 百万/ 十亿前面没有具体数字和具体数字修饰：（含

many / a few / several ）

8. c.f.: 序数词：-th结尾；整十-tieth结尾；--st , -nd, -rd结尾

HOMEWORK:

1.zero , four , fourteen , fORty ,five , fiFteen , fiFty, fiFty-fiVe,nine,

nineteen, ninety, eleven, twelve,

2.thirteen, fourteen , fifteen, sixteen , seventeen, eighTeen, nineteen,

3.twenty, thirty, foRTY, fiFty, sixty, seventy, eighTy, ninety

4.21---twenty-one, 32---thirty-two, 43---forty-three, 54---fifty-four,

65—sixty-five,

5.509---five hundred and nine, 793--- seven hundred and ninety-three

108964----one hundred and eight thousand, nine hundred and sixty-four

6.tens of …, dozens of …, hundreds of …,thousands of …, millions

of …, billions of…,

several hundred people, a few thousand pupils, many million new-born babies, few hundred teenagers

7.365天---three hundred and sixty-five days, 52周----fifty-two weeks,

8.和序数词的区别：-th结尾；整十的：-tieth结尾; 个位-st , -nd, -srd

结尾

二．时间的表达法：

1.整点：用o’clock或者省略：6：00 ，下午四点，上午8：00，12：

00，0：00

2.几点半：用half past + 点钟：3：30，上午11：30，下午4：30，

3.0-29（30分之前）用介词past （超过的意思）：7：05 ，下午3：

4.31-59分（30分以后到59分之前（整点之前）：用to （表示差几分

钟到几点）：1：58 ~ 2：02，7：43 ，下午5：55

5.几点15分或者几点45分：用quarter表示：7：15，11：45，9：15；

3：45

6.简便方法：按照顺序说出：3：19 ，5：58，0：01

7.用at 和不用at的情况：具体时间做某件事用at ; 状态不用at:

“他通常7：00起床。”“现在是5：50分。”

8.时间的代词：用it 表达：现在几点？10：00.

9.问时间的几种方法：A。Excuse me, what time is it now ? It’s …

B. Excuse me, what is the time / what’s the

time, please ? It’s…

C. Excuse me, could you please tell me the time?

With pleasure. It’s…

D. What time is it by your watch ? ANSWERS:

1.six ( o’clock ), four ( o’clock )p.m. / in the afternoon, eight

( o’clock )a.m. / in the morning, twelve (o’clock ), zero hour

2.half past three, half past eleven a.m./ in the morning; half past

four p.m. / in the afternoon,

3.five past seven , twenty-five past three p.m. / in the afternoon

4.( from ) two to two to two two / two past two, seventeen to eight,

five to six p.m./ in the afternoon;

5. a quarter past seven, a quarter to twelve, a quarter to twelve, q

quarter past nine; a quarter to four

6.three nineteen ; two to six; zero ( o )one

7.He usually gets up at 7:00 ( o’clock ).(动作) It’s ten to six / five

fifty now.（状态）\

8.What’s the time / What time is it now ? It is ten ( o’clock.)

( 包括日期，星期的时间表达也用it )

三．频度副词在一般现在时的使用：

1.频度副词：表示动作发生的频率。比如：一年回家一次，每天下

午打篮球，从来没有去日本，有时候唱歌，经常玩游戏，每四年

一届奥运会，很少吃糖果

2.一般现在时可以表示动作或者状态，带有频度副词的句子大部分

是动作，也有表示状态的：比如：他经常迟到。他一直呆在美国。

3.常用的频度副词：always, usually, often , sometimes / at times /

seldom , ever, never,

4.常用的频度副词短语：once a week / twice a month / every day /

every morning / each weekend / every weekday / every evening /

three times a year / every four years / every other day / ( none )

5.对频度副词提问，用疑问词How often …? C.f. How many

times…?

6.频度副词在句子中的位置：“be / 助动词/ 情态动词后，行为动词

之前”，（其他中位副词用法一样）有时候也在句首。

HOMEWORK:

1.翻译然后改为一般疑问句，并作肯定或者否定回答

A.李雷从来没有学画画。

B.Jane 总是乐于帮助别人。

C.Kate 两周回家一次。

D.他每天六点起床。

E.他母亲经常帮他洗衣服。

2，对翻译的句子中的频度副词划线提问。

ANSWERS:

A.Li Lei never learns drawing.。

B.Jane is always ready to help others. / is glad to help others.

C.Kate goes home twice a week.

D.He gets up at six every morning.

E.His mother often helps him ( to ) wash clothes.

一般疑问句：

A.Does Li Lei never learn drawing ? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

B.Is Jane always ready / glad to help others ? Yes, she is . / No, she

isn’t.

C.Does Kate go home twice a week ? Yes, she is . / No,, she isn’t.

D.Does he get up at six every morning ? Yes, he does. / No, he

doesn’t.

E.Does his mother often help him ( to ) wash clothes ? Yes, she

does. / No, she doesn’t.

划线提问：

A.How often does Li Lei learn drawing ?

B.How often is Jane ready / glad to help others?

C.How often does Kate go home ?

c.f.: How many times …?

四．现在进行时的疑问句、否定句和简短回答：

1. 疑问句：

A. be 动词：直接把be 移到句首，大小写和标点符号变化。

Mike is sixteen years old.

B．情态动词：直接把情态动词置于句首（can / could / may / might / will / would / shall / should / must / ought / dare / need ）

We can sing and dance.

Tom will go abroad tomorrow.

Everyone should obey the traffic rules.

C. 谓语是行为动词（实义动词）：用do / does 构成疑问：

Many people look for jobs in cities.

His parent gives him 50 yuan a week.

The baby likes sweet food.

Kids always like playing games.

2. 否定句：A。be 后加not ; B. 情态动词后加not ; C. 行为动词：a. 主

语是第三人称单数时，在行为动词前加

doesn’t + 行为动词原形；b. 主语是其它情

况的：在行为动词前加don’t + 动词原形：

3. 简短回答：肯定：Yes，人称代词+ be / 情态动词/ does / do.

否定：No, 人称代词+be / 情态动词/ does / do.

四．祈使句：用于表示请求、命令。一般没有主语，用动词原形开头，没有人称和数的变化（表示分工/ 安排工作可以有主语）（不带情态

动词）

1.肯定句：

Sit down, please !

Come here and have a look.

Get off !

Stand at attention!

Help!

Help yourself to some more vegetables,

Have a glass of milk, please.

Let’s go and watch the football game.

分工：Kate carry water , Jane dig holes and Mike plant trees.

2.否定句：一般用Don’t +动词原形（有时候用Do not / Never ）

Never be late for school / Do not eat in class.

Don’t be late again.

Do not take the books and magazines out of the reading-room.

Let’s not read in the sun.

Let’s not go at once.

五．There be + 主语的句型（动词be的单复数根据就近原则，即靠近动词be的数量决定单复数）：用于表示“存在”的意思（某地有某物/ 某时有某事/ 某地有某人）。

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

There is much rain in spring in Quanzhou.

There are few people reading in the classroom after ten pm.

There are a number of students on the playground.

There is plenty of food for us.

There are a lot of pictures on the wall.

There is a sports meet in our school next month.

c.f.: Our school is going to have / hold a sports meet next month.

A number of students are on the playground.

c.f. have / has:表示“拥有”的意思。

Tom has a new house.

Jim has a brother and a sister.

六．方位介词：on , at, over, above, out of , into, under, below, across from, near, next to, close to, beside, in front of, behind, in the front of, at the back of, in, out, far ( away ) from, on the corner of, at the end of, between

on : 在某平面上，接触到平面：There is an apple on the table.

at : 在某个点。The library is on the left ( side of our school ).

over: 在上方（不一定正上方）：A plane flew over my head just now.

above: 在正上方：There is a red flag above the blackboard.

out of : “向外”、“从……出来”：Don’t look out of the window. / He

came out of the classroom.

into: “进入”(表示动态过程): Put your books into your schoolbags.

/ He got into the car.

under: 在……下面（没有接触到所提到的物体）：There is a soccer

ball under the desk.

below: “低于”、“在……下面”:The temperature is below 10℃today.

across from : 在……的对面：The bank is across from the street.

near: 在……附近：No. 1 High School is near our

school.

next to : 在……隔壁/ 紧挨着：Class Three is next to Class Nine.

close to: 靠近（和near差不多）: There are many restaurants close to

our school.

beside: 在旁边（可能紧挨着）：Come and sit beside me.

in front of: 在……的前面（不是物体的一部分）：There are lots trees

in front of our classroom building.

in the front of :在……的前面（物体的前面部分）：There is a

blackboard in the front of the

classroom.

behind: 在……的后面：Tom is hiding behind the door.

at the back of: 在……后面：There is a bookshelf at the back of

the room.

far ( away ) from :远离：He lives far away from the city.

on the corner of : 在……的拐角处：There is a shopping center on the

corner of the street.

at the end of: 在……末端/ 尽头：The post office is at the end of the

road.

between: 在……两者之间：You can sit between Jane and

Kate.

七．学科（不可数名词）：

Chinese, (Japanese, Russian, Italian, Greek, French, Spanish ) English, math(s),

politics, P.E., IT, art, science, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, activities, ( class meeting ), eye exercises, morning reading, 八．作息时间表：

period, class, lesson, ( outdoor ) activity,

某人的一天

get up, brush teeth, wash face, have breakfast, say goodbye to parents , go to school , have four classes in the morning, have lunch, two classes in the afternoon, do eye exercises , do outdoor activities , /

go back home and have supper, do homework, go to bed ( 时间at + 点钟)

九．现在进行时：

1.用法：A. 表示说话的时候正在做的事；

B. 近阶段正在做的事：

C．一直在做的事：

D．表示说话的人的态度：厌倦或者不耐

烦。

2. 构成：am / is / are ( 表示现在的时间) + 动词-ing (现

在分词) （表示进行的意义）

3.现在分词的构成：A。一般在动词后面加-ing ;

B.不发音的-e 结尾，去e 加-ing；

C.双写的情况( -x / -w除外)：

D. 以-ie结尾的单音节词，-ie改为

-y,加-ing;

E. 可以双写或者不双写的情况（英

国英语双写，美国英语不双写）。

4. 常用的时间状语：

now, at the moment, these days, 有时候用

while连接表示两个同时进行的动作。

HOMEWORK: 把下列单词改为现在分词：

sit , set, begin , host, work , wait,

put,write, study , stay , see,

meet, worry, visit, try,

prefer, refer, control ,

travel , ordre, pass, seat,

sing, spell , take, teach,

think , fish, shop, fly, get,

give, go, have, kid, like,

know, carry, drive, eat, face,

live, come, fit, be, excuse,

例句：A. 我们正在上英语课。

他正在做笔记。

李梅的妈妈在做饭而她在看电视。

B. ---最近你们在做什么？---我们在

复习。

Fangfang这周在看《西游记》。

C．世界一直在变化。

人们一直在发明新的东西。

D．你怎么总是问这些问题？

例句的答案：

We’re having an English class now /

at the moment.

He is / He’s taking notes now / at the

moment.

Li Mei’s mother is cooking while

she is watching TV.

---What are you doing these days ?\

--- We’re reviewing our lessons.

Fangfang is reading Journey to the

West this week.

The world is changing all the time.

People are inventing new things.

You are always asking these

questions!

十．打电话：

常用的句子：

---Who’s this ? ---This is Jane / Jane speaking.

---Who is this ? ---This is Jane speaking.

---Is this Jane speaking ? ---Speaking.

---Is this Nick speaking ? ---Sorry, he isn’t in. May

I take a message for him ?

---Sure. Please ask him to call me back as soon as he comes back.

---OK. I’ll give him the message.

---Extension 204, please. ---Please hold on. / Just a

minute / moment.

---May I speak to Mr. Green, please ?

---Speaking. / Hold on, please. / Sorry, he is

out.

十一. 借物：

---Excuse me, may I use your ruler ? ---Here you are.

---Excuse me, may I borrow your eraser ?

---Sorry, I’m using it. You may borrow it from Kate.

---Excuse me, would you please lend me your bike ? ---Of course. / Sure. / Certainly.

---How long may I keep it ? ----An hour.

---I’d like to borrow a book named Harry Potter.

---Here it is. ---How long can I keep it ?

---Two weeks. You must return it on time.

---Sorry, I broke your pencil. ---It doesn’t matter. / Never mind.

十二. 交通方式：

1.一般用by + 交通工具（bus / car / boat /

plane / airplane / ship / subway / truck / taxi

/ bike / bicycle / train / e-bike / motorcycle）

( 不带冠词、复数)

2.用in或者on表示：一般比较低矮的用in或

者into；比较高大的用on 或者onto:

on a bike / motorcycle / plane / train / truck / ship / subway ;

in a car / taxi / boat

3.动态动作过程：get into / out of the car / taxi /

boat ; get onto / off a bike / bus / train

4.on foot ( 没有复数)

5.in / on / by 是介词，所以使用时应该有动词.

才行。比如：go ( to…) by bike == ride a bike ( to… ) == go ( to …) on a bike ; take a bus ( to … ) == go ( to…) by bus ; go by taxi == ride in a taxi ; go ( to … ) on foot == walk ( to… ) on foot

6.对交通工具的提问：用How… ?

例句：

小明通常骑自行车上学。

她昨天乘飞机去上海。

我们最好步行去超市。

李明很少乘公交车上班。

十三. 失误招领：

十四。一般过去时：

1.用法：A。表示过去某时候/ 某段时间存在的

状态；B。表示过去某时候做过的动作；

C．表示过去经常做/ 习惯做/ 反复

做的动作。

例如：A。张华去年读初二。

---你昨天在家吗？---不，我在福州。

小方刚才在图书馆，而龙龙在阅览

室。

B．昨天下午他去新华书店买了一本语

法书。

刚才他打电话给我，说今晚要购物。

他昨天没有完成作业。

C．雷锋习惯于帮助别人。

在旧社会，穷人经常没饭吃。

中学时，他天天打篮球。

KEY:

Li Hua was in Grade Eight last year.

---Were you at home yesterday ?

---No, I was in Fuzhou.

Xiao Fang was in the library while

Longlong was in the reading- room just

now.

He went to Xinhua Bookstore to buy a

grammar book yesterday afternoon.

He rang me / ( tele)phoned me / called

me just now and told me ( that ) he

would go shopping this evening.

He didn’t finish his homework

yesterday.

Lei Feng used to help others.

In the old days, the poor often had

nothing to eat.

He played basketball every day when he

was a middle school student.

2.构成：用动词的过去式。

过去式：A。一般情况动词-ed构成；

B．辅音字母+y结尾：去y+ied；

C．不发音的-e结尾，+d:

D. 重读闭音节最后一个辅音字母

结尾：双写最后一个辅音字母

-ed;m ( -x / -w以外)

E．不规则动词：背不规则动词表。

例如：give, sit, like, have, can, must, will,

forget, travel, control, carry,

study , stay, buy, think, read, fix,

row, go ,do, shop, ride, fly, try,

dry, lie, light, show, say, feel, fall,

wait, rain, meet, lose, win, pass,

leave, live, catch, sell, cook,

hang, practice, advise, organize 3.疑问和否定的构成：第三类动词用did + 动

词原形。疑问句把did放在主语前面，否定句中，如果有中位副词（频率），则：didn’t + 中位副词+动词原形：didn’t often go / didn’t aways work。

例如：He did his best to win the match.

Jim read a novel last night.

She put up a poster on the wall.

4.常用的时间状语：A。时间状语从句；B。时

间状语短语；C。时间状语副词；D。上下文的时间。

例如：When / while / as soon as / until / till / as / every time/ since / whenever–从句; just now , a moment / minute ago, two weeks ago,

the other day, the day before yesterday,

第四章八年级（一）

一．体育运动( sports )：

1.体育运动名称：ball games : basketball,

football / soccer, baseball, ping-pong / table tennis, tennis, golf, (badminton), volleyball; ( 球类运动前不加冠词the )

the long jump, the high jump, 100- meter race, 200-meter race, 400-meter race, the men’s / women’s / boys’ / girls’ 800-metr race, the relay race , the 4×100 meter relay race, skating, skiing, (water-skiing), (diving), swimming, jump rope, mountain climbing, hiking, cycling, dancing, running, walking, riding, boat racing, rowing, dragon and boat race, Chinese kong fu, (horse racing), roller-skating, ( boxing )

2.运动员：player, athlete,( goal keeper),

cyclist, runner, (competitor), ( boxer ), 【champion ( 冠军)，winner】,

3.有关比赛名称：the Olympic Games / the

Olympics, the Asian Games, the Summer / Winter Olympic Games, the World Cup Championship,

4.相关动词：play, take part in , join in, take

/ do exercise, do morning / eye exercises, do outdoor activities, do indoor/ outdoor games, run, jump, throw, pass, shot, fly kites, win, lose a game / chance, win first/ / second / third place , win a gold / silver / ( copper ) medal, cheer sb. On, build sb.

up, keep (sb. ) healthy / fit, train, make friends with strange people,

二．建议或者请求：

1.建议：

Why not / Why don’t you go and have a look ?

What about / How about doing some shopping ?

Let’s go and buy tickets to the movie.

You had better / You’d better not talk loudly in the reading room.

Don’t take photos here, please.

Would you ( please ) drink more water ? You should drink more water and lie in bed for two days.

You must work harder at your lessons. Have you considered going abroad ? Help yourselves to more food.

You shouldn’t get off before the bus stops. Shall we go for a picnic this weekend ? You mustn’t do that again.

2．请求：

---Excuse me, may I ask you a question ? ---Sure, go ahead.

Can / May I help you ?

What can I do for you ?

( Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? May I take your order, sir / madam ? Could you / Will you please tell me the way to the station ?

Would you mind if I park my e-bike here ?

Do you mind my taking a seat here ? Would you mind not throwing litter around ?

3. 询问健康情况：

---How’s your mother ? ---She’s fine, thanks.

How are you ( doing ) ? ---I’m very well / fine, thank you .

How are you feeling now ?

Are you feeling better ?

What’s the matter / problem with you ?

What’s wrong with you ?

( c.f. : What’s up ? )

Is there anything wrong with your back / teeth / lung / stomach / head / throat / eyes / hearing / leg ?

英语语法大全(完整版)

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