北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）

Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.

11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that

a wide solution.

A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for

12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.

A．accustomed to split and divided

B．accustomed to splitting and dividing

C．accustomed to split and dividing

D．accustomed to splitting and divided

13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.

A. at itself

B. as itself

C. on itself

D. in itself

14．us earlier, your request to the full.

A.You have contacted…we could comply with

B.Had you contacted…we could have complied with

C.You had contacted…could we have complied with

D.Have you contacted…we could comply with

15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.

A. discard

B. discreet

C. discord

D. disgorge

16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their

psychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.

A. on…by…at

B. by…for…in

C. from…in…on

D. through…with…from

17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create

.

A. bore

B. bored

C. boredom

D. bordom

18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.

A. lacked

B. lacking

C. for lack of

D. lack of

19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.

A. that have to

B. have to

C. having to

D. has to

20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.

A. none the worse

B. none the better

C. never worse

D. never better

21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.

A. cried out for…cried out for

B. cry out for…cry out for

C. had cried out for…cried out for

D. had cried out for…cry out for

22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .

A. trigger

B. meager

C. vigor

D. linger

23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.

A. as much the Africans are detribalized

B. the Africans are much being detribalized

C. as much as the Africans are being detribalized

D. as much as the Africans are detribalized

24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.

A. can but

B. cannot only

C. cannot but

D. can only but

25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to

notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.

A. inundating

B. imitating

C. immolating

D. insulating

26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.

A. If only…will I

B. Only…I will

C. Only if…will I

D. Only if…I will

27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.

A. any concern with

B. any concern about

C. any concern in

D. any concern at

28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simply

when better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.

A. resolved

B. absolved

C. dissolved

D. solved

29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to work

longer, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.

A. in…for…up

B. for…on…out

C. by…in…on

D. on…for…out

30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollars

A. soared

B. soured

C. sored

D. sourced

Part Three: Close Test (10%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.

2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.

Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.

I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.

38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”

31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So

32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying

33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating

34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable

35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless

36. A. so B. this C. that D. much

37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate

38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing

39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up

40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquette

Part IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)

Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”

The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”

At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.

41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .

A. called cancer the crab

B. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones

C. found out the cause of cancer

D. knew about a lot of malignant tumors

42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?

A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer

B. In the past, people did not fear cancer

C. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement

D. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer

43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?

A. Modern cancer care is very effective

B. There is a lot more cancer now

C. People understand cancer in radically new ways now

D. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world

44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .

A. they are as fatal as cancer

B. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”

C. people dread them very much

D.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life

45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

A. The care and management of cancer have development over time

B. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times

C. Cancer s identity has never changed

D. Cancer is the price paid for modern life

Passage Two

If you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.

This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.

This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.

In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.

Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.

But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.

46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .

A. fares quite well

B. has completely recovered from the economic recession

C. has its own problems

D. is lagging behind other industrial economies

47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?

A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary elite

B. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselves

C. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competition

D. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality

48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?

A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.

B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.

C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.

D. They have benefited the general public.

49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .

A. have compromised the rich with the non-rich

B. have enriched the plutocratic elite

C. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possess

D. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich

50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .

A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．

B. display sympathy for the working class

C. criticize the super elite of the Unite States

D. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．

Passage Three

Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.

William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.

The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.

Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.

Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.

The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.

This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.

Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.

“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”

51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that

.

A. it was the most studied by later scientists

B. it had significant ideas about evolution

C. it was the first to talk about evolution

D. it was well received by the public

52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .

A. credit the ideas about evolution before his

B. claim himself as the father of evolution

C. introduce his grandfather to the reader

D. summarize his predecessors work

53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .

A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

B. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporaries

C. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”

D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution

54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .

A. a much larger book

B. a 400page book

C. scientific terms

D. plain language

55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .

A. coming up with a new idea

B. understanding the significance of the idea

C. making claims to the idea by writing books

D. convincing others of the correctness of the ides

Passage Four

Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.

By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.

We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.

During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,